FRICK, J.
The plaintiff commenced this action to recover a commission or compensation for services rendered which he alleges resulted in the sale of certain mining property owned by the defendant. The complaint contains what is contended constitutes three “causes of action.” In the so-called first cause of action, it is in substance alleged that on April 23, 1903, the defendant was the owner of certain mining claims located in Salt Lake County, fully describing them; that on or about the 30th day of April, 1903, the defendant employed the plaintiff to sell said mining claims “and agreed to pay the plaintiff a commission of ten per cent, for the sale thereof”— that is, ten per cent, of the sale price, which “was to be paid to this plaintiff by the defendant when said sale was made”; that pursuant to said agreement the plaintiff showed said property to prospective purchasers, and at times opened negotiations with different parties for the sale thereof.' What *258was done in that regard by plaintiff is fully set forth. It is further alleged “that by reason of plaintiff’s continuous efforts, explanations, illustrations, and representations to Jos. E. Edmunds of the advantages and values of said mining property, the said Jos. E. Edmunds did, on the 6th day of December, 1906, pay to Joseph Nelson (the defendant) the sum of $50,000, and did therewith purchase from the defendant all of said mining property.” It is further alleged “that said mining property was sold through the efforts of plaintiff, and that said plaintiff was the procuring cause of said sale.” It is then alleged that ten per cent, is the regular commission, and “that plaintiff’s services rendered during and between the dates named in reference to the sale of this property were reasonably worth $5,000, and that ten per cent, of the sale price is justly due and owing to the plaintiff in this action.” It is then alleged that payment of said commission was demanded and refused. For the purpose of avoiding the plea that the action was barred, it was also alleged, in appropriate terms, that a prior action upon the same cause of action had been timely commenced, but had failed otherwise than upon the merits. Judgment for $5,000 was prayed for in the first alleged cause of action. The plaintiff then proceeded to state Avhat is termed a second cause of .action, ini which the dates respecting the employment, the ownership, and description of the mining claims are precisely as alleged in the first cause of action. The only difference between the so-called first and second causes of action is that in the alleged second cause of action it is stated that the defendant employed the plaintiff “to', assist the defendant in selling the mining properties mentioned herein and to do and perform services for the defendant in finding a purchaser therefor, and the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff for said services ten per cent, of the price for which said property might be sold,” which ten per cent., it is alleged, was payable when the sale was. made, “whether said sale was perfected through the efforts of this plaintiff alone, or through the efforts of the defendant, or whether said sale was perfected by the joint efforts and labors of both plaintiff and defendant.” What plaintiff did by way of pro*259curing a purchaser for said mining claims is again fully set forth, and the date of the sale, the amount of the purchase price, and tlje person to whom sold are alleged in substantially the same terms as in the alleged first cause of action. The bringing of a prior action is also again stated, and judgment prayed for the same as in the preceding cause of action. Practically the same allegations are again repeated in what is denominated a third cause of action. To these several causes the defendant filed an answer in which he admitted that he was the owner of the mining claims at the date alleged, and denied generally all other allegations of the complaint. He also averred that the alleged causes of action were barred.' A separate answer was directed to each one of the alleged causes of action.
The ease was tried to the court without a jury. Plaintiff, in substance, testified that he was well acquainted with the mining claims in question; that at one time he was a stockholder in a corporation which owned them; that in April, 1903, he had a conversation with the defendant; that the defendant then stated to the plaintiff that he, the defendant, was not familiar with the mining business and wanted plaintiff to help sell the mining claims in question and get them off defendant’s hands; .that the defendant, addressing plaintiff, said, “You have lost, of course, on it (the mining claims) and you can be reimbursed partly by helping me sell this property, and now,” he said to me, “Dave, will you take hold of it and do the best you can, and we will both try and sell it, and, if successful, I am going to' give you a commission; I will pay you a reasonable commission.” The witness further testified that the defendant, in substance, said to him that whenever the property was sold the plaintiff would be paid ten per cent, commission out of the property for whatever services he rendered. “He [meaning defendant] stated it this way: That he wanted me to help him in various ways, and I would get nothing for my services until the property was sold.” The witness said that he had several conversations with the defendant from time to- time in which the latter substantially made the same promises and statements as we have just outlined. He- further testified that, *260pursuant to these conversations, he made efforts to- sell the property, and, for that purpose, showed it to various prospective purchasers by taking them to and over the property; that he in particular labored with Jos. E. Edmunds to purchase the same, who thereafter purchased it from the defendant. The plaintiff stated in detail what he did in order to bring' about the sale. Plaintiff’s statements were, to some extent at least, supported by another witness, who testified that he and a Mr. Evans were prospective purchasers; that the defendant introduced the witness to the plaintiff, and that he “gave me the impression” that the plaintiff was acting as defendant’s agent in selling the property; that the defendant said that plaintiff would show the property to the witness, and the plaintiff did take the witness and Mr. Evans to the property and showed it to them; that terms of sale were discussed by the parties, but they could not agree upon a price. The plaintiff introduced in evidence a warranty deed for the mining claims in question from the defendant and wife to Jos. E. Edmunds which was executed December 6, 1906, and in which the expressed consideration was $50,000. Plaintiff also testified that before bringing the action he had demanded the commission from the defendant, and that the latter refused to pay the same. The complaint in the prior action was also introduced in evidence.
In substance, the foregoing is all the evidence that was produced. When the plaintiff rested, defendant’s counsel moved the court to require plaintiff to elect on which “cause of action” he would rely for a recovery.- Plaintiff’s counsel objected to this, but was compelled to elect, and did elect to stand upon what is termed the second cause of action in the complaint. When counsel had elected to stand on the second cause of action, counsel for defendant moved for non-suit, upon the ground that it was made to appear that the cause of action upon which plaintiff had elected to stand was barred by the statute of limitations. Counsel for defendant contended, and now contends, that the second cause of action in the complaint was not saved by the prior action, for the reason that it is a separate and distinct cause of action, and *261is different in its nature and legal effect from tbe cause of action which was set forth in the prior action.
1 We have a statute (Comp. Laws 1907, section 2893), which, in effect, provides that if an action is commenced in due time, and the plaintiff “fail in said action or upon a cause of action otherwise than upon the merits,” and the time within which an action can be commenced has expired, the plaintiff may, nevertheless, bring a new action within one year after the failure of his action. The allegations of the complaint in the prior action are substantially the same as those contained in what is called the first cause of action in the present complaint. The prior action failed otherwise than upon the merits for the reason that the court sustained a motion for non-suit. .Under our statute the reason for which a motion for non-suit may be granted is not material. Plaintiff’s counsel insists that the court erred in compelling an election, in sustaining the motion for non-suit, and in entering judgment dismissing the complaint.
2, 3 We are of the opinion that all three assignments are well founded. If anything was attempted to be settled by the adoption of code pleading, it was to do away with the practice of separating a single transaction into several different causes of action; that is, if there is but one promise, agreement, obligation, or imposed duty, etc., then, under the Code, there is, and can be, but one primary right on the part of the plaintiff, one primary duty on the part of the defendant, and one delict, and these three combined constitute the cause of action. The facts constituting the right, the duty, and the delict, when supplemented by the amount or extent of the injury or damages claimed, are required to be stated in clear and concise language, and only the operative facts, as distinguished from the evidentiary facts and conclusions, must be stated. The pleader is not required to follow any particular form or special theory in stating the facts, and, if the facts stated entitle the plaintiff to any relief under the substantive law, then he has stated what is termed a good cause of action, and the court must enter judgment in his favor so far as any attack upon the substantial sufficiency of the pleading is concerned. It is, *262however, also well settled that in ease there is but one right of recovery, bnt there is, nevertheless, substantial doubt in the mind of the pleader with regard to whether he will be entitled to judgment “upon one ground or upon another,” or where it is uncertain just what the evidence which is in the possession and under the control of his adversary may develop, the pleader may, nevertheless, state the facts constituting his right of recovery in different ways. This, under the code system, is denominated a “duplicate statement of one right of action,” and, by some writers and courts, the dual statements are still denominated separate causes of action. To call such statements different causes of action, to our minds, is, however, illogical, not well considered, and is contrary to> the true spirit of the Code, since one right of recovery, under the Code, is but a single cause of action. It is, however, not very material what a duplicate statement of but one right of recovery is called so long as the right to make such statement and the right of recovery are not curtailed or denied, as. was done in the ease at bar. This court is firmly committed to the doctrine respecting the right of making duplicate statements. In Oberndorfer v. Moyer, 30 Utah 325" court="Utah" date_filed="1906-04-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/oberndorfer-v-moyer-8655001?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8655001">30 Utah 325; 84 Pac. 1102, the doctrine is stated in the headnote in the following words:
“Where a complaint contains two counts, one on an open account and the other on an account stated, for the same cause of action, a motion to elect between the counts was properly denied; the rule being that when a plaintiff has * * * a single cause of action, and there is some uncertainty as to which he will be able to establish, he may set forth his claim in different counts so as to include every ground he may have for recovery.”
In addition to the cases there cited, see Willard v. Corrigan, 8 Ariz. 70" court="Ariz." date_filed="1902-03-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/willard-v-carrigan-6473435?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6473435">8 Ariz. 70; 68 Pac. 538; Birdseye v. Smith, 32 Barb. (N. Y.) 217; Rucker v. Hall, 105 Cal. 425" court="Cal." date_filed="1895-01-04" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rucker-v-hall-5447424?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5447424">105 Cal. 425; 38 Pac. 962; Sussdorff v. Schmidt, 55 N.Y. 319" court="NY" date_filed="1873-12-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sussdorff-v--schmidt-3627944?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3627944">55 N. Y. 319; Clark v. Allen, 125 Cal. 276" court="Cal." date_filed="1899-07-07" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/clark-v-allen-5449832?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5449832">125 Cal. 276; 57 Pac. 985; Phillips on Code Pleading, section 207.
If, therefore, a. pleader may make a duplicate statement of his right to recover judgment, it is a plain and palpable *263invasion, and may be a denial, of the right to require him to elect upon which statement he will stand. Instances where duplicate statements are required rarely arise, but the fact that such is the case should- not affect the right to make them when the occasion arises. The complaint, under such circumstances, must be considered in its entirety, and the evidence adduced must be applied to the whole pleading, and the court must grant such relief as the pleadings support and the evidence justifies. In this case the court, however, erred in compelling an election for another reason.
4, 5, 6 In truth and in fact the allegations contained in the so-called first cause of action were sufficient to- admit all the evidence that was produced and offered by the plaintiff. That such is the law is conclusively settled by what is said in Casady v. Casady, 31 Utah 394" court="Utah" date_filed="1906-12-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/casady-v-casady-8655078?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8655078">31 Utah 394; 88 Pac. 32. The contention that because the plaintiff alleged in the so-called first cause of action that the defendant “employed the plaintiff to sell for defendant said mining property, and agreed to pay plaintiff a commission of ten per cent.,” and that in the so-called second cause of action he alleged that the ‘ ‘ defendant employed the plaintiff to assist the defendant in selling the mining properties, * * * and the defendant agreed to pay plaintiff for said services ten per cent, of the price for which said property might be sold,” thereby the plaintiff relied upon an express promise to pay a commission in the first and upon an implied one in the second cause of action, is, in our judgment, without any merit whatever. We confess our utter inability to understand why all that the plaintiff testified to was agreed upon could not properly be included in one agreement. We are not aware of any law which prevents parties from incorporating into one agreement as many conditions and promises as they may desire, and, so far as we know, there is no rule of practice or procedure that denies them the right to declare upon and enforce all of the conditions contained -in such agreement in one cause of action. Of course, if the conditions should be so repugnant as to destroy each other they might not be enforceable. There are, however, no repugnant provisions in the agreement in question here. The defendant certainly *264could agree to compensate tbe plaintiff for any services be might render in finding a purchaser for the property. It would seem that, under the agreement as pleaded and testified to by the plaintiff, the defendant purposely left open the question of price and terms until some one who was willing to purchase for some satisfactory price and terms should be found. The plaintiff might then offer to sell the property to some one at a price and upon terms to be ratified by the defendant, or the purchaser might directly deal with the defendant. In either event, under the terms of the agreement, the plaintiff would be entitled to compensation, and it is wholly immaterial whether it is termed a commission or compensation. All of the foregoing facts are sufficiently pleaded in the so-called first cause of action, and such was likewise the case in the second cause of action. In fact, there was but one agreement and one cause of action set forth in the complaint, and, while a duplicate statement of the same right of action was attempted, the facts and circumstances of this case neither authorized nor required a duplicate statement. It is therefore quite clear that, as the evidence now stands, all of which is without conflict in fact, is conceded to be true by the motion, the plaintiff is entitled to findings and judgment in his favor upon the so-called first cause of action. That such is the law the authorities leave no room for doubt. See Hoadley v. Savings Bank, 71 Conn. 599; 42 A. 667" court="Conn." date_filed="1899-03-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hoadley-v-savings-bank-6584411?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6584411">42 Atl. 667; 44 L. R. A. 321, where, in a note, the cases upon the subject are collated by the annotator. See, also, as bearing upon the question, Ralston v. Kohl’s Adm’r, 30 Ohio St. 92; Rucker v. Hall, supra; Sussdorf v. Schmidt, supra; Clark v. Allen, supra. This would, however, also be time even though plaintiff were limited to the allegations of the so-called second cause of action, since, in legal effect, there is no substantial difference between the two1 so-called causes of action. From this it also follows that the cause of action is not barred, as was held by the court. There is no contention that, upon the face of the pleadings at least, the prior action was not commenced in time, nor that the present one was not commenced within the time required by the statute we have referred to.
*265The court, therefore, erred in requiring the plaintiff to elect; in holding that the alleged causes of action contained separate and distinct rights of action; that there was a variance between the allegations in the so-called first cause of action and the evidence adduced; and in holding that, by reason of the election, plaintiff’s right to recover was barred. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded to the district court of Salt Lake County with directions to grant a new trial, and to proceed with the ease in accordance with the views herein expressed. Appellant to recover costs.
MeCARTY, C. J., and STRAUP, J., concurring.