8 P.2d 578 | Or. | 1932
Lead Opinion
This is an action for malpractice against two physicians for the aggravation of an injury received by plaintiff while in the employ of a logging operator, both plaintiff and his employer being subject to the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act. The State Industrial Accident Commission assumed jurisdiction of the matter, and after the alleged negligent treatment by the physicians plaintiff was awarded compensation for permanent partial disability. *106
The complaint alleges, in effect, that on September 4, 1929, plaintiff was employed by Snellstrom Brothers and on that date plaintiff's right leg from the knee to bottom of the foot was injured; that the defendants, as physicians and surgeons, treated plaintiff, and in so doing negligently failed to discover that the bones were broken in plaintiff's ankle and foot, and failed to treat the injury in a proper manner, but were negligent and because thereof the ankle bones of plaintiff's foot were left permanently stiff and the plaintiff's ability to move his foot to the right or left was entirely destroyed, and because of such negligent treatment he was permanently injured, to his damage in the sum of $12,500.
Defendants' answer alleges, among other things, that on account of the injury plaintiff became entitled, under the Workmen's Compensation Law, in addition to the awards above referred to, to medical and surgical treatment and hospitalization, and that the State Industrial Accident Commission, having acquired jurisdiction of the case, was required to furnish medical and surgical treatment and hospitalization; that the defendants were employed by the commission, pursuant to the provisions of the act, and under the direction of the chief of its medical and surgical staff, then Dr. F.H. Thompson, of Salem, Oregon; that all of the treatments rendered plaintiff by defendants were rendered pursuant to the provisions of said Workmen's Compensation Act, under the directions of said commission and its medical expert, Dr. Thompson; that all of said treatment was received and accepted by plaintiff as a part of the benefits to which he was entitled under the act; that plaintiff elected a remedy against the State Industrial Accident Commission and the final award of the commission was based upon all of the *107 injuries which plaintiff may have received on September 4, 1929, and subsequent thereto, prior to the date of said final award, and that the same constituted full compensation as prescribed by law for all such injuries.
Plaintiff, in his reply, sets forth in detail that he made application to the State Industrial Accident Commission for compensation on account of the injuries received on September 4, 1929; admits that the State Industrial Accident Commission made an award to the plaintiff based on temporary total disability for a period of thirteen months and seven days, entitling him to $68.90 per month, totaling $914.25, on account of said injuries, all of which award was paid and accepted by plaintiff prior to October 20, 1930; that on the latter date the State Industrial Accident Commission made a final award based upon plaintiff's said application for permanent partial disability on account of the injuries received on September 4, 1929, and allowed plaintiff the sum of $720 on account of said injuries, payable at the rate of $25 per month, and that said sum was accepted by the plaintiff.
In an effort to avoid the force of the allegations of defendants' answer and the admissions of plaintiff's reply, plaintiff further avers that none of the injuries which he received from the defendants, as averred by him in his complaint on file herein, was reported to the State Industrial Accident Commission of Oregon. Plaintiff further alleges that there was a contract made between Snellstrom Brothers and defendants to furnish medical care and hospital services to sick and injured employees of Snellstrom Brothers; that $1 per month was deducted from plaintiff's wages for paying defendants therefor; that defendants accepted plaintiff as a patient on September 4, 1929, and retained him as a patient for about three months, under the contract mentioned. *108
Defendants moved for judgment on the pleadings, which motion was allowed by the court. Plaintiff appeals. Plaintiff by his reply admits the award made by the Industrial Accident Commission. We deem it immaterial whether the alleged improper treatment and its result were reported to the commission or not.
The principal question for determination in this case is whether plaintiff is barred from maintaining an action against defendants for the aggravation of an injury received while in the employ of a logging contractor, both plaintiff and his employer being subject to the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act, and having received compensation for temporary total disability, as well as a final award, made over a year following his accident and based upon the actual condition of his leg at the time of making the award.
This case is practically on all fours with the case ofMcDonough v. National Hospital Association,
"Every workman subject to this act while employed by an employer subject to this act who while so employed sustains personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment and resulting in his disability * * * shall be entitled to receive from the industrial accident fund thereby created the sum or sums hereinafter specified and the right to receive such sum or sums shall be in lieu of all claims against his employer on account of such injury or death, except as hereinafter specifically provided; provided, however, that if the injury to a workman occurring away from the plant of his employer is due to the negligence or wrong of another not in the same employ, the injured workman * * * shall elect whether to take under this act or seek a remedy against such other, such election to be in advance of any suit, and if he elects to take under this act the cause of action against such third person shall be assigned to the state industrial accident commission for the benefit of the accident fund. If the other choice is made, the accident fund shall contribute only the deficiency, if any, between the amount of recovery against such third person actually collected and the compensation provided or estimated by this act for such case. * * *"
It is plain from the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act that any workman, while he is subject to the act and in the service of an employer who is bound to contribute to the industrial accident fund, who shall sustain a personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, shall receive *110 compensation according to the schedule provided in section 49-1827. And it is plain from the provisions of section 49-1829 that in addition to the award that may be made under the act, such an injured workman is entitled to first aid, together with transportation, medical and surgical attendance and hospital accommodations, the expenses of which are not to be deducted from the compensation allowed by the award. Therefore the treatment by the defendants, as alleged in plaintiff's complaint, which was authorized and sanctioned by the Industrial Accident Commission, under authority of the Workmen's Compensation Law, was an integral part of the award made by the commission to plaintiff on account of his injuries, and the amount paid pursuant to such award is full compensation for such injuries, including the aggravation complained of in the treatment by the physicians. The arrangement for medical treatment and hospitalization of such an employee is a mutual one made by the Industrial Accident Commission, who authorizes the contract under the statute, the employee, who contributes a small amount of his wages, the employer and the physicians, to which compact the employee consents when he comes within the provisions of the act. In such cases where a contract is made for the care and medical attention of the injured workmen the statute provides that if, under such contract, the injured workmen are not properly treated, the Industrial Accident Commission may abrogate the contract: Section 49-1504, Oregon Code 1930.
Section 49-1827, Oregon Code 1930, provides in part:
"(i) If aggravation, diminution or termination of disability takes place or be discovered after the rate of compensation shall have been established or compensation *111 terminated in any case, the commission may, upon the application of the beneficiary, or upon its own motion, readjust for future application the rate of compensation in accordance with the rules in this section provided, or, in a proper case, terminate the payments."
The aggravated injury caused by the medical or surgical treatment of the injured workman, whether such treatment was skillful or otherwise, became a part of the original injury and was taken into consideration in the arbitration of the Industrial Accident Commission, according to the provisions of the statute, in making the final award, and when plaintiff accepted the amount of the award he accepted compensation for the whole injury, including the injury caused by the malpractice of defendants, alleged in the complaint. In other words, the Industrial Accident Commission awarded compensation for the injuries of plaintiff as they existed at the time of the final award: Section 49-1827, sub-sec. (i), Oregon Code 1930; 8 R.C.L. 449; Chebot v. StateIndustrial Acci. Comm.,
In accordance with the general rule, when a plaintiff has accepted satisfaction in full for an injury done him from whatever source it may come, he is so far affected in equity and good conscience that the law will not permit him to recover again for the same damages, as the law regards an injury resulting from the mistakes of a physician in treating an injury as a part of the immediate and direct damages which naturally flow from the original injury: McDonough v. National Hospital Association, supra, page 455, and *112
cases there cited; Reed v. City of Detroit,
The Oregon Workmen's Compensation Act was enacted not only for the benefit of the employer and employee but for the purpose of minimizing litigation and lessening the burden on the taxpayers resulting therefrom: Section 49-1801, Oregon Code 1930.
It is contended by plaintiff that the Workmen's Compensation Act prevents the plaintiff from availing himself of his common-law remedy. The statute is not in abrogation of the common-law, but follows in the wake thereof. It was almost the universal rule under the common law that an employer was not only liable for an original injury received during employment but also for any aggravation thereof by the act or conduct of a physician or surgeon: Hunt v. Boston Terminal Co.,
The facts set forth in defendants' answer, which are admitted by the reply, constitute a complete defense to plaintiff's cause of action. Therefore the judgment on the pleadings, as for want of a reply to the answer, should be sustained: § 1-616, Oregon Code 1930; McDonough v. National Hospital Association, supra. *113
In view of the fact that the question involved herein is practically covered by the opinion of Mr. Justice RAND inMcDonough v. National Hosital Ass'n, supra, we deem an extended discussion unnecessary.
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
BROWN and BELT, JJ., concur.
ROSSMAN, J., dissents.
Addendum
The pleadings show that September 4, 1929, the plaintiff was injured; that he employed the defendants as his physicians; that September 13, 1929, he applied to the Industrial Accident Commission for compensation "on account of the injuries which he had sustained September 4, 1929"; that he did not report to the Commission the injuries inflicted upon him by the defendants' alleged malpractice; that those injuries were never disclosed to the Commission by anyone; and that the Commission made two awards: (a) one based upon temporary total disability, and (b) its final one October 20, 1930. Since the reply denies the allegations of the answer which allege that the final award included compensation for the injury inflicted by the defendant, and, since the same pleading expressly alleges that the plaintiff has received no compensation whatever for those injuries, I feel justified in adding to the aforementioned group of facts the additional one that the plaintiff has received no compensation whatever for the injuries done him by the physicians. The motion for judgment upon the pleadings must be deemed to admit the truth of all the facts just reviewed. Thus, that motion admits that (1) September 4, 1929, the plaintiff sustained an industrial injury; (2) at some time following that injury the defendants, through malpractice, injured him; (3) in *114 this action the plaintiff is seeking to render the defendants liable to him for the latter injury only; (4) the plaintiff applied to the Commission for compensation for only the injury inflicted September 4, 1929; (5) when the amount of his compensation was determined, the Commission was ignorant of the injury which the defendant had imposed; (6) the plaintiff received compensation for the injury of September 4, 1929, only; and (7) he has been paid nothing for the injury resulting from the alleged malpractice.
The majority has construed the Workmen's Compensation Act so that the relief provided by the fund is the sole and exclusive remedy available to an injured workman whose injury has been aggravated by a malpractitioner, even though he neither asked for nor received any compensation for the wrong done by the latter. The majority holds that even under such circumstances he cannot sue the physician. His cause of action, they argue, has been transferred to the Commission. And, since it is most unlikely that the Commission, should it ever undertake to enforce the assigned claim, would recover anything, the holding of the majority substitutes as the beneficiary of the act the negligent physician in lieu of the unfortunate injured workman.
How can the commission use money contributed by the employer and the employee to pay the physician's debt? It cannot replenish the fund by suing the physician because it is not the owner of the claim against the physician. Tort claims are nonassignable. Moreover, the victim of the malpractice, far from having assigned his claim, insists upon suing the physician.
A workman who receives a slight scratch upon the hand while engaged in his work which, due to the negligence of a physician, becomes infected and eventually *115 results in the amputation of his arm, is afforded no choice by the prevailing decision. Should he apply to the Commission for compensation for the injury done by the scratch, the majority decision would resolve his application into a waiver of his claim against the physician. Thus, he could not demand relief, to which he was entitled and for which he had paid, without surrendering his valuable right against the physician. In fact, the majority decision warrants the conclusion that he could not sue the physician under any circumstances.
It is evident that the plaintiff sustained two injuries at the hands of two sets of individuals: (1) the first injury occurred when the plaintiff in the course of his employment sustained an industrial injury; and (2) the second injury was due to the alleged malpractice of these defendants. The plaintiff concedes that the Workmen's Compensation Commission has compensated him in full for the first injury, but denies expressly that he has received any compensation or an award of damages of any nature for the second injury. A marked distinction, therefore, exists between this case and McDonough v. National Hospital Assn.,
It is evident that the employer and the physicians were not joint tort feasors; in fact, the plaintiff's right to recover from the fund compensation for the first injury was not dependent upon his ability to prove that it was tortiously inflicted. His right to compensation was established when it appeared that he was somehow injured in an accident which arose "out of and in the course of his employment": Section 49-1814, Oregon Code 1930. The facts, if such were true, that his employer was not negligent, or that he himself was guilty of a lack of due care, or that his employer's negligence was not the proximate cause of the injury were immaterial circumstances. Hence, the law of torts had no application to his efforts to gain compensation. But recovery from the physicians for the second injury is entirely dependent upon the plaintiff's ability to prove negligence. We reiterate that the employer and the defendants were not joint tort feasors.
For the first injury the plaintiff, in the absence of our Workmen's Compensation Act, had a right of action against his employer provided he could prove negligence. He could even now assert that cause of action but for the fact that the Workmen's Compensation Act in express language deprives him of it, and as a substitute grants him relief from the fund. The relief payable out of the fund is measurably less than in an action for damages. For this difference the injured workman is compensated to some extent by being relieved of the necessity of proving negligence and proximate cause. For the second injury the common law recognized his right to maintain an action against the physician. Although the common law permitted an injured employee, whose period of disability had been lengthened out by the malpractice of his physician, to tack on to the claim for damages, which he asserted *117 against his employer, his claim against the physician (because the latter was a proximate result of the employer's negligence), yet it was not necessary for him to do so. The law recognized his right to keep the two claims separate, and sue the employer for the consequences of his negligence and the physician for the injury inflicted by his malpractice: Pollock on Torts (13th Ed.), pp. 485-487.
Clearly, the injured employee still possesses the right to sue the physician after taking compensation for only the injury inflicted by his employer, unless the Workmen's Compensation Act deprives him of this cause of action. And it seems like a fair demand to insist that those who propose to deprive the injured workman of his claim against the physician should be able to point to language of the act which clearly and unambiguously abolishes this remedy. Nothing pointed out by the majority in this case, nor in McDonough v. National Hosp. Assn.,
"Of course, where the compensation paid is shown not to include any damages for the malpractice, a different question is presented. Viita v. Fleming et al.,
Concluding this portion of these dissenting remarks, I shall merely offer the observation that authority can readily be found for the statement that a settlement between the injured man and the employer, *119 whether made under the compensation act or outside of it, does not preclude recovery against the negligent physician, in the absence of a showing that the settlement included compensation for the wrong done by the malpractitioner. Double recovery is the evil to be avoided. The avoidance of that evil does not demand the creation of an arbitrary rule to the effect that the remedy prescribed by the act precludes all action against the physician.
The following language taken from Hotel Equipment Co. v.Liddell,
"Section 12 does not by express language take away the right of an employee to sue the wrongdoer. Its terms can only mean that he and his employer are subject to the act and that he shall have no other remedy against his employer. Third persons are not concerned. An outsider does not share the burdens of the act imposed upon the employer, and he is entitled to none of its benefits. It was never the purpose of this statute to place exclusive liability upon the master for injuries to his employees arising out of and in the course of the employment, and thus to grant immunity and license to others who were responsible for the injuries."
A careful study of the decisions which hold that a victim of the alleged malpractice cannot sue the physision discloses that they do not base their conclusions as much upon the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act as upon the principle of the common law that an injury inflicted by the physician may be tacked on to the injury inflicted by the employer as a proximate result of the employer's negligence. It will at once be noticed, however, that in obtaining relief *120
from the fund the injured workman is not concerned with the proximate result rule; he need establish only his status as an employee and his charge that the injury arose out of and in the course of his employment. I am aware of no analogy between a proceeding conducted under the Workmen's Compensation Act to obtain compensation and an action based upon charges of negligence which prays for the recovery of damages. Workmen's Compensation Acts are complete within themselves and need no assistance from the law of negligence which they were intended to supplant. These acts define definitely what injuries are compensative. The phrase "an injury arising out of and in the course of his employment" is the dominant language of the act. It is the magnetic needle which points out the beneficiary of this legislation. Courts have held that an injury inflicted by a physician's malpractice cannot be said to have arisen out of and in the course of the workmen's employment. I quote from Ruth v.Witherspoon-Englar Co.,
"So much of an employee's incapacity as is the direct result of unskilled medical treatment does not arise `out of and in the course of his employment' within the meaning of that phrase as used in the statute. Laws 1911, chap. 218, § 1. For that part of his injury his remedy is against the persons answerable therefor under the general law of negligence, whether or not his employer be of the number."
Since the compensation acts clearly define what injuries are compensative and substitute for the proximate result rule the maxim "an injury which arose out of and in the course of the employment," that rule has no proper place in a proceeding conducted under the act. The Workmen's Compensation Act *121 should not be fettered with the numerous rules which constitute the law of negligence, especially so when it was adopted because of impatience with those principles. But if we cannot part company with the proximate result rule when administering this new law, which bids us do so, and if we feel that we must infuse into the Workmen's Compensation Act the rules prescribed by the legislature and for the sake of symmetry carry them to the same extent that they were applied in actions of negligence, then we ought, at least, look back and see whether our application is producing justice. I quote from Judge Cardozo's volume, "The Nature of the Judicial Process," p. 66:
"The rule that misses its aim cannot permanently justify its existence. * * * There is an old legend that on one occasion God prayed, and his prayer was, `Be it my will that my justice be ruled by my mercy.' That is a prayer which we all need to utter at times when the demon of formalism tempts the intellect with the lure of scientific order. * * * I mean that when they are called upon to say how far existing rules are to be extended or restricted, they must let the welfare of society fix the path, its direction and its distance."
Does it not seem strange to deny to the injured workman whom it was intended should be the principal beneficiary of the act even the limited control, through a claim for damages, over the physician who is administering to him in his helpless condition, and in whose selection he had no voice whatever? The compensation paid under the provisions of the act is admittedly less than that deserved, and now, by holding that the act permits the malpractitioner to escape, the workmen whose injuries have been multiplied is left in a worse condition than before. *122
A study of section 49-1836, subd. (c), Oregon Code 1930, that being the section of our laws which the majority holds denies to the injured workman a right to sue a malpractitioner, readily discloses how valuable rights of an injured workman can be frittered away. That section of our act provides: "Any application for increased compensation for aggravation must be filed within one year from the date of the first award of compensation to the claimant." It is altogether possible that "within one year from the date of the first award of compensation" the act of malpractice had not yet occurred, or that its ill effects had not yet revealed themselves. Hence, if this section has application the injured workman can recover compensation for malpractice only in the event he receives medical attention for no longer than one year. The obvious injustice of such a situation is a powerful reason for believing that the legislature never intended that this section of our laws should receive the interpretation which the majority assigns to it.
There is still another reason why the plaintiff should be permitted to proceed against these defendants. The sum which the plaintiff received from the Accident Commission is in reality insurance money only. In Evanoff v. State Industrial Acc.Comm.,
"To resume, ours is not an employer's liability act. It is not even an ordinary compensation act. It is an industrial insurance statute. Its administrative body is entitled the industrial insurance commission. All the features of an insurance act are present. Not only are all the remedies between master and servant abolished, and, in the words of the statute, all phases of them withdrawn from private controversy, but the employee is no longer to look to the master even for the scheduled and mandatory compensation. He must look only to a fund."
See also 28 R.C.L., Workmen's Compensation Acts, p. 714, § 3. From Hotel Equipment Co. v. Liddell,
"But, departing now from the assumption that compensation under the workmen's compensation law is in the nature of damages awarded for injury, we are of the opinion that it is in truth like the benefits under an insurance policy. City of Austin v.Johnson (Texas Civ. App.),
When one bears in mind the facts that the Industrial Accident Fund of this state is composed (apart from the original contribution made by the state) of *124 (1) contributions made by the employees in the form of premiums to purchase protection, and (2) contributions made by the employers to secure protection against personal injury actions, and that, although the fund is in the possession of the state, yet the latter disclaims all ownership of it (1929 Session Laws, p. 163), strong circumstances are revealed which demand the holding that the compensation provided is insurance money and not damages. Another circumstance is the fact that when the amount of the compensation was determined, pain and suffering were ignored. The compensation is intended to take the place of the lost earning power; in fact, the compensation is almost always less than the actual damages suffered. Again, compliance with the act in this state is optional upon the part of both employer and employee. It seems fair to conclude that when both employer and employee have elected to avail themselves of the benefits of the act they have thereby, in effect, provided themselves with state industrial insurance. Hence, the sum which was paid to the plaintiff was nothing more than insurance money. He cannot sue his employer because the act prohibits him from so doing; but neither the language of the act nor any principle of law reviewed by the majority in this case, nor in McDonough v. NationalHospital Assn., supra, prevents him from suing the physicians.
Finally, what process of reasoning can sustain the validity of the act when the interpretation of the majority has been placed upon it? Is it not clear that when the act is thus construed it violates those provisions of constitutional law which prohibit class legislation? To injured workmen are denied the remedy of malpractice actions, whereas to all others this remedy remains available. Between the workman and the *125 physician the relationship of employer and employee does not exist, and, hence, the reasoning which has sustained the validity of the acts when applied in actions between the employer and employee is not available here. Possibly, it could be argued that since the Oregon act is an optional one it can be said that the employee has contracted away his right to sue the physician; but it must be evident that the optional feature, so far as the workman is concerned, is theoretical and not real. His exercise of the so-called option is coerced by his need of employment. It must be true that in most instances when the act of malpractice is committed the victim is no longer a workman or an employee; he is like the other individual lying upon the adjacent cot — a patient and nothing more. Moreover, before instituting his action he has released his employer from all liability by accepting compensation from the commission for the industrial injury. Thus, here also the last vestige of the employee status has been severed. It seems evident that when the act is construed to deprive such an individual of his right to maintain an action of malpractice, while this right is not taken away from anyone else, the validity of the act cannot survive an attack on the ground that it is class legislation.
For the above reasons, I dissent. *126
