117 Wis. 370 | Wis. | 1903
Tbe following opinion was filed February 3, 1903:
Tbe first error assigned by appellant’s counsel is tbat tbe amendment of tbe complaint so as to enforce liabilities claimed to exist under sec. 1765, Stats. 1898, changed tbe nature of tbe action; tbat such liabilities are properly enforceable only at law, while the action as brought was a suit in equity. Tbat involves a subject several times fully discussed in this court, and tbe question now. raised so plainly decided adversely to appellant’s position tbat we do not consider it open for discussion. In Hurlbut v. Marshall, 62 Wis. 590, 22 N. W. 852, it was held tbat all liabilities of officers, stockholders and directors of a corporation tbat can in any event be enforced for tbe benefit of creditors of a corporation generally or as a class, may be dealt with in a. single suit and are so connected with each other as to constitute but one cause of action. Since that decision, we venture to say, nothing has been said in any opinion here, when rightly understood, casting any doubt but tbat when tbe primary purpose of a suit in equity is to enforce any such liability, or is to sequestrate tbe assets of tbe corporation and distribute tbe same for tbe payment of its debts, all liabilities of officers and stockholders to tbe corporation, whether created by law or otherwise, and all liabilities of tbe directors and stockholders to creditors, created by law, are germane to tbe main purpose of tbe litigation, and not only may be joined therewith as a part thereof under established rules of equity jurisprudence, but, under tbe scheme of tbe Code for working out tbe various liabilities in which creditors of a corporation as a class are interested, must be so joined, except as provided in cb. 129,
“Whenever any creditor of any corporation shall seek to charge the directors, trustees or other officers or stockholders thereof on account of any liability created by law, he may commence and maintain an action for that purpose in the circuit court,” etc.
It was a liability which the court has frequently held must be worked out in a suit in equity, and that such was the legislative purpose plainly written into ch. 140, Stats. 1898. Following sec. 3223, expressly authorizing any creditor of a corporation to bring such a suit as this was at the start, is sec. 3224, providing as follows:
“The court shall proceed therein as in other cases, and when necessary shall cause an account to be taken of the property and debts due to and from such corporation, and shall appoint one or more receivers who shall possess all the powers conferred and shall be subject to the obligations imposed on receivers by the provisions of section 3219; but if, upon the filing of the answer or upon the taking of such account, it shall appear that the corporation is insolvent and that it has no property or effects to satisfy such creditor, the .court may proceed without appointing any receiver to ascertain the respective liabilities of such directors, trustees or other officers and stockholders, and enforce the same by its judgment as in other cases.”
In Gager v. Marsden, 101 Wis. 598, 77 N. W. 922, it was held that when the primary purpose of a suit is to enforce any one of the liabilities mentioned in sec. 3223, the other liabilities that may exist, mentioned in such section, are germane thereto, and must be joined therewith if enforced at all. That covers the question under discussion.
It was believed when Gager v. Marsden, 101 Wis. 598, 77 N. W. 922, and Gager v. Bank of Edgerton, 101 Wis. 593, 77 N. W. 920, were written, that the law governing this class of cases would be thereby so thoroughly entrenched as to leave no reasonable ground for further appeals to this court in regard to it. It was undoubtedly so intended in the earlier case of Hurlbut v. Marshall, as is evidenced by the clear and emphatic language used by Mr. Justice OetoN, who wrote the opinion, aided by the argument of counsel, which was so referred to as to make it a necessary part of a proper report of the ease. Observing in Gager v. Marsden that for some reason, not easy to discover, Hurlbut v. Marshall was not understood, an attempt was made to set uncertainties at rest, if possible, by stating the principle thereof as understood here, in this language:
“It was supposed that Hurlbut v. Marshall, 62 Wis. 590, determined for all time in this court . . . that but one winding-up suit to settle the affairs of a corporation is proper, and that in such suit all the rights and all the liabilities of creditors, officers, and stockholders are to be worked out. This court so understood it then and has never departed from that view. . . . The careful practitioner hardly need go astray because of cases where only a part of the relief obtainable in a winding-up proceeding was sought, and which were sustained for that particular relief.”
That was followed by an analysis of ch. 140, showing that, instead of the various liabilities mentioned therein, as to a single corporation, being subjects of as many distinct causes of action, they are but parts of one cause of action, designed, by the statutory plan of such chapter, to be settled in one suit; and that the Code is perfectly adapted to make such scheme effective. To show to what extent the court voiced, in the later cases, the decision in Hurlbut v. Marshall, and that it
“That said directors be adjudged to pay all dividends declared and paid as heretofore set forth, to the present creditors of said bank who shall be parties hereto, and whose debts existed at the time each and every or any of said dividends were declared and paid; that said directors be adjudged to pay all debts of said bank now existing, which also existed at the time each and every or any of said dividends were declared and paid.”
The complaint, as to the matter there referred to, was included in the unqualified indorsement which we have before quoted, wherein this court, by Mr. Justice Oetoh', said that the pleading, by the argument of counsel in support thereof, stood completely vindicated in all particulars; that the nature of the suit, in view of the statute and the clear statutory and common-law liability of the directors and stockholders of an insolvent banking corporation, requires a complaint sufficiently broad and comprehensive to draw to the court, in a single controversy, all of the causes for complaint in which the creditors of the bank are interested. “This suit,” said the court, “is exclusive of all actions on behalf of the creditors of such an insolvent bank, and all the creditors are compelled to seek their remedy therein; and if there is any liability of the directors, stockholders, or officers of the bank to the bank or to its creditors, ‘in any event or contingency/ such liability mtbsb be enforced, it at all, in this one suit.” Careful attention to the obvious meaning of the language, “liability of the directors, stockholders, or officers of the bank to the bank or to its creditors,” would have avoided the mistake made by the
Complaint is made of the finding that the capital stock of the bank was. not fully paid in when the dividends were declared or thereafter. It is in effect admitted that such finding is right if merely giving a note for a stock subscription is not a paying in of capital within the meaning of the statute. Counsel for appellant contend that it is. Clark v. Farrington, 11 Wis. 306, is confidently cited to support that view. The question there was not whether the acceptance of a note of a subscriber for stock in a corporation or to apply on his subscriptibn is a payment, but whether a note so accepted and the subscription for stock are valid, — a far different question from the one we are called upon to decide. It may well be that a note so taken is enforceable, and yet that it is not a payment in the sense of being an addition to the actual capital of the corporation, or in any other sense. Blunt v. Walker, 11 Wis. 334, is also cited by counsel. That case seems to decide altogether too much for the safety of appellant’s position. It is there distinctly held that the ruere acceptance of the note of a subscriber for stock to apply upon his stock subscription does not constitute payment; that while the transaction is valid, the note is not a payment for the stock, but a mere evidence of the debt incurred by the subscription and of a contract postponing payment of such indebtedness till the due date of the note. That is as far as this court has ever gone.
“The subscriber does not, of course, pay for his shares by merely giving his written promise to pay, e. g., his promissory note, — at least unless such be the agreement and intention of the parties, and then the question would arise as to the power of the directors or managers of the corporation to malee such an agreement.”
The legal effect of the federal case cited is that stock cannot be considered full paid as regards the rights of creditors, merely because the corporation, with or without an agreement to that effect, accepts the subscribers promissory note for the amount of his subscription. We have no hesitancy in deciding that such must have been the legislative purpose in enacting sec. 1765, Stats. 1898. The purpose was to protect creditors. If stockholders can avoid its effect by giving their promissory notes for subscriptions for stock, by changing the mere evidence of their indebtedness, leaving the condition of the corporations as regards ability to pay its creditors the same as before, a very convenient way exists to enable corporations to pay dividends without any capital having been paid in, regardless of consequences. A construction of the statute that would permit such a practice, it seems, would convict the legislature of putting upon the statute books an absurd piece of legislation. The words “capital stock fully paid in” contemplate an actual payment of the subscription, not the mere giving of a promise to pay it. It need not necessarily be paid in money, but it must be paid, not merely promised to be paid, — the liability to the corporation be actually extinguished by an addition to its assets of either money or property of a money value, equivalent to the subscription indebt
The third, fourth and fifth assignments of error may be considered together. They are as follows: third, the trial court was wrong in holding that there were no net profits out of which dividends could have been paid without impairing or diminishing the capital stock; fourth, in holding that each of the directors knew of that fact when the dividends were declared; and fifth, in holding that defendantBrewster participated in the payment of the dividend of July 2nd, 1894. Such assignments of error really all fall with the first, so far .as they relate to Brewster, the only defendant here. Ilis liability to creditors under sec. 1765, so far as adjudged, became fixed by the payment of the dividend of July 2, 1894, whether he assented thereto or not by actually participating in the proceedings declaring it, since it was paid with his sanction, as evidenced by his participating in the benefit.
„ Counsel seem to suppose that, essential to his liability, in addition to the fact that the capital of the corporation had never been fully paid in, was insolvency of the bank, concurring with want of reason on his part to believe there were sufficient net profits properly applicable thereto to pay the dividend without impairing or diminishing the capital. Not so. The language of the statute as to such element, in connection with the words immediately preceding the same as to paying dividends before the capital of the corporation shall have been fully paid in, it seems, will not reasonably permit of such a construction. The two elements plainly have no conjunctive relation to each other. The first element refers to one prohibited act, and the second in a disjunctive sense to another. That such is the meaning which the legislature in
“If the directors of any corporation shall pay any such dividend before the capital stock is fully paid in, or shall pay any such dividend when the corporation is insolvent, or in danger of insolvency, not having reason to believe that there were sufficient net profits properly applicable thereto to pay the same without impairing or diminishing the capital, they shall be jointly and severally liable to the creditors of the corporation at the time of declaring such dividend to the amount of their debts, provided,” etc.
The revisers eliminated the words “or shall pay any such dividend” where they occur after the words “fully paid in,” and also eliminated the comma after the word “insolvent,” supposing, evidently, that by treating the condition as regards directors when a corporation is insolvent and that when it is in danger of insolvency in legal effect the same, and following that with the provision as to knowledge and eliminating the words “shall pay any such dividend,” the whole would not be read conjunctively with the words “fully paid in,” but that the eliminated element would, by implication, be deemed repeated. We must admit that the revisers dangerously sacrificed clearness to brevity. Conciseness in a law is a valuable feature, but clearness is its crowning merit. We venture to say that the literary merit of the section might have been improved at points that were overlooked without impairing it as to clearness, and that it would have been better to have trimmed it with a less liberal hand. When we look to the penal clause of the section alone, the meaning which appellant’s counsel attribute thereto would, if adopted, as before
“No dividend shall be paid to any stockholder of any corporation until tbe capital stock has been [shall have been] fully paid in, and no dividends shall thereafter be declared or paid by tbe directors of any corporation except out of tbe net profits properly applicable thereto and which shall not in any way impair or diminish tbe capital; . . . and if tbe directors of any corporation shall pay [pay] any such dividend before tbe capital stock is [shall have been] fully paid in [or pay any such dividend] when tbe corporation is insolvent or in danger of insolvency, not having reason to*386 believe that there ivere [are] sufficient net profits properly applicable thereto to pay the same without impairing or diminishing the capital, they shall be jointly and severally liable,” etc.
Thus, it will be seen, two things are prohibited: first, payment of dividends before the capital stock shall have been fully paid in; second, payment of dividends thereafter, except under certain conditions. The penal clause is made to exactly fit those prohibitions.
The sixth assignment of error deals with the subject of whether the bank was insolvent to Brewsters knowledge when the dividend was declared material to his liability adjudicated. It is a sufficient answer to that to say that, however the fact involved should have been decided, since there can be no question, as we have seen, but that when the dividend was declared and paid the capital stock had not been fully paid in and the appellant was a guilty participant in the transaction, he is liable', as adjudged by the court, irrespective of any other ground.
The assignee of the bank obtained a judgment against George W. Douglas on his indebtedness for unpaid subscription for stock. Counsel, by the seventh assignment of error, insist that such circumstance operated to estop creditors of the bank from enforcing the penal liability of appellant under sec. 1765. The reasoning of counsel on that is contrary to Blunt v. Walker, 11 Wis. 334, and other cases upon which he relies to sustain the position that the giving of a note for a stock subscription is a payment thereof. It is said that, if the note was not a good payment for the stock, it was void, and the enforcement of it to the extent of putting the same into judgment, made it valid from the beginning, and that, since the assignee stood for the creditors, his enforcement of the note extinguished their right to benefits under sec. 1765 if they previously had any. The law is, as we have seen, that the taking of a note on a stock subscription is
By the eighth assignment of error several suggestions are made why the creditors of the bank July 2, 1894, were not entitled to the relief against appellant. All of the reasons suggested in support thereof have been sufficiently met in what has been said, except a suggestion that see. 1765 does not apply to banking corporations, hence the recovery based thereon cannot stand; that sec. 40, p. 1535, Stats. 1898, covers the same subject as sec. 1765, and that inasmuch as it is a part of the act which specializes banking corporations, it should be held to be exclusive. The answer to that is that see. 40, p. 1535, does not create any liability of directors for improperly paying dividends. The two sections, in the main, refer to different subject matters. Therefore there is no good reason why the general language of sec. 1765 should not be held to include banking as well as all other corporations. It has always been regarded here as a law of universal application. Hurlbut v. Marshall, 62 Wis. 590, 22 N. W. 852, was a suit like this, and one of the most significant liabilities which the plaintiff sought to enforce was under sec. 1765. That is clearly indicated in the argument of counsel printed
“The prayer for relief is appropriate to these several causes of complaint.
“The brief of the learned counsel of the respondent is elaborate and very able, and should be preserved in the report of the case as a complete vindication of the complaint in all particulars.”
The effect of the argument on the particular point before us was that in a constitutional sense the subject covered by sec. 1165 is not appropriate to a banking law. It is a mere remedial provision to protect the public from the frauds and wrongs of officers and others in conducting corporate affairs. Though not enacted according to the requirements of the constitution as regards banking laws, it applies to banking corporations as well as all others. In Killen v. Barnes, 106 Wis. 546, 82 N. W. 536, as a reference to the briefs of counsel will show, the point was urged upon the attention of the court that sec. 1765, Stats. 1898, does not apply to banking corporations. The opinion does not show, except inferentially, that it was considered and the proposition negatived by the decision. That is probably attributable to the fact that the court considered the matter foreclosed by Hurlbui v. Marshall and adherence thereto since it was decided. The logical effect of the decision in Killen v. Barnes, as counsel for appellant seem to understand, and as the matter was understood when the case was decided, is against their position.
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
A motion for a rehearing was denied April 17, 1903.