244 F.2d 767 | D.C. Cir. | 1957
Lead Opinion
In 1953 the defendant Barr was Acting Director of the Office of Rent Stabilization, a branch of the Economic Stabilization Agency. The head of the Agency was the Director of Economic Stabilization. The plaintiffs Madigan and Matteo were employees in the Office of which the defendant was Acting Director. A terminal-leave plan which the plaintiffs had sponsored in 1950 was under criticism in Congress in 1953. The defendant had disapproved of the plan. Without his knowledge, his secretary signed the defendant’s name to a letter to a Senator defending the plan. The plaintiff Madigan had drafted the letter. When the defendant learned that the letter had gone out over his signature, he issued a press release in which he said his first act of duty would be to suspend the plaintiffs, the officials responsible for the terminal-leave plan, and that although he “was advised” the plan was legal, he thought it “violated the spirit of the Thomas Amendment [64 Stat. 768]” and he “violently opposed it”.
The plaintiffs sued the defendant for libel. The verdict and judgment were for the plaintiffs. The defendant appeals on the ground that he had an “absolute immunity or privilege” in publishing the press release.
We agree with the District Court in overruling that contention. The defendant’s decision to suspend the plaintiffs for what he thought, mistakenly or not, Was sufficient cause, and his execution of any documents appropriate to that end, were probably within his general line of duty. If so, a letter to his official superiors explaining his decision would also have been within his general line of duty. Cf. Farr v. Valentine, 38 App.D.C. 413. So would an explanation addressed to the plaintiffs or to their representative. Newbury v. Love, 1957, 100 U.S.App.D.C. -, 242 F.2d 372. But in explaining his decision to the general public, the defendant went entirely outside his line of duty. If such an officer were to do such a thing in bad faith or with a bad motive, no sufficient public interest would require that he be protected. If the defendant had been a Cabinet officer, his public explanation might have been absolutely privileged. “It has been held that a Cabinet officer is absolutely privileged to publish defamation, not only in doing his duty but also in discussing it; his defamation, to be protected, need only have ‘more or less connection with the general matters committed by law to his control or supervision’.” But this is because
In general, “When the author of a libel writes under the compulsion of a legal or moral duty, or for the protection of his own rights or interests, that which he writes is a privileged communication unless the writer be actuated by malice.” Dickins v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 51, 54, 171 F.2d 21, 24. In the District Court the defendant Barr claimed that if his press release was not absolutely privileged, it was qualifiedly privileged by reason of this principle. However, on this appeal he has waived this claim. His brief states the “Question Presented” as follows: “Whether the Acting Director of the Office of Rent Stabilization should be accorded absolute immunity in a suit for libel for allegedly defamatory statements made by him in a press release, issued on Thursday, February 5, 1953, announcing his intention to suspend two named employees of the agency on Monday, February 9, 1953, and setting forth his reasons for taking that action.” The entire “Statement of Points” in his brief is as follows: “The District Court erred in denying the defendant’s respective motions to dismiss and for a directed verdict which were based on the defense of absolute immunity or privilege.”
The waiver of the claim of qualified privilege was informed and deliberate. The appellant was represented by eminent counsel. An Assistant Attorney General of the United States, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, and two attorneys of the Department of Justice, all signed appellant’s brief. All have now filed a memorandum which contains this summary of the matter: “Appellant’s brief, in conformity with Rule 17(c) (7), set forth in the Statement of Points only the contention that the District Court erred in denying appellant’s respective motions based on the defense of absolute immunity or privilege. Similarly, the Question Presented posed only this question, and the brief discusses this case only in terms of the applicability of absolute immunity as a defense. Finally, counsel for appellant, on October 12, 1956, disclaimed in open court any intent to urge any error on the part of the District Court other than its failure to accord to appellant the defense of absolute immunity or privilege.”
This court’s Rule 17(c) (7), [28 U.S.C.A.] requires that appellant’s brief state “the points on which appellant intends to rely”. Rule 17(i) provides that “Points not presented according to the rules of the coui’t, will be disregarded, though the court, at its option, may notice and pass upon a plain error not pointed out or relied upon.” This exception for “plain error” protects our authority to deal, in the interest of justice, with a point counsel have overlooked. In the absence of extraordinary circumstances the exception should not be applied, in a civil case, to a point that eminent counsel, for strategic or other reasons, have deliberately chosen to waive. Accordingly we do not consider whether there was plain error in the District Court’s
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
Appellant was the duly appointed Acting Director of the Office of Rent Stabilization at the time of the alleged libel. “All powers, duties and functions conferred on the President by Title II of the Housing and Rent Act of 1947, exclusive of section 208(a), as amended, [50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 1891 et seq., 1898(a)], and delegated to the Economic Stabilization Administrator by Executive Order No. 10276, [50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 1898 note], shall be exercised and performed by the Director of Rent Stabilization pursuant to Executive Order No. 10276 and except as otherwise provided by this order.”
The declaration of policy of such an executive, as contained in the challenged press release, seems to me to be absolutely privileged. The appellant, exercising by redelegation the President’s own powers, was entitled to immunity.
Appellee Madigan had been Deputy Housing Expediter in charge of personnel budget and fiscal matters within the agency. Appellee Matteo had been responsible for all technical aspects of the personnel program including recruiting and classification, and had been adviser to the deputy for administration on procedures or policy matters. Mr. Madigan devised a plan, in which both appellees joined, whereby they “terminated themselves one day as permanent employees; received their lump sum accumulated annual leave; were rehired the next day; continued as temporary employees, with the intent to convert back to permanent employees at a later date.” Appellant’s intra-agency opposition to the plan was known.
Members of Congress publicly attacked the plan. Earlier criticism had been crystallized in the Thomas Amendment.
Appellee Madigan two days earlier had prepared a letter to Senator Williams defending the plan. He did not attempt to see appellant about it, but forwarded the letter purporting to bear appellant’s signature despite appellant’s known opposition to the plan. Both appellees “took advantage” of the plan to use up the ear-marked funds.
Appellant testified that he decided to take disciplinary action “because I felt
The defense of this case was conducted by the Department of Justice. In the District Court appellant’s motion for directed verdict was based in part on the ground that “the press release was qualifiedly privileged.” The suit in last analysis, I take it, may be viewed as one against the Government which undoubtedly through Congress will be asked to respond to the judgment. I doubt that Government attorneys possess the power to waive a defense which, if it had been asserted, might have prevailed here. Compare our opinion in Newbury v. Love, 1957, 100 U.S.App.D.C. -, 242 F.2d 372, where we found absolute privilege, despite Colpoys v. Gates.
I see no obstacle in the Colpoys case to the result which I believe is required here. The limited functions of a marshal in publishing a statement in connection with the resignation of two deputies are not to be confounded with a situation such as the instant case presents. Even in Colpoys we recognized that officers with policy-determining functions are in a different category, and privilege is shown to have been accorded to acts in the general line of duty.
To recapitulate: here the Acting Director’s status and authority stemmed from the President himself. His Executive Order made this agency head, in his own division, a policymaker second only to the Economic Stabilization Director. Involved, as a matter of top interest, was a policy position with reference to a plan admittedly devised to “use up” $2,-600,000 of public funds which had been earmarked for terminal leave. If the appellant thought the Madigan plan had been a perversion of an appropriation to ends beyond the intention of Congress in providing the funds, it was his duty to speak out. He was not alone in his appraisal of the untoward result. His press release did no more than seek to allay the serious challenge to the integrity of the agency and to attempt to restore a public confidence which the use of the plan had impaired. The subject matter was personal to him because his name had without authorization been affixed to an official letter which misrepresented his position. The whole congeries of occurrences, including the position the Acting Director intended to take with reference to the problem, became of vital concern to the public. Under such circumstances, the press release was entitled to the status of privilege.
We need not, indeed I do not seek to, relax the rule which regards a cabinet officer as “absolutely privileged to publish defamation, not only in doing his duty but also in discussing it; his defamation, to be protected, need only have ‘more or less connection with the general matters committed by law to his control or supervision.’ ”
In this view, I think the judgment should be reversed.
. Sec. 4 of GO 9—Organization for Rent Stabilization, 16 Fed.Reg. 7630.
. DeArnaud v. Ainsworth, 1904, 24 App.D.C. 167, 178, 5 L.R.A.,N.S., 163; Glass v. Ickes, 1940, 73 App.D.C. 3, 117 F.2d 273, 132 A.L.R. 1328, certiorari denied, 1941, 311 U.S. 718, 61 S.Ct. 441, 85 L.Ed. 468; Mellon v. Brewer, 1927, 57 App.D.C. 126, 18 F.2d 168, 53 A.L.R. 1519, certiorari denied, 1927, 275 U.S. 530, 48 S.Ct. 28, 72 L.Ed. 409; cf. Gregoire v. Biddle, 2 Cir., 1949, 177 F.2d 579, certiorari denied, 1950, 339 U.S. 949, 70 S.Ct. 803, 94 L.Ed. 1363.
. § 1212, General Appropriations Act, 1951, 64 Stat. 768, provided in part: “No part of the funds of, or available for expenditure by any corporation or agency included in this Act * * * shall be available to pay for annual leave accumulated by any civilian officer or employee during the calendar year 1950 and unused at the close of business on June 30, 1951 « * *_>>
. Cf. Dickins v. International Brotherhood, Etc., 1948, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 51, 171 F.2d 21.
. 1941, 73 App.D.C. 193, 118 F.2d 16.
. Colpoys v. Gates, supra, note 5, 73 App.D.C. at page 194, 118 F.2d at page 17, citing Spalding v. Vilas, 1896, 161 U.S. 483, 498, 16 S.Ct. 631, 40 L.Ed. 780.