Williams v. National Football League

598 F.3d 932

8th Cir.

2009

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Docket

Kеvin WILLIAMS; Pat Williams, Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross Appellants, v. NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE; John Lombardo, M.D., Defendants-Appellants/Cross Appellees, Brian Finkle, Defendant, Adolpho Birch, Defendant-Appellant/Cross Appellee. National Basketball Association; National Hockey League; United States Anti-Doping Agency; Major Lеague Baseball, Amici on behalf of Appellant. National Football League Players Association, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. National Football League; National Football League Management Counsel, Defendants-Appellees.

Nos. 09-2247, 09-2462, 09-2249

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit

Dec. 14, 2009

590 F.3d 932

employee); 29 U.S.C. § 186 (defendant must be a union representative); see also S.Rep. No. 1020, at 8 (collecting other statutes). Both this circuit and our sister circuits have regularly affirmed convictions for aiding and abetting such crimes where the defendant did not satisfy the necessary status element, albeit without discussion of this issue. See, e.g.,

United States v. Copple, 827 F.2d 1182 (8th Cir.1987) (affirming a conviction of a non-bank employee for aiding and abetting a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 656); (same with respect to 18 U.S.C. 922(g) and a non-felon); (same with respect to 29 U.S.C. § 186 and a non-union-representative); (same with respect to 18 U.S.C. § 656 and a non-bank employee); (same with respect to 18 U.S.C. § 207 and a non-government employee); (same with respect to 26 U.S.C. § 7214 and a non-government employee). Although the panel opinion only decides the issue with respect to § 1153, by logical extension its holding also imperils aiding and abetting charges under these statutes as well.

I conclude the Third and Sixth Circuits correctly interpreted 18 U.S.C. § 2, in linе with its text, its history, and the Supreme Court‘s statement in Standefer. Because I see no reason to interpret Section 2 differently as it applies in the Indian law context, I respectfully dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc.

ORDER

The petition for rehearing en banc is denied. The petition for reheаring by the panel is also denied.

LOKEN, Chief Judge, dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc.

I join Part II of Judge Colloton‘s dissent. In addition, I conclude that another aspect of the panel‘s decision warrants rehearing en banc.

The panel explains that the statutory claims under Minnesota‘s Drug and Alcohol Tеsting in the Workplace Act and Lawful Consumable Products Act were first asserted by Vikings players Kevin Williams and Pat Williams after the NFL removed their case to federal court. After dismissing the players’ common law and federal claims, and the NFLPA‘s § 301 claim, the district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiсtion over these statutory claims, leaving the injunction against the NFL‘s suspension of the players in place while those claims are litigated in state court. In my view, this was an abuse of discretion that seriously jeopardizes important interests protected by the federal labor laws.

Even if § 301 complеte preemption would not apply to removal of these Minnesota statutory claims to federal court, “when a defense to a state claim is based on the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement, the state court will have to interpret that agreement to decide whether the state claim survives.”

Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 398, 107 S.Ct. 2425, 96 L.Ed.2d 318 (1987). The Minnesota statutes in question afford an ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍employee remedies against his “employer.” See MINN.STAT. §§ 181.938, 181.956. Thus, one defense to these claims is that the NFL is not an “employer” subject to the statutory duties and remedies. As the panel recognized, the question whеther, for these purposes, the employer of Kevin Williams and Pat Williams is the NFL or the Minnesota Vikings is complex. A proper answer requires analysis of the Collective Bargaining Agreement between the NFL and the NFLPA, the NFL Constitution and Bylaws, and the Standard Player Contract between the players and the Vikings. See ; . Thus, the defense requires a sophisticated understanding of the collectively bargained relationships—the “law of the shop” as the Supreme Court has called it—not mere reference to the bare terms of the CBA.

The NFL as a joint venture of individual professional sports teams has collectively bargained a regime in which players bargain some terms and conditions of employ individually with their teams while other terms “are reserved to the NFL and the players union‘s selected representative to negotiate.”

Clarett, 369 F.3d at 139. Preserving this regime is important to the federal labor laws:

Multiemployer bargаining itself is a well-established, important, pervasive method of collective bargaining, offering advantages to both management and labor.... The upshot is that the practice at issue here plays a significant role in a collective-bargaining process that itself constitutes an important рart of the Nation‘s industrial relations system.

Brown v. Pro Football, Inc., 518 U.S. 231, 240, 116 S.Ct. 2116, 135 L.Ed.2d 521 (1996).

Moreover, § 301 preemption is not the only issue of federal law lurking here. If the NFL is not properly considered the players’ employer, the result will be a state law injunction against a non-employer that seriously undermines the colleсtively bargained competitive parity between NFL teams. This calls into play another facet of federal labor law preemption, “whether the exercise of plenary state authority to curtail or entirely prohibit self-help would frustrate effective implementation of the [Nation Labor Relations] Act‘s processes.”

Lodge 76, IAM v. Wisc. Employment Re-lations Comm‘n, 427 U.S. 132, 147-48, 96 S.Ct. 2548, 49 L.Ed.2d 396 (1976) (quotation omitted).

In these circumstances, even if the district court and the panel correctly concluded that these Minnesota statutory claims are not completely preempted by § 301, it was an abuse of discretion to decline jurisdiction over thesе claims, which were first asserted in federal court and raise important questions of federal law. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc.

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, with whom RILEY and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges, join, and with whom LOKEN, Chief Judge, joins as to Part II, dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc.

The appeal of the National Football League, Dr. John Lombardo, and Adolpho Birch (collectively, “the NFL“) argues that Minnesota state-law claims asserted by Kevin Williams and Pat Williams of the Minnesota Vikings are preempted by § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185. In holding that the claims are not preempted, the panel reasoned that the NFL‘s defenses to liability under Minnesota law must not be considered in determining whether the state-law claims are “substantially dependent upon analysis” of a collective bargaining agreement,

Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 220, 105 S.Ct. 1904, 85 L.Ed.2d 206 (1985), and thus preempted by § 301. . The panel observеd that there is a “conflict in our precedent” regarding whether defenses to state-law claims should be considered in the preemption analysis, but concluded that it was “free to choose which line of cases to follow,” id. (quoting ), and elected to rule in this case that the employer‘s defenses are irrelevant.

I.

This circuit has a peculiar approach to conflicting prior panel opinions. The prior panel rule emphatically holds that “[o]ne panel of this Court is not at liberty to disregard a precedent handed down by another panel,”

Drake v. Scott, 812 F.2d 395, 400 (8th Cir.1987), but if a sеcond panel violates this rule and deviates from circuit precedent, then subsequent panels are free to follow suit, and to disregard the original circuit precedent in favor of the second decision. See . This notion is often attributed to a decision in which the panel actually recognized that the first decision properly controls, as it should have controlled the second and subsequent panels. ; see also (“When we are confronted with conflicting circuit precedent, the better practice normally is to follow thе earliest opinion, as it should have controlled the subsequent panels that created the conflict.“) (citing ). Later decisions, however, have simply asserted authority to choose either precedent, without regard to sequence, e.g., (citing ), thus making this court an outlier among the circuits. See (holding that “as to conflicts between panel opinions, application of the basic rule that one panel cannot overrule another requires a panel ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍to follow the earlier of the conflicting opinions,” and collecting authority to demonstrate that “[m]ost of the other circuits agree“).

If this court is going to follow such an unusual rule (a question that may deserve en banc treatment in and of itself), then the court should be more receptive to petitions for rehearing en banc that seek resolution of conflicting circuit precedents. A principal purpose of en banc review is “to secure and maintain uniformity of the court‘s decisions.” Fed. R.App. P. 35(b)(1)(A). If future panels are “free to choose” each time among conflicting rules of law, articulated by different prior panels, then the law is not predictable. One case may hold that state-law defenses are irrelevant to preemption analysis under § 301; the next case may hold that defenses are dispositive; the third case may revert to the rule of irrelevance, and so on. Parties cannot know in advance what rule will govern their case; district courts may waste valuable time by picking the wrong side of an intra-circuit conflict. The conflict cited by the petition for rehearing in this case involves an important question of federal law that should be settled, one way or the other.

II.

This case also warrants further review because it appeаrs, on the merits, that the panel has chosen to follow the wrong line of circuit precedent. As the petition for rehearing explains, our cases seem to have confused “ordinary preemption” with “complete preemption.” The doctrine of complete preemption is a corollary to the “well-pleaded complaint” rule, both of which concern the proper forum—federal or state—in which a claim should be litigated. The well-pleaded complaint rule establishes that a case “may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a fеderal defense ... even if the defense is anticipated in the plaintiff‘s complaint, and even if both parties concede that the federal defense is the only question truly at issue.”

Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 393, 107 S.Ct. 2425, 96 L.Ed.2d 318 (1987) (emphasis omitted). The doctrine of complete preemption, however, providеs that even a complaint that purports to plead only a state-law claim may be “completely preempted” by § 301, and thus removable to federal court, if the claim pleaded by the plaintiff is “founded directly on rights created by collective-bargaining agreements” or “substantially deрendent on analysis of a collective-bargaining agreement.” (internal quotation omitted). With respect to an employer‘s defenses to state-law claims, the Supreme Court in Caterpillar explained that complete preemption and removal to federal court may not be premised on “the presence of a federal question, even a § 301 question, in a defensive argument.” .

Ordinary preemption, by contrast, provides a substantive defense to a state law action on the basis of federal law, in whatever forum the case it is litigated. See

Firstcom, Inc. v. Qwest Corp., 555 F.3d 669, 677 n. 6 (8th Cir.2009); . The NFL in this case invoked an ordinary preemption defense, based on § 301, against state-law claims that the plaintiffs filed in federal court. There was no dispute about complete preemption or removal jurisdiction.

The Williams panel suggested that its decision was “more faithful to Supreme Court precedent,”

582 F.3d at 879 n. 13, but the Caterpillar decision on which it relied did not establish that an employer‘s defenses are irrelevant to whether a plaintiff‘s state-law claim is defeated by principles of ordinary preemption. To thе contrary, while the employer in Caterpillar argued that its defense to the plaintiffs’ state-law claim required interpretation of a collective-bargaining agreement, such that § 301 preempted the claim, the Court intimated no view on the merits of that preemption argument, leaving it to be аd-dressed in the first instance by the state court ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍in which the plaintiffs filed their claims. . Of course, if the employer‘s defense were irrelevant to ordinary preemption, as the Williams panel concluded, then there would have been no reason for the Court in Caterpillar to reserve judgment on the merits оf the preemption defense. Similarly, in deciding whether a state-law retaliatory discharge claim was preempted by § 301 under principles of ordinary preemption, the Supreme Court in , considered whether the employer‘s defense to the state-law claim turnеd on the meaning of a provision of a collective-bargaining agreement. . Again, if the employer‘s defenses were irrelevant to the ordinary preemption analysis, then there would have been no reason for the Court to consider them.

Our earliest cases concerning preemption and § 301 understood the Supreme Court to mean that defenses were relevant to ordinary preemption. See

Hanks v. General Motors Corp., 859 F.2d 67, 70 (8th Cir.1988) (“Lingle makes plain ... that the defenses, as well as claims, must be considered in determining whether resolution of the state law claims requires construing the collective bargaining agreement.“); see also ; . The later decision in , which concerned complete preemption and removal jurisdiction, , declared that our precedents on § 301 preemption were “conflicting,” but correctly explained that defenses to a state-law claim did not create a basis for LMRA preemption in a case involving complete preemption and removal jurisdiction. (citing ). A subsequent decision in , however, interpreted Meyer to mean that an employer‘s defenses are irrelevant to ordinary preemptiоn analysis, and elected to follow this dubious interpretation of Meyer rather than the earlier precedents of Hanks and Johnson. . Williams followed Bogan, deepening ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the intra-circuit conflict.

* * *

These inconsistent precedents, together with our cases allowing each future panel to fоllow the precedent that it prefers, leave the law of the circuit confused and uncertain on a significant issue of federal law. The procedural distinction between cases involving complete preemption and ordinary preemption, ably explained with reference tо Caterpillar by the Seventh Circuit in

Smith v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 943 F.2d 764, 769-71 (7th Cir.1991), suggests that the Williams panel incorrectly declared the NFL‘s defenses to the state-law claims irrelevant to the question of ordinary preemption under § 301. For these reasons, I would grant the NFL‘s petition for rehearing en banc.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Thomas BOAZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 09-2591

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Filed: March 15, 2010.

Submitted: Jan. 15, 2010.