562 U.S. 1097
SCOTUS
2010

Dissenting Opinion

Justice Sotomayor, with whom Justice Ginsburg joins,

dissenting.

Today the Court refuses to review the Eighth Circuit’s conclusion that a State may withhold an objection to a federal habeas evidentiary hearing until after the hearing is complete, the constitutional violation established, and habeas rеlief granted. Because I believe such a rule enables, and even invites, States to manipulate federal habeas proceedings to their own strategic advantage at an unacceptable cost to justice, I respectfully dissent.

Petitioner Marcel Wayne Williams was charged with capital murder, kidnaping, rape, and aggravated robbery. At trial, his attorneys conceded guilt in the opening statement, apparently hoping to establish credibility with the jury and ultimаtely to convince the jury to recommend a sentence of life without parole. Despite adopting this strategy, however, Williams’ attorneys called only one witness at the penalty phase, an inmate who had no personаl relationship with Williams and who testified from his own experience that life was more pleasant on death row than in the general prison population. Not surprisingly, the jury unanimously recommended a death sentence. The trial court sеntenced Williams to death by lethal injection, and the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed the conviction and sentence on direct appeal. Williams v. State, 338 Ark. 97, 991 S.W. 2d 565 (1999).

After the Arkansas courts denied his petition for collateral relief, Williams filed a fedеral habeas petition under 28 U. S. C. §2254. Williams alleged that he received ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 (1984), due to his attorneys’ failure to develop and present mitigating social history evidence to the jury. As to Strickland’s performance prong, the District Court held that the state-court decision denying Williams’ ineffective-assistance claim was “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.” Williams v. Norris, No. 5:02CV00450, 2006 WL 1699835, *8 (ED Ark., June 19, 2006). As to prejudice, the court concluded that the record was inconclusive and ordered an evidentiary hearing. The testimony at the hearing established that Williams had been “subject to every category of traumatic experience that is generally used to describe childhood trauma”: sexual abuse by multiple perpetrators; physical and psychological abuse by his mother and stepfather; gross medical, nutritional, and educational neglеct; exposure to violence in the childhood home and neighborhood; and a violent gang-rape while in prison as an adolescent. 2007 WL 1100417, *2 (Apr. 11, 2007). On the basis of that testimony, the District Court found that Williams had been prejudiced by counsel’s ineffеctive assistance, granted habeas relief, and ordered the State to afford Williams a new trial at the penalty phase or to reduce ‍​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‍his sentence to life without parole. Id., at *2-*3.

The Court of Appeals reversed, reinstating thе sentence of death by lethal injection. Williams v. Norris, 576 P. 3d 850 (CA8 2009). Concluding that Williams was not entitled to a federal evidentiary hearing in the first place and entirely disregarding the evidence introduced at the hearing as a result, the court held that Williams had failеd to prove prejudice “on the factual record he developed in state court.” Id., at 863. Thus, although the District Court found that the State never “objeet[ed] to [the court’s decision] to conduct an evidentiary hearing” nor “argued that [it] should not consider that evidence” in ruling on Williams’ petition, 2007 WL 1100417, *2, n. 1; see also id., at *3, the Court of Appeals held that the State had in fact objected to the hearing. In the alternative, the Court of Appeals concluded that it would “exercise [its] discretion to review the district court’s noncompliance with 12254(e)(2)” even if the State had not objected. 576 F. 3d, at 860.

To be sure, under § 2254(e)(2), if a habeas petitioner “has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court procеedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim” unless certain conditions are met. Had the State invoked this section in the District Court, the hearing may have been barred for the reasons given by the Court of Appeals. But whether § 2254(e)(2) barred the hearing is a separate question from whether the State’s § 2254(e)(2) objection was properly before the Court of Appeals in the first place. As to that threshold question, neither of the holdings adopted by the court bеlow withstands scrutiny.

First, the Eighth Circuit’s conclusion that the State objected in the District Court to the evidentiary hearing is patently wrong. As proof of an objection, the Court of Appeals found one sentence in the record where the State аsserted that a federal habeas court “is prevented from re-trying a state criminal ease.” 576 F. 3d, at 860 (internal quotation marks omitted). According to the Court of Appeals, this statement amounted to an objection to the hearing becаuse it “incorporated the fundamental purpose behind the restrictions on evidentiary hearings in § 2254(e)(2).” Ibid. As a general matter, however, a party wishing to raise an objection and preserve ‍​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‍an issue for appeal must “pu[t] the cоurt on notice as to [its] concern,” Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U. S. 153, 174 (1988). Absolutely nothing in the State’s general statement — or any other part of the record, for that matter — put the District Court, or Williams, on notice that the State contested Williams’ entitlement to an evidentiary hearing. Even if a State need not spell out its opposition to an evidentiary hearing in precise terms, I cannot fathom how this statement of a general principle of law — a principle that is no less true even when a fedеral evidentiary hearing is proper — could suffice.

Indeed, rather than reveal an objection to the hearing, the record indicates that the State affirmatively consented to the hearing and sought to use the hearing to its own strategic advantage. Williams made multiple straightforward requests for an eviden-tiary hearing in no unclear terms. And, the District Court clearly informed the State of its intent to grant that request, giving the State every opportunity to object that a hearing was improper because Williams had “failed to develop the factual basis of [his] claim” in state court, § 2254(e)(2). Rather than protest, the State requested that the court narrow the issues on which evidence would be heard and that the hearing be rescheduled due to the unavailability of its own witness. The State then relied on new evidence developed at the hearing to contest the court’s prior conclusion, on the state-court record, that defense counsel’s performance had been deficient. The State presented the same evidence on appeal, although there it also аrgued — inconsistently and for the very first time — that the hearing had been improper. I simply cannot see how this record suggests anything other than a deliberate strategy by the State to use the hearing to fortify the record in support of the state-сourt decision and to object to the hearing only if and when that strategy failed.

Second, with respect to the Eighth Circuit’s alternative holding that it would, in any event, “exercise [its] discretion to review the district court’s non-compliance with § 2254(e)(2),” 576 F. 3d, at 860, the Court of Appeals seriously misapplied our precedent. The court assumed that it possessed discretion to consider an objection to an evidentiary hearing that is asserted only after the hearing has been conducted, the constitutional violation established, and habeas relief granted, relying on this Court’s decision in Day v. McDonough, 547 U. S. 198 (2006). In that ease, we held that “district courts are permitted, but not obliged, to consider, sua sponte, the timeliness of a state prisoner’s habeas petition.” Id., at 209. Even assuming that same discretion ‍​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‍applies in these cirсumstances,* Day makes clear that the court must “‘determine whether the interests of justice would be better served’” by allowing the State’s unasserted defense to expire without court intervention. Id., at 210 (quoting Granberry v. Greer, 481 U. S. 129, 136 (1987)). In particular, and of critical significance tо this case, the court must evaluate whether anything “in the record suggests that the State ‘strategically’ withheld the defense or chose to relinquish it.” Day, 547 U. S., at 211. If so, the court “would not be at liberty to disregard that choice.” Id., at 210, n. 11. Thus, even assuming Day applied here, it required the Court of Appeals to search the record for a suggestion of strategic forfeiture. Yet, despite the record described above, which at the very least raises the possibility of a deliberate decision by the State, the Court of Appeals failed to consider the question at all.

Day also would require the Court of Appeals to “assure itself” that Williams would not be “significantly prejudiced by the delayed focus” on his entitlement to a federal evidentiary hearing. Id., at 210. Williams raised just this point in the Court of Appeals, arguing that the State’s untimely objection to the eviden-tiary hearing had “deprived [him] of any opportunity to present facts that would show his entitlement to a hearing under the applicable standard.” Brief for Appellee/Cross-Appellant and Addendum in No. 07-1984 etc. (CA8), p. 8. This, too, the court failed to address.

In fact, the Court of Appeals made no mention of — and appar ently gave no consideration to — any countervailing interеsts weighing against review of the State’s untimely § 2254(e)(2) challenge. Such interests are certainly significant where, as here, the evidence at the hearing led the District Court to conclude that a constitutional violation had occurred and thаt a capital sentence must ‍​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‍be set aside. Indeed, the relevant interests to be considered include not only interests of finality and comity (the singular focus of the Court of Appeals), but also the interest of remedying a “miscarriage of justice” that is evident after “a full trial has been held in the district court.” Granberry, 481 U. S., at 135.

In my opinion, the interests of justice are poorly served by a rule that allows a State to object to an evidentiary hearing only after the hearing has been comрleted and the State has lost. Cf. Puckett v. United States, 556 U. S. 129, 134 (2009) (“[T]he contemporaneous-objection rule prevents a litigant from ‘sandbagging’ the court — remaining silent about his objection and belatedly raising the error only if the case does not conclude in his favor” (some internal quotation marks omitted)). It is true, as the Court of Appeals emphasized, that the policy against evi-dentiary hearings in federal habeas promotes principles of comity and federalism. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U. S. 420, 436-437 (2000). But when the State voluntarily participates in a federal evidentiary hearing — without objection, with an apparent intent of supplementing the record for its own purposes, and at a significant cost and expenditure of judicial resources — these intеrests are significantly diminished if not altogether absent. We have refused to adopt rules that “would permit, and might even encourage, the State to seek a favorable ruling on the merits in the district court while holding [a] defense in reserve for usе on appeal if necessary.” Granberry, 481 U. S., at 132. Because I believe the opinion below does just that, at an unacceptable cost to the interests of justice generally and in this particular case, I would grant the petition for writ of certiorari and vacate the judgment below.

Notes

Although we have never decided whether the courts of appeals possess discretion to consider after-the-fact objections of the kind here, we have at least left open the possibility that a State might forfeit such an objection if the State fails to raise it properly. See Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U. S. 74, 79-80 (2005) (per curiam) (remanding for the Sixth Circuit to address the argument that the State “failed to preserve its objection to the [court’s] reliance оn evidence not presented in state court by failing to raise this argument properly”); Holland v. Jackson, 542 U. S. 649, 653, n. (2004) (per curiam) (rejecting the contention that the State had failed to preserve its objection on the record present there).



Lead Opinion

C. A. 8th Cir. Motion of Scholars of Habeas ‍​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌‌​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​‌‍Corpus Law for leave to file a brief as amici curiae granted. Certiorari denied.

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