13 La. Ann. 387 | La. | 1858
This suit, brought by a divorced wife against her former husband, has narrowed itself down to a claim for the rescission of a voluntary partition between them of the property they formerly held in common, on the ground of lesion only.
There are other objections in the petition which it is unnecessary to notice, as none of the exceptions filed were sufficient to require the dismissal of the suit.
I. The defendant contends that the act passed between himself and the plaintiff, after the decree of separation and dissolution of the community, was a transaction or compromise, and, therefore, cannot be annulled on the score of lesion.
Article 3045 of the Civil Code, declaring that “ transactions have, between the interested parties, the authority of the thing adjudged, and cannot be attacked on account of any error in law or any lesion," must bo construed in connection with other Articles of the Code in pari materia, so that all may have their full effect. The following Articles fully sustain the present action, if the allegation of lesion beyond one-fourth is proved :
“ Partitions made even with persons of full age, may be rescinded, like other covenants, for radical vices, such as violence, fraud or error.” 0. 0.1435.
“They may even be rescinded on account of lesion; and as equality is the basis of partitions, it suffices to cause the rescission that such lesion be of more than one-fourth of the true value of the property.” C. 0.1436.
“ The action of rescission mentioned in the foregoing- Articles, takes place, in the cases prescribed by law, not only against all acts bearing the title of partitions, but, even ag’ainst all those which tend to the division of property between co-heirs, whether such acts be called sales, exchanges, compromises, (transactions) or by any other name.” C. 0.1440.
“ But, after the partition, or the act operating the same effect, the action of rescission can no longer be admitted against a compromise (transaction) made to put an end to disputes arising m consequence of the first act, although there should be no suit commenced on the subject.” C. 0.1441.
Here is an evident exception to the rule with regard to the finality of compromises. A partition, even when it takes upon itself the aspect and qualities of a compromise, may be attacked for lesion beyond one-fourth; but the partition once made, if disputes grow out of it, and the parties compromise on those disputes, this compromise is unassailable for lesion.
In the present case, the ¡parties, separated in property and ftom bed and board, under a judgment decreeing that an inventory and appraisement of the common property be made, and that it bo partitioned between them, went before a Notary Public and entered into the agreement now sought to be annulled for lesion.
It recited, that on the 16th of December, 1854, “ a judgment of separation of bed and board, and a dissolution of the community existing between them as husband and wife, was duly rendered ; and that with a view of settling the said community and of closing all the pecuniary affairs between them, the said Mrs. Elizabeth H. Amilton takes, and the said Alexander Amilton transfers to her, certain described property, “ as her part of .the said community” ; and “ all the balance of said community property is to belong to said Alexander- Amilton, this being a full and final settlement of said community between them.” This act was passed on the 13th January, 1855, within thirty days after judgment dissolving the community.
It is to all intents and purposes an act of partition, and the evidence of McGuire and Richardson if legally admissible, which it could hardly be, to explain
II. But the defendant contends that the plaintiff cannot maintain this action, because she is conclusively presumed to have renounced the community, not having accepted it with due formality thirty days after the judgment of separation. The Article 2389 of the Oivil Oode is relied on as sustaining this position.
It would be a singular provision of law which should allow a husband who, within thirty days after a judgment of separation obtained by his wife against himself dissolving the community, had made an amicable partition of the common property between himself and her, pursuant to a judicial decree rendered upon the express prayer, to plead the prescription of thirty days against her right to accept. He is effectually estopped from such a plea. Not only is there a judgment between these parties declaring her entitled to one-half the community, but he has acknowledged her right by his notarial attempt to make the partition. An acceptance of the community by a wife separate in property, although to be made within thirty days from the separation finally pronounced, need not be by a notarial act for that purpose only; but, like the heir’s acceptance of a succession, may be either express or tacit. C. 0. 982.
In the Old Oode (Article 81) there was a provision that “ the acceptance of the partnership or community of gains, shall be made in the same form as is above prescribed for the renunciation of the same." But the contradiction between such a provision and those accompanying Articles which declared that an acceptance was implied by the interference of the wife with the common property, or her suffering a judgment to go against her as a partner, was perceived by the committee of jurists appointed to revise the Oode of 1808, and in our present Oode the absurdity was removed by dropping altogether the provision which required any particular formalities whereby the separated wife’s acceptance was to be indicated. No more full or conclusive evidence of her acceptance could have been given than was given by the very act sought to be annulled, an act passed within thirty days after the decree which she had prayed for, awarding her one-half of the common estate, and an authentic act professing to partition the community, and by virtue whereof she actually received a portion of it. She claimed no delay to deliberate. The formality of an inventory was waived by her acts constantly showing her intention to accept the community, and actually intermeddling in it. She expressly accepted it by joining in an act of partition. There is nothing inconsistent with these views in the case of Audrich v. Lamothe et al., 12 An. 76. The remarks in that opinion must be construed with reference to the point in judgment; that was, that the -wife could not be held liable for debts of the community after a judgment of separation, because she had never claimed any interest in it, and never intermeddled with it, but, on the contrary, by having done neither, and having failed to procure an inventory and to accept within thirty days after the decree of separation, she was presumed to have renounced. See C. C. 2404; C. N. 1463; 5 Marcadé, 604; 13 Toullier, No. 131; Herman v. Theurer, 11 An. 71.
“ L’acceptation de la communauté, comme eelle d’une succession, peut se faire expressément ou tacitement verbis ou facto. II y a acceptation expresse lorsque la femme, soit principalement et par un acte dressé dans ce but, soit incidemment et dans un acte quelconque, prend la qualité de femme commune. II y a acceptation tacite, lorsque la femme s’immisce clans les biens ele la communauté.” 5 Marcadé, 594.
It is a question of fact whether there was lesion or not. Our appreciation of the evidence has led us to the conclusion, that there was manifestly lesion to a greater extent than the value of one-fourth of the property. But as to the details, it would be premature to decide now what should be done upon a rescission. We can only order that the parties be referred to a notary to make a new partition. The rights of the parties can then be adjusted before the lower court in the usual form.
It is, therefore, decreed, that the judgment of the District Court be avoided and reversed; and it is now ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the .partition of the property heretofore held in common between the plaintiff and defendant, as passed before B. D. Sheppard, Recorder of the parish of Ouachita, on the 13th of January, 1855, be rescinded and annulled for lesion beyond one-fourth. And it is further ordered and decreed, that this cause be remanded to the lower court, with instructions to refer the parties to a Notary Public and appoint experts for the purpose of taking an inventory of such of the said property as may be still subsisting, and effecting a new partition in pursuance of the decree of separation between the parties, signed on the 16th of December, 1854, and that the suit be otherwise proceeded in according to law ; the costs hitherto incurred in the District Court and those of this appeal to be borne by the defendant and appellee, and the future costs to await the judgment of the court.