Lead Opinion
Introduction
Appellant Wilkie Schell Colyer, Jr. appeals his conviction for driving while intoxicated. In a single point, he contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion for new trial alleging juror misconduct. We reverse.
Background Facts and Procedural History
The State’s evidence at trial consisted of the arresting officer’s testimony and a videotape showing Appellant’s performance on field sobriety tests at the scene of the arrest and at the jail where he was offered, but refused to submit to, a breath test. The evidence was undisputed that the officer found Appellant unconscious in a car at a Fort Worth intersection. The Defense’s theory was that Appellant had been overworked and sleep-deprived and that after a night out with friends, he had fallen asleep at the wheel while waiting for the light to change.
After the jury returned its verdict, the judge asked the foreman, Angel Aguilera, whether the verdict was unanimous. Aguilera replied that it was, and Appellant’s counsel asked for a poll. The trial court turned to the foreman and asked, “[W]as that your verdict?” Aguilera replied, “It was a majority — It was — Yes, Your Honor.” After each of the other jurors individually acknowledged the verdict as their own, the trial court asked the foreman to clarify his earlier response:
THE COURT: Okay. Mr. Aguilera, you made the statement it was a majority verdict. Was it unanimous or— Would you explain what you meant by that?
THE FOREMAN: We all took a poll and we voted unanimously, Your Honor.
The trial court discharged the jury and considered each side’s recommendations on punishment. Appellant’s counsel then stated the following:
I approached the Court — I’m not sure if that part was on the record — but when the juror said that it was a majority and then I approached the Court about my concern about that wording and his body language, and I just want to put on the record what I noticed was that he appeared upset. He appeared frustrated. He was — He rolled his eyes. He kind of huffed when he was asked.
You then asked him again, and he rolled his eyes and — and just sort of very abruptly said, [“]hahh.[”] I’d also like to point out that — just for the record, we were busy — that we got the note about — dispute about police testimony, then we asked them to clarify exactly what it was.
We got a note about — then the clarification came back that it was actually testimony about the defense witness. In the process of us trying to pull that testimony and get it for them, they came back with the verdict pretty abruptly without the testimony transcript being given — the transcript being given to them.
So just based on his body language, his nonverbal expressions and — and what I watched him say when he — after he said it was a majority, which obviously, legally it has to be unanimous, I would ask the Court to withhold sentencing until a later date.
The trial court later sentenced Appellant to a $550 fine and twenty days in jail and suspended his driver’s license for six months. Appellant filed a motion for new
Aguilera was the only witness called at the hearing on the motion for new trial. He testified that his verdict was not a fair expression of his opinion:
Q. (BY [Counsel for Appellant]) Was your verdict, specifically your verdict, a fair — a fair expression of your opinion that the State had proven [Appellant] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt?
A. No.
Aguilera also testified that he conceded to the other jurors when he received a telephone call from a doctor’s office reporting that his daughter had tested positive for a serious illness. He further testified that upon hearing the doctor’s news, he felt that he had to be with his daughter immediately and, as a result, he changed his vote in order to leave.
Q. (BY [Counsel for Appellant]) Did you have outside influences that affected your verdict—
A. Yes.
Q. —Mr. Aguilera? And did those outside influences affect you to the extent that you changed your verdict in some fashion?
A. Absolutely.
Q. And how is that?
A. Due to the severity of knowing that my daughter just came down with MRSA and that I had it in the past, I felt I was responsible for her having it and she’s innocent. I needed to be home with her immediately. So I had to concede to the other people and get home to my daughter immediately.
Q. Is that what you did, Mr. Aguilera?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you feel that the State proved their case beyond a reasonable doubt?
A. Absolutely not.
The State did not cross-examine the witness or offer any evidence. The trial court denied the motion for new trial.
Discussion
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion standard. McQuarrie v. State,
Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion for new trial because there is undisputed evidence that the jury foreman changed his vote from not guilty to guilty due to an outside influence. The State responds that whatever caused the foreman to change his vote was not an “outside influence” as that term has been defined in the context of juror misconduct and that, in any event, his testimony was prohibited by rule of evidence 606(b).
Rule 606(b) provides:
Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the jury’s deliberations, or to the effect of anything on any juror’s mind or emotions or mental processes, as influencing any juror’s assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment. Nor may a juror’s affidavit or*281 any statement by a juror concerning any matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be admitted in evidence for any of these purposes. However, a juror may testify: (1) whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror; or (2) to rebut a claim that the juror was not qualified to serve.
Tex.R. Evid. 606(b). The rules of appellate procedure provide that a defendant must be granted a new trial or a new trial on punishment when the verdict has been decided by lot or in any manner other than a fair expression of the jurors’ opinion. Tex.R.App. P. 21.3(c).
Rule 606(b) does not purport to redefine juror misconduct, not does it alter the grounds for obtaining a new trial in criminal cases. See Sanders v. State,
In a post-submission letter brief, the State advised us of McQuarrie v. State, in which the court of criminal appeals defined “outside influence” as “something originating from a source outside of the jury room and other than from the jurors themselves.” McQuarrie,
In its original brief, the State first argued that Aguilera’s testimony did not identify any “outside influences” that affected his verdict. After the court of criminal appeals decided McQuarrie, the State adapted its position to argue that the issue is not whether the information Aguilera acquired came from “outside” but whether it amounted to an “influence” at all. In support, the State relies on dicta from a civil case handed down by one of our sister courts more than twenty years before the court of criminal appeals decided McQuarrie. See Kirby Forest Indus. Inc. v. Kirkland,
The State next argued that Aguilera’s testimony related to events that were
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Beyond the court’s holding in Ro-sell, however, its discussion of the relevant law actually supports Appellant’s position in the case before us today. As the mov-ant for a new trial, Appellant bore the burden of proof. And as the court pointed out in Rosell, “[wjhether misconduct occurred is a question of fact for the trial court, and if there is conflicting evidence on this issue the trial court’s finding must be upheld on appeal.”
The State finally argued that Aguilera’s testimony was inadmissible. In almost every instance where the State raised an objection to Aguilera’s testimony at the hearing, the record shows that those objections were sustained. For example, the trial court sustained objections on the grounds of delving into deliberations, exceeding the scope of the hearing, and relevancy. However, Aguilera testified without objection, with no cross-examination, and against no controverting evidence that outside influences caused him to change his verdict to guilty despite his belief that the State had not proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt, in order to allow him to leave the jury room immediately. Contrary to the State’s position, we will not hold that rule 606(b) applies to testimony that comes in unopposed by objection.
Because the uncontroverted evidence in this case established that the foreman in Appellant’s trial changed his vote to guilty and that his vote was contrary to a fair expression of his opinion, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion for new trial. Tex. R.App. 21.3(c); see Salazar,
Conclusion
Because the trial court abused its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion for new trial, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this cause for a new trial.
WALKER, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
Notes
. See Tex.R.App. P. 47.4.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. I would hold that the telephone call that juror Angel Aguil-era received from his doctor’s office during the jury’s deliberations informing Aguilera that his daughter had MRSA was not an “outside influence” that was improperly brought to bear on Aguilera. See Tex.R. Evid. 606(b). Accordingly, Aguilera’s testimony concerning the telephone call and its effect on his emotions or its influence on him to assent to the verdict so that he could leave the courthouse and go be with his daughter were not admissible under rule of evidence 606(b), and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant Wilkie Schell Colyer, Jr.’s motion for new trial based on jury misconduct. See id.
Rule 606(b) provides that a juror may not testify about “any matter or statement occurring during the jury’s deliberations, or to the effect of anything on any juror’s mind or emotions or mental processes, as influencing any juror’s assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment.” Id. But the rule provides an exception permitting a juror to testify “whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror.” Id.
Under Rule 606(b), the telephone call received by juror Aguilera is not, as a matter of law, an outside influence that affected the validity of the verdict; it was a personal pressure on juror Aguilera to end the deliberations so that he could be with his daughter, not information or evidence obtained from outside the jury room or courtroom that influenced juror Aguil-era’s belief of whether or not Appellant was guilty. Compare McQuarrie v. State,
Although juror Aguilera changed his vote to “guilty” in order to end the deliberations after he received the call from his doctor’s office, he merely succumbed to personal pressures on his mind and emotions — he was not persuaded concerning the guilt or innocence of Appellant by information he received from outside the jury room and the courtroom. Consequently, because juror Aguilera’s testimony did not fall within the “outside influence” exception to rule 606(b), it was inadmissible and could not have been proof of juror misconduct.
[T]his seems to be an unfortunate aspect of the jury system about which little can be done. There are always pressures not only from employers but also family, recreation and personal preferences of jurors. We do not consider these normal pressures to be an outside influence within the meaning of the rules. Were*285 they to be considered an outside influence, few verdicts would stand.
Id.
I would hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion for new trial. Because the majority does not, I respectfully dissent.
. Although civil in nature, these cases interpret and apply in rule 606(b), which is applicable in both criminal and civil cases. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has relied upon the Texas Supreme Court's interpretation of rule 606(b), and likewise, we will rely on our sister courts’ interpretations as persuasive authority here. See, e.g., McQuarrie,
. The majority holds that rule 606(b) does not apply to the juror's testimony at the hearing on the motion for new trial because the State did not object to it; but the State did assert rule 606(b) objections several times throughout the hearing and even began the hearing by voicing its opposition to having any hearing at all because rule 606(b) prohibited the evidence that defense counsel sought to introduce. [rr4:5-6] Thus, the applicability of rule 606(b) to juror Aguilera's testimony was before the trial court and is before us. Cf. Brantley v. State,