90 So. 705 | Miss. | 1921
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of tbe court.
This is an appeal from a conviction of murder followed by a judgment imposing the death penalty. The appellant, a negro, was taking his meals at the home of Caroline Ashford, in the town of Kosciusko. About five thirty p. m. on February 5, 1921, he went to the home of one of Caroline’s neighbors for the purpose of purchasing some milk, and while there was requested by the owner of the premises, in event he should go to town, to tell her son to come home; her reasons for so doing being that there were two drunken men in front of her house, one of whom was Victor Dagen-hardt, a white man, who was killed a few minutes thereafter by the appellant. Instead of going into town to deliver the message, the appellant asked one of the neighbors to do so over the telephone, and returned to Caroline Ash-ford’s.
Caroline was not at home, but her daughter, Jazabelle Jones, was, and it appears from her testimony, she being the only eye-witness to the killing other than the appellant, who did not testify, that when the appellant returned he entered the house hurriedly, and closed the door, being followed immediately by Dagenhardt, in his drunken condition, who shook the door violently and said, “You black son of a bitch, open the door,” to which the appellant replied that “he wasn’t going to do it; that it wasn’t no white folks’ house.” Dagenhardt then left, but returned almost immediately and repeated his demand for entrance. The appellant again declined to admit him, and picked up a single-barrel Shotgun from behind a dresser in the room, appearing to the witness to be badly frightened, by which time Dagenhardt succeeded in forcing the door open, and, as he came into the room, which he did immediately after forcing the door, the appellant shot and killed him. Dagen-hardt. was unarmed. The appellant made no attempt to escape, but surrendered to the sheriff.
Jazabelle Jones was introduced as a witness by the appellant, and not by the state. Her credibility was attacked
Dagenhardt seems to have been an habitual drunkard, and it was his custom, when drunk, to go to the home of a negro man by the name of Johnson who lived about one hundred yards from Caroline Ashford, and remain there until he became sober.
The cause was submitted to the jury on the theory that the appellant was either guilty of murder or killed Dagen-hardt in self-defense.
The appellant requested, and was refused, an instruction directing the jury to find him not guilty, and also an instruction directing the jury not to find him guilty of the crime of murder. No instruction was requested by either the state or the defendant submitting to the jury the law of manslaughter.
The ground upon which the appellant claims he was entitled to an instruction directing the jury to find him not guilty is that he killed Dagenhardt in order to prevent him from unlawfully entering the house in which the appellant was. The commonlaw right of a person to kill one attempting to unlawfully enter his dwelling or habitation is embraced with the provisions of section 1230, Code of 1906 (section 960, Hemingway’s Code, par. [e]), and is simply that he may kill such a person when necessary to prevent his entry into the dwelling or habitation for the purpose of inflicting death or great bodily harm upon some occupant thereof, or of committing some other felony therein. 13 R. C. L. 840; 1 Wharton on Criminal Law (11 Ed.), p. 806. Assuming for the sake of the argument that the appellant was such an occupant of Caroline Ashford’s house as to entitle him to the benefit of this rule, whether or not Dagenhardt was attempting to enter the house for
There are three theories under which the appellant could be guilty of manslaughter: First, that he killed the deceased “in the heat of passion, without malice, by the use of a deadly weapon, without authority of law, and not in necessary self-defense” (section 1238, Code of 1906, [section 968, Hemingway’s Code]); second, that he killed the deceased without malice, under the ’bona-fide belief, • but without reasonable cause therefor, that it was necessary for' him so to do in order to prevent the appellant from inflicting death or great bodily harm upon him; and, third, that he unnecessarily killed the deceased while resisting an attempt by the deceased to commit a crime (section 1237, Code of 1906 [section 967, Hemingway’s Code]).
The appellant’s guilt of manslaughter vel non under either of the first two of these theories is, in the opinion of all of the judges, a question for the determination of the jury; but all of them except the writer are of the opinion that, under the provisions of section 1237, Code of 1906 (section 967, Hemingway’s Code), the appellant should not have been convicted, in any event, of a greater ■ crime than manslaughter, for the reason that he killed the deceased while resisting an attempt by the deceased to commit a crime, and consequently that the court below erréd in refusing his request for an instruction directing the jury that it could not find him guilty of murder; for which error its judgment must be reversed.
The writer is of the opinion that this instruction was properly refused, and will now briefly set forth his reasons therefor: The statute here invoked, and which the
Reversed and remanded.
Sections 967 and 968, Hemingway’s Code, are as follows:
967. (1237.) Homicide — Killing Unnecessarily, While Resisting Effort of Slain to Commit Pelony or Do Unlawful Act. — Every person who shall unnecessarily kill another, either while resisting an attempt by such other person to commit any felony, or to do any unlawful act, or after such attempt shall have failed, shall be guilty of manslaughter.
968. (1238.) Homicide — Killing with Dangerous Weapon in Heat of Passion. — The killing of another in the heat of passion, without malice, by the use of a dangerous weapon, without authority of law, and not in necessary self-defense, shall be manslaughter.
Dissenting Opinion
(Dissenting).
From the undisputed facts of the case, which are fully set out and discussed by both the main and dissenting opinions, I am convinced that, as a matter of law and natural justice which should be rendered unto every human being, the appellant is guilty of no crime, because he acted as any reasonable man would have acted in shooting an apparently dangerous drunken man who was actually breaking into his residence over his protest, and after repeated refusals by appellant to let him in.
That the appellant could reasonably assume that the drunken stranger would commit a crime after he had entered the house seems to me to be true beyond question; therefore to stop the unlawful breaking and entering of the home over appellant’s protest he was warranted in
There is no room for a finding of murder under any view of the facts, unless the undisputed facts be wafted to the winds by imagination and conjecture. See section 1237, Code of 1906 (section 967, Hemingway’s Code); William v. State, 120 Miss. 614, 82 So. 318; Williams v. State, 121 Miss. 433, 84 So. 8.
(Dissenting in part).
I am unable to reach the conclusion that there was sufficient evidence in this case to submit to the jury to warrant a finding of manslaughter. I concur in the decision that, if guilty at all, the crime would amount only to manslaughter. The appellant was in a place where he had a right to be, and where he took his meals. On the evening in question he went out to procure some milk, and, passing the residence of a white lady, who. was a witness in the case, she requested him to notify her son that there were some drunken people in front of her house, and to come home. He went to a neighboring house and got some white people to telephone into town to this lady’s son, and returned and informed the lady that he had procured some one to telephone for her son, and he bought some milk from this lady and returned to the place where he boarded. He was followed to the house by the deceased, the deceased being a Avhite man and the defendant being a'negro, and went into the house and closed and locked the door. The deceased came in a drunken condition to this house, and tried forcibly to enter the door, cursing the appellant, and demanded that he open the door, which the appellant refused to do. The deceased then went away for a few minutes, and returned and ran against the door, trying to open it, cursing the appellant, and demanding that he open the door. Appellant picked up a shotgun in the room, and told deceased that he would not open the door; that
At common law it was a misdemeanor to forcibly enter a dwelling. The rule is stated in Clark’s Criminal Law (1 Ed.) at page 345, as follows:
“Forcible entry and forcible detainer were crimes under the old common law, and were also defined and declared by early English statutes, which are the common law with us. To constitute a forcible entry, there must be more force than is sufficient to make the entry a mere trespass. Some violence must be used, or rather some apparent violence; for there may be no actual force, its place being supplied by the presence of such a number of people as to terrorize the occupants of the premises, or by menaces and threats reasonably leading them to believe that bodily injury will be done unless they give up the possession”—*860 citing Wharton’s Criminal Law, section 1088; '2 Bish. Or. Law, section 489, and a number of decisions.
The same authority, Mr. Clark, at page 1'42 of his Criminal Law, under the title “Defense of Habitation,” says:
“A man’s house is his castle, and he is never bound to retreat from it. He may stand his ground there, and kill a person to prevent his forcible and unlawful entry”— citing 1 Hale, P. C. 458; Wright v. Com., 85 Ky. 123, 2 S. W. 904; Pond v. People, 8 Mich. 150, 177; State v. Peacock, 40 Ohio St. 883; Corey v. People, 45 Barb. (N. Y.) 262; State v. Taylor, 82 N. C. 554; Carroll v. State, 23 Ala. 28, 58 Am. Dec. 282; Baker v. Com., 93 Ky., 302, 19 S. W. 975.
Section 1068, Code of 1906 (section 796, Hemingway’s Code), reads as follows:
“Every person who shall be convicted of breaking and entering any dwelling house, in the day or night, with intent to commit a crime, shall be guilty of burglary, and be imprisoned in the penitentiary not more than ten years.”
In section 1230, Code of 1906 (section 960, Hemingway’s Code) reads as follows:
“The killing of a human being by the act, procurement, or omission of another shall be justifiable in the following cases: . . .
“(e) When committed by any person in resisting any attempt unlawfully to kill such person or to commit any felony upon him, or upon or in any dwelling house in which such person shall be.
“(f) When committed in the lawful defense of one’s own person or any other human being, where there shall be reasonable ground to apprehend a design to commit a felony or to do some great personal injury, and there shall be imminent danger of such design being accomplished.”
If at the time of the killing the deceased was attempting to break into the house where the appellant was unlawfully, and with the intent to commit a crime therein, he was guilty of a felony, and the killing was justifiable under clause (e) of section 1230, Code of 1906 (section 960, Hemingway’s Code), and if the deceased intended, or if it
In Ayers v. State, 60 Miss. 709, Justice Cooper, speaking for this court, said:
“It cannot be said that a man on his own premises seeks a difficulty with a trespasser whom he attempts to evict therefrom, or to restrain from an unwarrantable injury to or control over his property. The accused, under the circumstances shown by the evidence, had the right in law to interpose by force to prevent the commission of the trespass by Boon; he was authorized to arm himself with Avhatever AA'eapon he desired, and to use it to the extent of slaying the trespasser if it should become necessary, in*862 the progress of the difficulty, to protect his own life or person against a felonious assault. No man is required by law to yield possession of his property to the unlawful claim of another. He may defend his possession; and while he may not kill to prevent the trespass, he may kill to protect his own person against a deadly assault made by the trespasser on him. In other words, one who assaults a trespasser to prevent the injury threatened is the actor but not the aggressor in the difficulty, and he does not lose the right of self-defense because he makes the attack.”
In Maury v. State, 68 Miss. 605, 9 So. 445, 24 Am. St. Rep. 291, it was held, in case where men went armed at night to the premises of the defendant, and entered his yard near a cotton house situated therein, and some one cried out “Here he is,” and a movement was made toward the house, and defendant, with several friends, from their hiding place in the cotton house, opened fire on the invading party, killing two, that malice cannot be predicated upon such facts.
In Long v. State, 52 Miss. 23, the court announced the doctrine that, in trying persons for homicide, where the defense is killing in self-defense on the theory of apparent danger, in passing upon the action of a party who has slain another, the jury should not try him by the light of after-developed events, nor hold him to the same cool and correct judgment which they are able to form; they should put themselves in his place and judge of his acts by the facts and circumstances by which he was surrounded. The same rule applies to the court in passing upon the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction. It seems to me that the jury reached their verdict by considering the alleged statement made by Jazabelle Jones to the officers. This evidence was wholly incompetent to prove the guilt of the defendant. Its sole competency was to impeach or weaken the testimony of the witness, Jaza-belle Jones. It had no tendency whatever to. prove the guilt of the appellant.
In Patty v. State (Miss.), 88 So. 498, the rule was announced as follows:
*863 “Where one is on trial for murder, he is presumed to be innocent until the contrary is made to appear; but if it be shown that he killed the deceased with a deadly weapon, the general presumption yields to the specific proof, and the law infers that the killing, if unexplained, is malicious, and therefore murder; but if the attendant circumstances and facts be shown in evidence, the character of the killing is determined by considering them. The lawfulness or unlawfulness of the killing are to be judged from the facts, and the presumption of malice from the use of a deadly weapon yields to the evidence, and will not support a conviction of murder against the facts showing justification.”
The same doctrine was announced in Hawthorne v. State, 58 Miss. 778.
It was also held in the Patty case, supra, where eyewitnesses to a homicide can be obtained, they or some of them should be introduced by the state, and where the state fails to call eyewitnesses, and the defendant calls them, and they testify to the facts and circumstances of the killing, and its cause or origin, and such facts are not contradicted by witnesses or by circumstantial evidence of a conclusive character, and where the evidence for the defense shows justification for the killing, a conviction cannot be upheld on the mere presumption of law arising from the use of a deadly weapon.
In Houston v. State, 117 Miss. 311, 78 So. 182, it was held that in such case the facts and circumstances in evidence must contradict the testimony of the witness to the transaction before the jury can disregard such testimony. In the case before us the circumstances in evidence are all consistent with the testimony of Jazabelle Jones. The conclusion from the circumstances in no wise conflict with her statement of the facts. The circumstances are as consistent with-her testimony as they are with the theory of the state. The facts adduced by the state show that the defendant was not seeking to escape, and contradict any theory of any willful or malicious intention. If he had intended to murder, and had been conscious of guilt, he