Lead Opinion
On Certiorari to the Utah Court of Appeals
We granted Glen P. Willey’s petition for a writ of certiorari to review the Utah Court of Appeals’ increase of the trial court’s
BACKGROUND
Glen P. Willey and Rosalind Ann Johnson Willey were married April 29, 1982. No children were born as issue of this marriage. However, Rosalind Willey had three children from a previous marriage. Before their marriage, Rosalind Willey worked in a retail clothing store, earning approximately $11,000 a year. During the marriage, she periodically worked part time, earning at most $6871 a year. Glen Willey was a stockbroker with annual earnings during their married years ranging from $73,096 to $138,052.
In 1990, after more than eight years of marriage, Glen Willey filed for divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences. The trial court granted a decree of divorce on January 14, 1992. In doing so, it divided the marital property and awarded Rosalind Wil-ley alimony in the amount of $1500 a month for one year and $1000 a month for the following three years, at which time alimony was to terminate. The trial court also awarded her $5000 in attorney fees.
Rosalind Willey appealed to the court of appeals, claiming that the trial court had abused its discretion in its award of alimony, in its division of marital property, and in its award of attorney fees. She also requested attorney fees for the appeal.
The court of appeals affirmed the trial court on some issues but reversed and remanded on the issues of alimony and attorney fees because of insufficient findings of fact. Willey v. Willey,
As for attorney fees, the court of appeals also reversed and remanded, stating:
[T]he trial court made no findings regarding either Mrs. Willey’s ability to pay her own attorney fees or Mr. Willey’s ability to pay her fees. Coupled with the court’s failure to make findings as to the reasonableness of her fees, we have no explanation why the court awarded Mrs. Willey approximately twenty-five percent of her request.
Willey,
On remand, the trial court held a hearing and received additional evidence. The trial court made new findings of fact and conclusions of law based upon that evidence and the evidence already in the record from the original trial. In doing so, it acknowledged the mandate from the court of appeals, stating:
The court of appeals held that additional findings of fact were necessary with respect to the issues of alimony and attorney fees and specifically directed this court to make such findings on the following issues:
(i) the reasonable financial needs of the parties;
(ii) the division of the parties’ debt as it affects the award of alimony;
(iii) the imputation of income to the defendant;
(iv) the ability of each party to pay defendant’s attorney fees;
(v) the reasonableness of those fees.
The trial court then made and entered fifty-one findings of fact that addressed the parties’ financial needs, the imputation of income to Rosalind Willey, the reasonableness of each party’s attorney fees, and Glen Willey’s ability to pay Rosalind Willey’s attorney fees. The trial court based the following conclusions upon its findings of fact:
(1) The original findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decree in this matter should be amended to delete the require*229 ment that [Rosalind Willey] pay one-half of the [loan and deficiency on the house],
(2) The alimony award of $1,500 per month for one year from the date of trial and $1,000 per month- for- three years thereafter was proper and is affirmed.
(3) [Glen Willey] should be ordered to pay the costs of tuition and books for [Rosalind Willey] for a period of nine quarters at the University of Utah or á comparable university, providing such education is completed within five years of January 31, 1995, to assist [Rosalind Willey] in enhancing her earning potential.
(4) [Glen Willey] should be ordered to pay [Rosalind Willey] additional alimony in the amount of $500 per month while [Rosalind Willey] is a fully matriculated student for a maximum of nine quarters to be completed within five years following the date of this order.
(5) [Glen Willey] should be ordered to pay [Rosalind Willey] additional attorney’s fees in the amount of $10,000.
In short, the trial court did not alter the original alimony award but did add a rehabilitative alimony award which ordered Glen Willey to pay her education costs and an additional $500 a month while she attends school. The trial court also deleted her debt on the house and increased the award of attorney fees.
Again, Rosalind Willey appealed to the court of appeals. On the second appeal, the court of appeals was not satisfied that the trial court had fully and adequately addressed the issues remanded. It characterized the trial court as having “entered additional findings of fact on some of the issues we 'directed it to address by our réiriand order, but failed to address others.” Willey v. Willey,
[Rosalind Willey’s] monthly unreimbursed medieal/dental expenses of $660 per month are unreasonably high and should be reduced to $60 per month. While the record shows that defendant had major surgery in the fall of 1991, there is nothing in the record to establish why the ongoing expenses would continue on a monthly basis.
However, the court of appeals reversed the trial court in this regard,
As to the issue of Rosalind Willey’s attorney fees, the trial court entered seven findings of fact addressing various issues related to, but not including, the reasonableness of •the requested attorney fees. However, the court of appeals again held that on remand the trial court had failed to fully address the issue and make adequate findings as to the reasonableness of the attorney fees. And instead of -remanding the matter a second time to the trial court for further findings and consideration, the court of appeals took it upon itself to increase the attorney fees award from $15,000 to $36,015 plus costs. The court of appeals thus made its own conclusion as to what it considered proper alimony and attorney fees and directed the trial court to amend the divorce decree accordingly.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
On a writ of certiorari, we review the decision of the court of appeals, not that of the trial court. Butterfield v. Okubo,
ANALYSIS
To assess whether the court of appeals erred in determining the award of alimony and attorney fees or whether it should have remanded the matter to the trial court, we examine the respective responsibilities of trial courts and appellate courts with respect to the determination of alimony and attorney fees. Alimony determinations are within the sound discretion of the trial court because of its advantaged position to assess evidence and ascertain facts. Owen,
However, the trial court in exercising its discretion must make the findings of fact explicit in support of its legal conclusions. Montoya v. Montoya,
If the appellate court determines that the findings of fact are insufficient to support the conclusion, the appellate court normally remands the matter to the trial court for further proceedings. See Watson v. Watson,
In certain instances, the appellate court may exercise equitable powers and take upon itself the responsibility of weighing the evidence and making its own findings of fact. See Owen,
In domestic relations cases, the parties commonly submit statements of assets and expenses as exhibits. Trial courts also commonly accept into evidence exhibits constituting that party’s claims without objection. However, this procedure does not necessarily obviate the need for further evidence in support of some items listed on the exhibit. Generally, there is further questioning of certain items contained in the exhibit as to value. Trial judges commonly accept, modify, reduce, or reject claimed items in such exhibits, depending upon the item and according to the evidence or the lack thereof. Thus, it is incumbent upon a party to submit supporting evidence to prove the value of the claimed property or claimed expense to avoid the risk that the trial judge will reduce or reject the value of a particular item. This is especially true where the value of the item appears out of the ordinary. The trial court is not required to accept each item of expense as a proven fact just because it receives a statement of expenses into evidence.
ALIMONY AND THE PARTIES’ EXPENSES .
In the case before us, the trial judge made a specific finding to the effect that Rosalind Willey’s claim for monthly unreim-bursed medical expenses of $660 per month was unreasonably high. He stated that “while the record shows that defendant had major surgery in the fall of 1991, there is nothing in the record to establish why the ongoing expenses would continue on a monthly basis.” Thus, the trial judge reduced the unreimbursed monthly medical expenses to $60.
The court of appeals rejected the trial court’s finding of fact and conclusion in this regard, stating that the “sheer absence of any evidence upon which to base factual findings regarding these adjustments makes them unacceptable.” Willey,
In effect, the court of appeals substituted its own judgment for the trial court’s judgment. Even though the trial court found that her monthly expenses were not supported by evidence and were not reasonable, the court of appeals determined that Rosalind Willey’s expenses as set forth in her statement were entirely reasonable without further evidence. Furthermore, the court of appeals mistakenly assumed that both parties had stipulated to the amounts set forth in the statement of expenses, when in fact there is no indication in the record of any such stipulation. Indeed, Glen Willey argues on appeal that the court of appeals, incorrectly characterized the submission as a stipulation. He claims that he did not agree to the figures that Rosalind Willey submitted for her monthly expenses.
Rosalind Willey based her request for alimony in part on her claimed need of $660 per month for unreimbursed medical expenses. At trial, she had the burden of proving her monthly need for that amount. The trial court, however, expressly found that there was no evidence to support such a need on a monthly basis and that the amount claimed was unreasonable. Its finding regarding claimed monthly unreimbursed medical expenses was justified and sufficient because
With respect to the rehabilitative alimony, the court of appeals observed that though the trial court’s award was designed to allow her return to school and therefore seemed to assume the coexistence of alimony, the original alimony award would expire before she could possibly complete her schooling. “[G]iven the confused[ ] and indeed patently unfair nature of the prior order,” the court of appeals decided to make the modification itself, extending the payment period by more than four years. Id. at 1153.
Faced with this “confusion,” the court of appeals should have remanded the issue to the trial court with instructions to clarify the duration of the award. Instead, it took it upon itself to extend the alimony payment period more than four years. In doing so, however, it again failed to base its findings of fact upon evidence, precluding meaningful appellate review by this court. Just as the trial court must make sufficient findings of fact to permit review of its determinations by the court of appeals, so the court of appeals, when making its own conclusions, must make sufficient findings of fact to permit review of its determinations by this court. Thus, the court of appeals erred in taking upon itself the task of making this factually dependent determination as to the duration of the alimony award without making findings of fact based upon the evidence.
ATTORNEY FEES
The award of attorney fees is a highly fact-dependent process. Indeed, in determining reasonable attorney fees, this court has set out factors that should be considered. These factors
include, but are not limited to, “the difficulty of the litigation, the efficiency of the attorneys in presenting the case, the reasonableness of the number of hours spent on the case, the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar services, the amount involved in the case and the result attained, and the expertise and experience of the attorneys involved.”
Salmon,
In the case before us, the following findings of fact were made by the trial court relating to the reasonableness of attorney fees:
(44) In applying the factors to be considered in making an award of attorneys fees, the court finds that this case was not and should not have been particularly difficult. It was a relatively routine divorce of a couple with extreme financial difficulties and disagreements on how to manage their incomes and expenses.
(45) The court further finds that the efficiency of the attorneys in handling the case was not good and the reasonableness of the number of hours is excessive and beyond a reasonable evaluation of the ease.
(46) At the time of trial, defendant’s attorney requested fees of $19,215.00. The present affidavit shows 240.1 hours at a billing rate of $150.00 per hour which results in fees of $36,015.00.
(47) While defendant’s attorney does not request payment for all recorded hours, he does request payment for 101 hours in the amount of $15,150.00 [and] for fees and costs of $1,539.38 for a total of $16,689.38. This amount is presumably in addition to the $5,000.00 already paid by plaintiff for defendant’s attorney’s fees after the trial.
(48) The court finds that the .rate of $150 per hour for the experience of defendant’s counsel is high, but within reasonable range.
(49) However, the amount of attorneys’ fees charged in this case, considering the marital estate, cannot justify the fees in*233 curred. The parties’ net worth approached zero and the only meaningful asset was the plaintiffs earning capacity which he brought into the marriage. The court finds that the entire financial condition of the parties cannot justify combined attorneys’ fees in excess of $65,000, with little or no marital property remaining. Accordingly, the court finds the fees are not reasonable.
(50) The ability of defendant to pay attorney’s fees is minimal and the court finds it reasonable that plaintiff should pay an additional amount to defendant for attorney’s fees in the amount of $10,000. In making this award, the court has considered the fees incurred on appeal. This amount, combined with the prior amount plaintiff was ordered to pay, shall mean that plaintiff shall pay to defendant a total amount of $15,000 towards her attorney’s fees. The court finds that this is an equitable amount concerning the incomes of the parties and the other matters discussed above.
However, the court of appeals summarily dismissed the trial court’s findings and proceeded to fix its own award, stating in full:
Without adequate explanation or findings, on remand the trial court ordered Mr. Willey to pay an additional $10,000 as the correct adjustment.
Under the unique circumstances of this case we award Ms. Willey a total of $36,-015 in attorney fees, plus costs, for fees and costs incurred at trial, on appeal, on remand, and on this appeal.
Willey,
The court of appeals again substituted'its own judgment for the trial court’s. Despite the trial court’s considerable findings on the subject, the court of appeals -rejected the trial court’s findings and increased the award of attorney fees without any supporting findings of fact or even an explanation as to how it calculated the new figure. In doing so, the court of appeals did the very thing it criticized the trial court for doing — making a determination without supporting findings of fact based upon the evidence. Again, without adequate findings, there can be no meaningful appellate review of the court of appeals’ determinations by this court.
Not only did the court of appeals fail to make findings in support of its award, but it failed to make an explicit finding as to the reasonableness of the fees. It failed to do so in spite of its reversal of the trial court for that same deficiency. Because a finding on the reasonableness of the attorney fees is essential to the award of attorney fees, we reverse the court of appeals’ award of attorney fees and remand to the court of appeals with instrüctions to remand the matter to the trial court for further findings as to appropriate attorney fees and the reasonableness thereof.
The court of appeals seeks justification for substituting its judgment for the trial court’s in “the unique circumstances of this case.” Willey,
Rather than remanding again for the trial court to examine these same issues, we will exercise our equitable power to review the evidence directly regarding equitable matters, and to make the necessary findings on the issues not reached by the trial court. See Owen v. Owen,579 P.2d 911 , 913 (Utah 1978).
Willey,
Even though it be true that such proceedings are in equity which this court may review the evidence and make its own findings, the well-settled rule which we have often stated is that, due to the advantaged position and the responsibilities of the trial court in such matters, we will accord some verity to [its] actions; and we will not disturb [its] findings nor the determination made thereon unless it appears that the evidence preponderates against them so that an inequity or injustice has resulted.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the court of appeals’ determination of alimony and attorney fees and instruct the court of appeals to remand both issues to the trial court for adequate findings of fact in support of a determination of the length of time of alimony and the reasonableness of the attorney fees.
Notes
. The court of appeals also reversed the trial court’s similar treatment of Rosalind Willey’s claimed monthly automobile expenses.
. This case has been actively litigated for more than five years, and yet, as the trial court noted, it is not a particularly complex case. It has been twice before the trial court and twice before the court of appeals and is before us now. Furthermore, the marital estate is insignificant in comparison to the legal fees incurred in its allocation. These facts clearly motivated the court of appeals to attempt to bring this litigation to a close. Indeed, the court of appeals stated, "To permit the dispute to continue is an injustice to the parties.” Id. at 1151.
. Besides Owen,
. See Owen,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in the result:
I concur in the majority’s result but write separately to express my sympathy for the court of appeals’ position. The trial court did not merely fail to make sufficient factual findings; it quite blatantly refused to take evidence on certain topics and ignored others. Moreover, another remand will surely cost both parties more in attorney fees through no fault of their own. Thus, the court of appeals attempted to put an end to a bad situation, rather than prolonging it. However, I must agree with the majority that the facts in the record simply do not permit us or the court of appeals to draw any reasonable conclusion on a variety of topics.
Some of the particularly problematic actions of the trial court included the following: The court refused Ms. Willey’s request to take Mr. Willey’s deposition and conduct discovery concerning Mr. Willey’s current economic condition; the judge refused because he thought he had to base his decisions on the parties’ economic status as of the trial date, although nothing in the court of appeals’ opinion required such a limitation.
Furthermore, the trial court stated in its findings of fact that it could find no evidence in the record as to why Ms. Willey’s medical expenses would continue to be $660 per month. But Ms. Willey clearly testified that given her preexisting medical condition, the cheapest insurance she could find was a COBRA plan through her husband’s employer which cost $560 per month. Mr. Willey did not challenge this amount; in fact, he estimated her unreimbursed medical care expenses at $660 per month. Only a few minutes later in the trial, however, Ms. Willey testified that the $560 monthly premium for health insurance covered her children as well as her. The testimony went on to suggest that insurance for herself alone might cost around $500 a quarter, but then she also said that the $500 would not insure her alone. Therefore, the record lacks support for either the trial court’s or the court of appeals’ award. Another remand is therefore a necessary evil. :
As the majority observes, “[T]he marital estate is insignificant in comparison to the legal fees incurred in its allocation.” However, a very significant portion of the fées accrued to this point appears to have resulted from the three appeals and two remands necessitated by the trial court’s failure to make adequate findings of fact and the court of appeals’ unsuccessful efforts to meliorate, not by the parties’ actions or inadequate lawyering. See Willey v. Willey,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring and dissenting:
. I concur in remanding the case to the trial court for the purpose of clarifying the duration of the award of rehabilitative alimony. I dissent, however, from the further remand to make findings of fact as to the reasonableness of the attorney fees awarded. The trial court has already adequately done that in findings 44 to 50, which are set out in the majority opinion.
To summarize those findings, the court found that the case was routine; that the efficiency of the attorneys was not good and the number of hours spent was excessive; that the rate of $150 per hour is high but within reasonable range; that Ms. Willey’s attorney sought payment for 101 hours; that the net worth of the parties was nil; that the fees charged were “not reasonable”; that “the court finds it reasonable that plaintiff should pay an additional amount to defendant for attorney’s fees in the amount of $10,000 that when added to the $5,000 previously awarded, the plaintiff will have $15,000 toward payment of her attorney fees”; and that “this is an equitable amount” considering the incomes of the parties and the other factors mentioned by the court. (Emphasis added.)
These findings of fact are much more detailed and the analysis of the factors to be considered in awarding fees is more complete than we usually see in divorce cases. I think the findings are completely adequate and
One other matter deserves comment. When this case was before the court of appeals the first time, the court wrote at
I commend the trial judge for being thoughtful and careful in his analysis of what is a reasonable fee and limiting his award to an amount that Mr. Willey realistically can pay without being financially burdened for years to come. (Compare the $15,000 awarded by the trial court with the $36,015 awarded by the court of appeals which amount is roughly one-third of Mr. Willey’s annual income before taxes.) There may be little courts can do about relieving the emotional distress suffered by parties to a divorce. But they should not add to that distress by saddling the parties with unrealistic attorney fees that they must struggle to pay in future years and thus frustrate the new start they seek.