294 F.2d 354 | 3rd Cir. | 1961
Lead Opinion
This case presents the familiar situation in which a longshoreman, injured on a ship while working for an independent contractor in unloading cargo, seeks to recover damages from the shipowner alleging both that the ship was unseaworthy and that the ship negligently failed to provide a reasonably safe place for the longshoremen to work. The accident occurred when a roll of burlap, unintentionally dislodged from the stowage by the longshoremen, fell or rolled upon a workman’s ankle.
A principal assignment of error concerns the failure of the trial judge to give requested instructions on a particular theory of negligence. Appellant takes the position that, even though the cargo may have been properly stowed when the unloading began, the longshoremen broke the stowage down in such a way as to create a serious risk that, as the unloading continued, the stowage would,^ as it subsequently did, collapse and injure someone. In this situation, appellant argues that the jury could properly have found the ship negligent because its offleers, who exercised general supervision over the unloading, failed to observe the unsafe condition thus created and have it corrected. To implement his contention appellant requested the following instruetion to the jury:
“If you should find from the facts in this case that the accident was caused by dangerous or hazardous methods of discharge employed by the stevedore employees, including the plaintiff, you may find that the defendant shipowner was negligent in permitting employees of T. Hogan Corporation to engage in such dangerous or hazardous methods aboard its vessel.
The court refused to give this instruction. Later, in denying a motion for a new trial, the court explained its refusal to submit this theory of negligence to the jury, saying:
“before the trier of fact may find such property-owner negligent, there must be evidence from which the trier of fact could conclude that the owner knew or should have known of the existence of the dangerous condition. In the case at bar, there was no evidence whatsoever from which the jury could have concluded that the defendant-shipowner knew or should have known that the longshoremen were engaging in this dangerous practice, assuming of course that they were, since the act which caused the plaintiff’s injury was an instantaneous thing.”
In these circumstances we have examined the evidence to determine whether a jury could properly have found that the ship’s officers were negligent in permitting the longshoremen to unload the ship in a way dangerous to themselves,
The longshoremen involved furnished oniy evidence in the record as to what they did in unloading the hold in which the accident occurred. The cargo in this hold consisted of cylindrical rolls of buriap3 each weighing a thousand pounds or m0re. The individual rolls were ten to twenty feet long and varied to some extent in diameter. Most of them were two to two and one-half feet in diameter. A few were three or even four feet in diameter. The rolls were laid side by side and ]ayer upon layer filling the hold to a height of some fifteen feet. Each roll rested in the depression formed by the circumferences of two rolls lying parallel and adjacent to each other in the layer immediately below it.
The work of unloading this hold began about 9 A.M. and the appellant was injured shortly after 11 A.M. The longshoremen~began their work by unloading the burlap rolls in the center of the hold under the hatch opening to a depth, as estimated by the longshoremen themselves, of from six to eight feet, or three or four layers. The opening thus created Was wider at the top than at the bottom because the marginal roll in each layer rested on and between two rolls of the next layer. Thus, each layer extended somewhat farther — about the radius of a roll — into the cleared area than did the
Next, the longshoremen stood in the cleared area on the exposed top of the highest undisturbed layer of burlap, which constituted the floor of the clearing, and undertook to remove the cargo from the wings by breaking down the lateral slope of the stowage which confronted them. They proposed to begin by dislodging the top bale from the face of the pyramid and guiding it under manual restraint as gravity caused it to slide down the slope to the small cleared floor space. There, slings would be attached to the roll and lifting gear would be used to remove it from the hold.
There was testimony that as this operation began a man standing on the floor could just reach up to the middle of the top roll which was about to be dislodged. Several of the longshoremen stood in the clearing near the after end of the top roll, in order to handle it from there. Appellant stood near the forward end of the roll. Having thus disposed themselves, the longshoremen began to shift the top roll. In so doing they accidently dislodged underlying rolls so that two or three rolls slid uncontrolled down the slope to the floor. One of them struck and broke appellant’s ankle. It is this mishap which appellant would attribute to negligence on the part of the ship in failing to use due care to keep the hold a reasonably safe place to work during the unloading operation.
Beyond the longshoremen’s account of what happened during the unloading operation, there was testimony by an expert witness that it was needlessly dangerous to clear out a center opening as deep as seven or eight feet before proceeding laterally to remove the upper layers of cargo from the wings. In the opinion of this witness it would have been practical and proper to clear the central area only to “man height”, meaning not more than the shoulder height of a standing man. In this view of proper unloading procedure, the longshoremen should have made the central opening only two rolls deep, rather than three or four.
Appellee has admitted that the discharging of cargo was conducted under the “general supervision” of the ship’s officers, averring at the same time that the stevedoring company supplied the “immediate supervision” of the operation. In its response to interrogatories appellee added the more detailed statement that its watch officer “was in general charge of seeing that the loading and discharging operations were carried out by the stevedoring contractors in accordance with the ship’s loading plan”.
In Brabazon v. Belships Co., 3 Cir., 1953, 202 F.2d 904, 906, 908, we discussed the nature and extent of a ship’s responsibility for the supervision of an independent contractor’s operations in that kind of situation, saying:
“The owner who retains control of the vessel as a whole and general supervision of what is being accomplished by an independent contractor in one part of the vessel is not relieved of all responsibility in connection with the prevention, discovery or correction of new hazards which may make the area temporarily used and occupied by independent contractors an unsafe place to work. * * In such eases as we are now considering, the nature of the work being done in the hold, the fact that it was being accomplished by responsible independent contractors whose employees were the only persons working in the hold, and the fact that the area was safe when that work began, all may have bearing upon the issue of what would constitute due care by the shipowner during the loading period. * * *
* * * -* *
“ * * * A practical view of the operation * * * of the independent contractor and his employees should influence judgment of what affirmative precautionary measures the shipowner can reasonably be ex*357 pected to take in each set of circumstances to safeguard the contract operation and its immediate environment as work progresses.”
Cf. Restatement of Torts, § 344, comment b.
We shall apply this legal analysis to the circumstances of this case. In order to hold that the ship was liable here, a jury would have to find that in the exercise of due care before the accident the ship’s officers should have (1) observed that the stow had been broken down in the center to a depth of seven or eight feet, (2) concluded that the exposed face of the stow was dangerously high, and (3) caused the timely correction of this condition. We think the record does not provide a sufficient basis for so comprehensive a finding.
The evidence shows that the first two hours of the morning working period were devoted to the removing of the top layers of cargo directly beneath the hatch opening. It also appears and is not disputed that the longshoremen began the removal of cargo from the wings as soon as this central area had been cleared to a depth of seven or eight feet. On the evidence, the clearing of the central area to a depth of four or five feet was safe and proper. Appellant was injured about two hours after the beginning of this operation. Thus, the dangerous height— the difference between four or five feet and seven or eight feet — could have existed only a very short time before the accident occurred, particularly since the opening was “V” shaped and thus required more time for clearing the top layers than the bottom.
As our decision in the Brabazon case indicates, the law does not impose a duty upon a ship to provide continuing observation and immediate supervision of work being done by a qualified independent contractor in unloading ordinary cargo.
Furthermore, even if the condition had been observed and considered dangerous, it is pertinent to ask whether there was anything that a ship’s officer should have done which would have been calculated to avoid the accident which occurred. He could have instructed the stevedoring foreman that during the remainder of the operation no more than two layers of cargo should be removed from any area before clearing the surrounding area to
In bxdef, there are two reasons why failure to give the requested instruction was not reversible error. First, it would be speculative or arbitrary to say on^ the present record that the excessive height of the sfow had existed long enough so that the ship s officers should have discovered it. Second, theie is no reason to believe that any admonition properly required of these officers might have avoided the accident.
Appellant’s second major contention is that the court’s charge failed to explain that, regardless of negligence, the stowage may have been rendered unseaworthy by the action of the longshoremen in clearing out a central area to a depth of seven or eight feet. In Cookingham v. United States, 3 Cir., 1950, 184 F.2d 213, certiorari denied, 1951, 340 U.S. 935, 71 S.Ct. 495, 95 L.Ed. 675, this court took the position that a “transitory” unsafe condition resulting from the dropping of some Jello on a stairway, did not comstitute unseaworthiness. Cf. Grillea v. United States, 2 Cir., 1956, 232 F.2d 919, applying the same distinction but reaching a contrary result on the facts. More recently, however, the Supreme Court decided in Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 1960, 362 U.S. 539, 80 S.Ct. 926, 928, 4 L.Ed.2d 941, in which a seaman was injured as a result of the dropping of slime on a ship’s rail, in the course of an unloading operation, a very shox*t time before the accident. An instruction that the ship would be liable only if the condition had existed “for a period of time long enough for the respondent [ship] to have learned about it and to have removed it” was held to have been error. The Court refused to treat the transitox-y character of the unsafe condition as legally significant. For an even more recent application of this holding to a case not significantly different from the present case, see Holley v. The Manfred Stansfield, D.C.E.D.Va.1960, 186 F.Supp. 212. Under the Mitchell doctrine, the evidence here created a jury question as to whether the seven or eight foot “V” dug out in the stowage by the longshoremen constituted an unseaworthy condition.
in denying a motion for a new trial the district judge pointed out that the on]y Specifjc contention with reference to unseaworthiness in the complaint, at pretrial, or in plaintiff’s proposed instruc¿ions, was that the original stowage of the burlap rolls without chocks or dunnage to prevent their lateral movement ma¿¡e the cargo unseaworthy from the time of loading. While the trial judge’s analysis of the limited range of the plaintiff’s contentions might have justified a corresponding limitation of the charge,
“If you find that the gang of longshoremen directly caused the accident by breaking down the rolls of burlap so as to create the risk of such an accident as actually occurred, the ship owner would not be held responsible for a temporary and transitory unsafe condition of which the ship’s officers would have no adequate warning.”
The plaintiff duly excepted to this instruction. On its face, this language covered and restricted liability for unseaworthiness resulting from “a temporary or transitory unsafe condition”. We understand that, with respect to the condition created by the longshoremen, the case had been so presented as to focus the attention of the trial judge primarily upon the question of negligence in making the hold an unsafe place to work. Moreover, to the extent that he may also have considered unseaworthiness, our Cookingham decision seemed to justify the charge as given. However, Cooking-ham was in effect overruled, and just such a charge as this one was held to be reversible error, by the Supreme Court in Mitchell v. Trawler Racer Inc., supra. Since the ship in the Mitchell case was held responsible for the slippery condition of a rail created in unloading cargo even though that condition had not existed long enough to afford the ship a reasonable opportunity to discover and correct it, the court below erred in charging that “the ship owner would not be held responsible for a temporary and transitory unsafe condition of which the ship’s officers would have no adequate warning.”
One additional matter requires mention. Since judgment was entered for the defendant on the principal claim, the court also dismissed the defendant’s third-party claim against the stevedoring company. Obviously, our conclusion that there was reversible error in the trial of the principal claim requires vacating the judgment on the third-party claim as well.
The judgment on the principal claim and on the third-party claim will be vacated and the cause remanded for a partial new trial limited to the issue of possible unseaworthiness caused by the manner of breaking down the stowage and any third-party liability resulting therefrom.
. A shipowner’s responsibility may be greater if he has authorized something unusually and inherently dangerous to be done on the ship. Halecki v. United Now York and New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Ass’n., 2 Cir., 1960, 282 F.2d 137.
Rehearing
On Petition for Rehearing
A problem of jurisdiction, not heretofore mentioned during the course of this appeal, has been brought to our attention in petitions for rehearing.
In the court below this case was submitted to the jury on special interrogatories. The answers of the jury were such as to require judgment for the defendant United States Lines Co. on the principal claim. With the United States Lines Co. thus relieved of liability, it followed as a matter of course that the claim of the United States Lines Co. against Hogan for indemnity became groundless. Accordingly, on April 25, 1960, the trial judge filed a single order, entered by the clerk the following day, that “judgment is hereby entered in favor of defendant, United States Lines Company, in the original action, and against plaintiff, William Knox, with costs to the defendant, and the third-party action between United States Lines Company and T. Hogan Corporation is hereby dismissed”.
Within ten days thereafter, the plaintiff filed a proper motion for a new trial on the principal claim and the same day the United States Lines Co. filed a precautionary motion “to set aside the judgment of dismissal entered in the third-party action and to grant a new trial in the said third-party action, in the event that a new trial is granted in the original action”. In due course the court denied plaintiff’s motion for a new trial on
It is clear that when the timely motions for new trials were filed the judgment of April 25th on the claim and the third-party claim ceased to be final. Moreover, the disposition of only one of these motions could not make the judgment on either claim final because, under Rule 54(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., in litigation involving multiple claims judgment on one claim cannot become final until' final disposition of all claims. The undecided motion for a new trial prevents the judgment on the third-party claim from being final and under Rule 54(b) the pendency of the third-party claim prevents judgment on the principal claim from being final. Although the foregoing analysis is highly technical, we think it is unavoidable and controlling. It follows that we lack jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.
At the same time, it seems proper to point out the situation that will exist after this appeal is dismissed. When the case is returned to the District Court the judgment on the principal claim and the judgment on the third-party claim will both lack finality because of the pendency of the motion for a new trial on the third-party claim. It will, therefore, still be within the power of the District Court to reconsider its judgment on both claims and to grant new trials, if it shall deem such action proper. Although the views prematurely expressed in our original opinion on this appeal will have no binding effect upon the trial judge, he may properly consider whether the reasoning in that opinion has merit when he decides whether to grant new trials on the claim and the third-party claim.
After due consideration of the new matter raised in petitions for rehearing it is hereby ordered that the judgment of reversal, requiring new trials in this case, shall be vacated. Thereafter, this appeal shall be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.