Appellant entered into a contract with a general contractor for the renovation of his residence. Subsequently, with appellant’s consent, the general contractor assigned his contract to appellee. Before the work under the contract was finished, appellant dismissed appellee from the job. Appellee then brought *260 suit against appellant, alleging breach of contract, malicious interference with contractual relations, and conversion, and seeking recovery under the theory of quantum meruit. Appellee also made a claim for attorney fees. In this appeal from a judgment based on a jury verdict for appellee, appellant contends that the trial court erred in its charge to the jury on the measure of damages to be applied to the breach of contract claim and in denying appellant’s motions for directed verdict, new trial and judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Appellant’s argument regarding the denial of his motions is based on a claim that there was no evidence to which the jury could apply a measure of damages with any degree of certainty.
1. In recent years, there has been some apparent confusion regarding the measure of damages to be applied when an owner has breached a construction contract. The word "apparent” is used because careful analysis reveals that the confusion is illusory: The basic measure of damages in this context has remained the same for more than 100 years.
In 1871, the Supreme Court, in
Wallace v. Tumlin & Stegall,
This court, some 38 years later, explained the method to be used in ascertaining the "profits of the enterprise”: "Where one employs another to furnish the labor and material and to do the work necessary to the improvement of real estate, but renounces the contract prior to the time when the contractor has incurred any expense toward the performance of it, the recovery for the breach of the contract is limited to the difference between the contract price and what it would have cost the contractor in labor and materials to have performed it. But if the contract is not broken until after the contractor has gone to expense toward its performance, the net loss incurred by him on account of the amount so expended should be added to the difference between the contract price and what it would have cost him to perform the contract.”
Campbell & Co. v. Mion Bros.,
The measure of damages expressed in Campbell & Co. has been applied since it was announced, with only minor differences in wording and adjustments to the particular circumstances of cases. However, one of those minor changes of wording, and what we believe to have been a misinterpretation of that change, resulted in confusion and the eventual overruling of three decisions of this court.
In
Herrman v. Conway,
*262 However, in the contracts article of Mercer Law Review’s annual survey of Georgia law of 1974, Redman, Robertson and Herrman were criticized as stating an erroneous measure of damages:
"It is rather unusual that a case stating a basic rule of damages needs description in a survey article. In Redman Development Corp. v. West, a construction contract was breached by the owner of the real estate, who ordered the contractor off the job. A judgment in favor of the contractor was reversed because the amount did not appear to be justified by the figures available in the record. The case is remarkable for a statement of the appropriate measure of damages in such a case. The court of appeals’ decision quoted:
" 'The measure of damages for a contract not completed because of the fault of the opposite party is the difference between the contract price and the cost to complete the work plus sums expended by the contractor up to the time of the alleged breach
"The flagrant error of the italicized portion of this 'rule,’ if not self-evident, can best be seen in the case of its origin. In Herrman v. Conway, when a construction contract was wrongfully terminated by the owner, the court accepted as a proper measure of damages the following:
"'[T]he difference between the contract price of $9,280.59 and the cost to complete the work under the contract of $6,527.79, which cost he itemized, plus the sum of $421.02 expended for material and labor up to the time of the alleged breach, which final figure is $3,173.82 . . .’
"Of course, reversing the figures, if plaintiff had already expended the $6,527.79, and $421.02 was the cost to complete, this measure of damages would give a patently absurd judgment of $15,387.36. [Calculated as follows: Contract price of $9,280.59 less cost to 'complete the work’ of $421.02, equaling $8,859.57, plus sums expended by the contractor of $6,527.79, equaling $15,387.36.]
"The correct rule of damages in this situation is that the contractor should receive the unpaid contract price less what he saves as a result of the breach — the cost of completing the contract. It is occasionally stated that the *263 contractor is entitled to the profit he would have made on the contract, plus the actual expenditures to date of breach. It can be seen that this is simply another way of coming to the same result. The startling misstatement of law found in the Redman case, the Herrman, case, and the Robertson case appears to originate in a misinterpretation of the case of Campbell & Co. v. Mion Bros.; however, in that case a correct result was reached.” 25 Mercer L. Rev. 97, 108 (1974).
This interpretation of
Herrman, Robertson
and
Redman
in the law review article (which we believe to have been mistaken), was incorporated in this court’s decision in
Crankshaw v. Stanley Homes, Inc.,
Careful analysis of the whole opinion in
Herrman,
however, reveals that there was no conflict between the measure stated in that case and the measure stated in
Crankshaw.
The confusion derives from the ambiguous reference in
Herrman
to $6,527.79 as the "cost to complete the work” in calculating the profit component of the measure of damages and the mistaken interpretation given to that phrase and figure both by the article in 25 Mercer Law Review and this court in
Crankshaw.
It is clear from the example in the third paragraph of the law review’s discussion of the issue (quoted above) that the author interpreted the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure in
Herrman
in the sense of "cost to finish what was begun.” Thus the author of the article assumed
*264
the $6,527.79 figure was intended by
Herrman
to represent the amount that the contractor would have to expend to complete the contract
after
the owner’s breach. Adopting that meaning could, as the author asserted, produce "patently absurd” results as represented by the example given in the article. The figure obtained by subtracting "cost to complete the work,” as thus interpreted, from the contract price in no way approximates the profit component of the measure of damages as stated in
Campbell & Co.,
the difference between the contract price and the cost to the contractor to perform the contract. If, however, the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure in
Herrman
represents the cost of the contractor to "perform completely,” (i.e., the cost to the contractor to perform the contract ab initio as if the breach had occurred prior to any actual performance), the measure of damages adopted in
Herrman
is correct and does not conflict with the rule pronounced by
Crankshaw.
Such an interpretation is consistent with the facts given in
Herrman.
In fact, for the correct result to have been reached in
Herrman
(as is apparently conceded in the decision in
Crankshaw
(
If the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure, as used in Herrman, means the "cost to finish what was begun,” i.e., the cost of performing the contract after the breach (as the author of the law review article assumed), then the cost of the contractor’s performance under the contract in Herrman, from beginning to the end of the *265 project, as if there had been no breach, would have been $6,949.58 ($6,527.79 to "complete” performance plus $421.02, cost to date of breach). Applying this figure to the measure of damages stated in Campbell & Co. results in the following:
$2,331.78
+ 421.02
$2,752.80
Profit ($9,280.59 contract price minus $6,948.81 cost to contractor to perform the contract) Net loss (actual expenditures to date of breach) Damages
If, however, the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure as used in Herrman is merely a restatement of the same figure represented by Campbell & Co.’s "cost to perform the contract” (i.e., the cost to the contractor in labor and material to perform the contract without giving consideration to the contractor’s prior performance), then the figures in Herrman, applied to the measure of damages stated in Campbell & Co., yields the following:
$2,752.80
+ 421.02
$3,173.82
Profit ($9,280.59 contract price minus $6,527.79 cost to perform the contract) Net loss (actual expenditures to date of breach) Damages
Thus, the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure in Herrman must represent the "cost to perform the contract” as used in Campbell & Co. since only under that interpretation is the resulting recovery of damages in Herrman "correct.” Furthermore, since Crankshaw purports to be a restatement of the measure of damages stated in Campbell & Co., it follows that if the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure in Herrman means the same as "cost to perform the contract” in Campbell & Co., then applying that interpretation and the resulting figures to the measure of damages stated in Crankshaw should yield the "correct” result. Indeed, this is true:
*266 $421.02
+ 2,752.80
$3,173.82
Actual expenditure to date of breach Profit ($9,280.59 contract price minus $6,527.79 cost to perform the contract) Damages
From this analysis it is clear that the $6,527.79 "cost to complete the work” figure as used in
Herrman
to calculate the profit component of the measure of damages must represent the same as the "cost to perform the contract” as used in
Campbell & Co.,
i.e., cost to perform the contract completely without giving consideration to the effect of partial performance in calculating the "profit” component. For a similar analysis, see Chief Judge (then Judge) Deen’s dissent to the majority opinion in
Crankshaw,
Thus it may be seen that the confusion as to the correct measure of damages amounts only to a misinterpretation of an ambiguous phrase — "the cost to complete the work under the contract of $6,527.79” — used in Herrman. The rule, in its various formulations, is unchanged: A contractor injured by the owner’s breach is entitled to his profit. All the other language, such as "cost to complete the work” or "cost to perform the contract,” used in stating the measure merely describes the calculations necessary to reach that figure.
Having demonstrated that the various decisions of this court concerning the measure of damages here involved are in harmony, we find it appropriate for the resolution of this case and for the guidance of bench and bar to state the measure in a manner applicable to all cases where the owner breaches a fixed-price construction contract:
The basic component of damages recoverable by a contractor when a construction contract is wrongfully breached by the owner is the net profit to which the contractor would have been entitled had full performance of the contract been permitted. That figure is reached by subtracting from the contract price the amount which full performance would have cost the contractor. If performance by either party had begun prior to the *267 breach, adjustments must be made to ensure that the contractor receives the full amount of the profit, but no more. First, there must be added to the profit figure the amount of the contractor’s net loss up to the point of the breach. That figure is reached by subtracting from the expenses incurred by reason of the contractor’s performance the salvage or resale value of the material left on hand. The sum of those figures (the profit which would have been realized from full performance plus net loss incurred by performance to the date of breach) may in no event exceed the contract price. Second, there must be deducted from the recovery those amounts received by the contractor from the owner as prepayment or progress payment.
Although it is apparent from the foregoing analysis that it was not necessary that Crankshaw overrule Herrman, Robertson and Redman, we do not find it necessary to overrule any portion of Crankshaw or to reinstate the cases overruled therein for the following reasons: The statement of the measure in this opinion does not conflict with that of Crankshaw; this opinion contains the basic formulation while Crankshaw includes refinements concerning the situation where full performance would result in a net loss; and, while clarification of Herrman, et al., would have been sufficient in Crankshaw, their overruling precludes a recurrence of the confusion which Crankshaw attempted to abate.
Having clarified the measure of damages applicable to cases such as this one, we turn now to a resolution of the issues herein. Citing one portion of the trial court’s jury instructions, appellant contends that the wrong measure of damages as to the breach of contract claim was given the jury. We agree.
The trial court instructed the jury that, if appellant had breached the contract, appellee was
not
entitled to recover his profit, but only the value of the material furnished and labor done up to the time of the breach. That charge was clearly erroneous since it excluded an element of the damages recoverable by appellee. However, the error does not require reversal. The erroneous charge had the effect of limiting
appellee’s
*268
recovery to only a portion of what the correct measure of damages would have permitted. Thus, the error was harmful only to appellee not to appellant. "To obtain a reversal of the judgment of which complaint is made, the burden is upon the plaintiff in error to show not only error but injury. [Cits.]”
Avary v. Avary,
2. Appellant’s first and third enumerations of error complain of the trial court’s failure to grant appellant’s motion for directed verdict, judgment notwithstanding the verdict and new trial, contending there was no evidence by which the jury could calculate the damages with any degree of certainty. The record does not support appellant’s contention. The contract price, the amount of progress payments, the amount of appellee’s expenditures, and his estimate of the cost he was saved by the breach were all in evidence. The jury had sufficient evidence by which it could determine damages with a reasonable degree of certainty.
Lingo v. Kirby,
Judgment affirmed.