William Billy Gene CARTER, Plaintiff-Appellant v. Kenny HUTERSON; Loratea Akers; Vickie Dye; Cynthia Jannaman; Lance Brown; Janet Heyer; Sandy Swanson; Angel Lawson; Heather Richards; Alexey Nikitin; David R. Hunter; Rhinnia Andrews; Kenneth Hutchason; Loretta Akers; Stanley Lance Brown, Defendants-Appellees
No. 15-1897
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
August 8, 2016
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied September 29, 2016
ATF Explosives Industry Newsletter, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (June 2011), available at https://www.atf.gov/file/56586/download (last visited Aug. 3, 2016) (explaining that individuals “do not need a manufacturer‘s license if they are manufacturing black powder for their own personal, non-business use.“).
Explosives Newsletter (June 1997), available at https://www.atf.gov/file/56491/download (last visited Aug. 3, 2016) (stating a “manufacturers [sic] license is needed only for persons who manufacture explosives for sale, distribution, or for business use“).
FBI Intelligence Bulletin 3 (March 5, 2013), available at https://info.publicintelligence.net/FBI-ExplodingTargets.pdf (last visited Aug. 3, 2016) (stating that persons “manufacturing explosives for their own personal, nonbusiness use only (e.g., personal target practice) are not required to have a federal explosives license (FEL) or permit.“).
Emily R. Ottenson, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, MO, argued (Chris Koster, Atty. Gen., Nicholas J. Komoroski, Asst. Atty. Gen., on the brief), for appellee.
Before SMITH, GRUENDER, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
William Carter sued employees of the Missouri Department of Mental Health (“DMH“) under
I.
In 2002, Carter pleaded not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect to various charges related to the kidnapping and deviate sexual assault of his sixteen-year-old neighbor. As a result of this plea, Carter was committed to the custody of the DMH. Carter‘s subsequent application for conditional release triggered mandatory review of his eligibility for involuntary civil commitment under Missouri‘s Sexually Violent Predators Act,
In November 2014, Carter filed a complaint under
The defendants moved to dismiss Carter‘s complaint. They argued that they did not violate Carter‘s Fourth Amendment rights by taking Carter‘s fingerprints, mouth swab, and blood sample because, as a sexually violent predator, Carter was required to provide these materials under Missouri law. According to section
The district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. The court found that the warrantless collection of Carter‘s fingerprints, mouth swab, and blood sample did not violate the Fourth Amendment because this collection represented a reasonable, minimal intrusion and because Carter had a reduced expectation of privacy as a civilly committed sexually violent predator. The court also concluded that Carter failed to plead facts showing that the manner in which the defendants collected these materials violated Carter‘s rights under the Fourth, Eighth, or Fourteenth Amendment. Finally, the court ruled that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because Carter failed to state facts demonstrating the violation of a constitutional right that was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation and because the defendants’ alleged conduct was reasonable under the circumstances alleged in the complaint. Carter appeals.
II.
On appeal, Carter argues only that the district court erred when it dismissed his claim that the defendants’ warrantless, forcible drawing of his blood to produce a DNA profile violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment. We review de novo a district court‘s dismissal under
A.
In appealing the dismissal of his Fourth Amendment claim, Carter first contends that because he was a civilly committed individual rather than a pretrial detainee or a prisoner, the defendants could not collect a blood sample to produce his DNA profile without first demonstrating individualized suspicion of criminal wrongdoing and acquiring a search warrant. However, we do not reach the question of whether the alleged warrantless collection of Carter‘s blood sample violated the Fourth Amendment because the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to this claim. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 240-42, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009)
“Qualified immunity shields government officials from liability for civil damages for discretionary acts that do not ‘violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.‘” Moore ex rel. Moore v. Briggs, 381 F.3d 771, 772 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982)). Here, the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to their alleged taking of Carter‘s blood sample because Carter has failed to demonstrate that, at the time of the events in question, civilly committed sexually violent predators maintained a clearly established right to be free from the warrantless drawing of a blood sample to produce a DNA profile. To the contrary, a reasonable person interpreting the law governing the defendants’ conduct could have concluded that the Constitution permitted the warrantless collection of this information from such individuals.
First, we previously have held that civilly committed individuals “retain the Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches that is analogous to the right retained by pretrial detainees.” Beaulieu v. Ludeman, 690 F.3d 1017, 1028 (8th Cir. 2012). Shortly after our decision in Beaulieu, the Supreme Court held in Maryland v. King that the Fourth Amendment does not require authorities to obtain a warrant before conducting a mouth swab to obtain the DNA profile of a pretrial detainee. 569 U.S. 435, —, 133 S.Ct. 1958, 186 L.Ed.2d 1 (2013). Relying on these two cases, therefore, the defendants reasonably could have concluded that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless collection of a civilly committed person‘s DNA profile. Indeed, the defendants have shown that several of the same government interests identified in King reasonably could justify the DNA identification of a civilly committed sexually violent predator, including determining “the [individual]‘s future dangerousness” and the extent he might be “inclined to flee” from confinement. See id. at 1972-73.
Second, courts generally have recognized the collection of a blood sample as a minimally intrusive mechanism for obtaining information from individuals in state custody. See, e.g., Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 771, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966) (noting that blood draws involve “virtually no risk, trauma, or pain“); United States v. Amerson, 483 F.3d 73, 84 (2d Cir. 2007) (recognizing that “all the common methods of obtaining [a] DNA sample” involve only minimal intrusions upon privacy interests); Rise v. Oregon, 59 F.3d 1556, 1560 (9th Cir. 1995) (“That the gathering of DNA information requires the drawing of blood rather than inking and rolling a person‘s fingertips does not elevate the intrusion upon the plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment interests to a level beyond minimal.“), overruled on other grounds by City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 121 S.Ct. 447, 148 L.Ed.2d 333 (2000). We acknowledge that the Supreme Court‘s recent decision in Birchfield v. North Dakota may affect our assessment of the reasonableness of this collection method in future cases. See 579 U.S. 438, —, 136 S.Ct. 2160, 2178, 195 L.Ed.2d 560 (2016) (recognizing that blood draws are more intrusive than other methods of obtaining information from individuals stopped for drunk driving). However, because this decision was announced well after the events in question, it has no implications for our analysis of Carter‘s “clearly established” rights. See Moore, 381 F.3d at 772. Given the state of the law
B.
Carter also argues that the district court erred when it ruled that he failed to allege facts sufficient to state a claim that the force the defendants employed when taking his blood sample violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment. “The right to be free from excessive force is a clearly established right under the Fourth Amendment‘s prohibition against unreasonable seizures of the person.” Cook v. City of Bella Villa, 582 F.3d 840, 849 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Moore v. Indehar, 514 F.3d 756, 759 (8th Cir. 2008)). Whether an officer‘s use of force is excessive is a question of whether “the amount of force used was objectively reasonable under the particular circumstances.” Small v. McCrystal, 708 F.3d 997, 1005 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting Brown v. City of Golden Valley, 574 F.3d 491, 496 (8th Cir. 2009)). The use of force is not excessive where it involves only the level of physical coercion necessary to execute an otherwise lawful seizure. See Brown, 574 F.3d at 496 (“Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has long recognized that the right to make an arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.” (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989))); see also Peña-Borrero v. Estremeda, 365 F.3d 7, 12 (1st Cir. 2004) (affirming dismissal of excessive force claim in which “the allegations demonstrate[d] no more than the ‘degree of physical coercion’ typically attendant to an arrest” (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865)).
Under this standard, Carter‘s bare assertion that all of the defendants simultaneously “physically assaulted and attacked him” fails to state a claim that those defendants violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Carter alleges no facts regarding the “amount of force” involved in this alleged attack, precluding any inference that such force was not “objectively reasonable under the particular circumstances.” See Small, 708 F.3d at 1005. Nor do Carter‘s allegations regarding the injuries he sustained permit an inference that the defendants used excessive force. See Chambers v. Pennycook, 641 F.3d 898, 906 (8th Cir. 2011) (“The degree of injury [suffered in an excessive-force case] is certainly relevant insofar as it tends to show the amount and type of force used.“). To the contrary, the district court concluded that the injuries Carter alleges—a pulled tendon on his left index finger, a bruise, sprain, and cut on his left middle finger, and a bruise on his left arm—resulted from his resistance to the defendants’ efforts to obtain a blood sample. Cf. Shekleton v. Eichenberger, 677 F.3d 361, 366 (8th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that “whether the suspect is actively resisting or attempting to evade” an otherwise lawful arrest is a key factor in determining whether officers employed reasonable force (quoting Smith v. Kan. City, Mo. Police Dep‘t, 586 F.3d 576, 581 (8th Cir. 2009))). As explained above, the defendants reasonably could have believed that the law permitted the warrantless collection of Carter‘s blood sample. Because Carter alleges no facts permitting a plausible inference that the defendants employed force in excess of the physical coercion attendant to overcoming his resistance to this seizure, he fails to
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court‘s dismissal of Carter‘s claim.
GRUENDER
CIRCUIT JUDGE