In February and March, 1978, defendant, the executive manager of North-ville Downs, made public accusations implicating plaintiff, an owner and trainer of standardbred horses, in a racе-fixing scheme at the track. Defendant also barred plaintiff from future racing at Northville Downs. Plaintiff commenced an action against defendant for defamation on April 16, 1979. The Circuit Court granted defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment since the action was commenced after the expiration of the one-year period of limitation of actions for libel and slander. MCL 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7).
Thereafter, on June 6, 1979, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, alleging tortious interference with advantageous economic relations. Defendant again moved for accelerated judgment on the basis that the complaint continued to be one for defamation. Plaintiff’s position was that the amended complaint was governed by the three-year statute of limitations for torts. MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8). Following a hearing on August 10, 1979, the circuit court granted the motion for accelerated judgment. Plaintiff now appeals as оf right, asserting that the three-year statute of limitations should have been applied.
The type of interest allegedly harmed is the focal point in determining what limitations period cоntrols.
Stringer v Board of Trustees of Edward W Sparrow
Hospital,
The elements of tоrtious interference with economic relations are: (1) the existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy, (2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part of the interferer, (3) an intentional interference causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy, and (4) resulting damagе to the party whose relationship or expectancy has been disrupted.
Northern Plumbing & Heating, Inc v Henderson Brothers, Inc,
Despite the differenсes between the defamation and tortious interference actions, defendant contends that, where the claimed interference with business relationships or expectаncies has occurred through the making of allegedly defamatory statements, any damage is merely incident to the defamation and does not present a separate сause of action. In
Harrison v Arrow Metal Products Corp,
"Harrison v Arrow Metal Products Corp,20 Mich App 590 ;174 NW2d 875 (1969), lv den383 Mich 816 (1970), does not compel a different result. In Harrison plaintiff argued that the false accusations of criminal activity deprived him of other employment and that this deprivation of employment was a separate tort. This Court held that it was not. This case may be distinguished on that basis. The courts of this state have recognized an intentional infliction of mental distress as a separate causе of action. Warren v June’s Mobile Home Village & Sales, Inc, [66 Mich App 386 ;239 NW2d 380 (1976)]. There is no need to bootstrap this claim on a claim for slander.”71 Mich App 23 , 26-27.
Harrison
holds that this state has not recognized tortious interference with economic relations as actionable in and of itself. We disagree.
Meyering
*634
v
Russell,
*635 Defendant also contends that plaintiffs amended complaint fails to set forth anything other than a defamation action. Although we have concluded that an аction for tortious interference with business relations can represent a separate basis for recovery where defamatory statements represent the causе of the damage, plaintiff must still make sufficient allegations to support his theory of liability. Defendant notes that plaintiffs amended complaint alleges dissemination of the allegedly defamatory statements to the community at large, and not to individuals who could have some influence on the type of economic relationships plaintiff enjoys in the racing community. We do not view plaintiffs use of the term "community at large” to be fatal to his complaint. The "community” alleged could be shown to be a very small community, namely, the harness rаcing "community at large”. Considering the facts most favorable to plaintiff, there are only a small number of places where plaintiff could ply his trade. These tracks could reаsonably, if not certainly, be expected to be aware of defendant’s accusations. Defendant could reasonably have expected other tracks to bar рlaintiff from entering his horses in their races, and thus, ruin plaintiff’s business. In fact, by paragraph 14 of his amended complaint, plaintiff avers that this is precisely what happened:
"As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s intentional interference with Plaintiffs existing and prospective advantageous economic relationships, Plaintiff suffered injury to his business and his advantageous economic relationships, to his damage in the amount of Five Hundred Thousand ($500,000.00) Dollars as follows:
*636 "a. Plaintiff was no longer admitted at the various tracks throughout the State of Michigаn as an owner of horses and was, therefore, forced to sell his horses at a loss.
"b. Plaintiff was no longer admitted at the various tracks throughout the State of Michigan as a trainer оf horses and, therefore, lost the customers whose horses he trained.
"c. Plaintiff was forced completely out of the harness racing business.
"d. Plaintiff experienced a loss of рrofits that he reasonably expected as an owner and trainer of race horses.”
As defendant argues, the allegations contained in plaintiffs amended complaint could have been averred in a complaint labeled as one seeking to rectify injuries inflicted through defamation. In our opinion, however, this does not preclude recovery on the theory actually pled.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
MCL 431.50; MSA 18.966(20) provides:
"Any person influencing or attempting to influence in any manner, by offer of mоney, thing of value, future benefit, favor, preferment or by any form of pressure or threat, or seeking or having an agreement or understanding, or conniving with any owner, jockey, driver, trainer, groom, valet, agent or other person associated with or interested in any stable of horses, horse, or race in which the horse participates, to predetermine the result of any such race, is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished for each offense by a fine of not less than $250.00 nor more than $10,000.00, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 90 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.”
The Supreme Court order in Meyering provides in relevant part:
"An application for leave to appeal having been filed, we hereby grant leave to appeal December 23, 1974 and summarily reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals for the reasons set forth in the opinion in this case of Judge O’Hara of the Court of Appeals 'dissenting in part and concurring in part’ аnd remand to the circuit court for further proceedings as provided in such opinion.”
Judge O’Hara’s opinion in Meyering accepted that tortious interference with business relations was actionable. His disagrеement with the Court’s majority was whether the evidence adduced supported a conclusion that tortious interference had occurred. We can only assume, then, that the Suрreme Court also recognizes tortious interference as a cause of action or else it would not have premised its reversal on Judge O’Hara’s Meyering opinion.
Decisions from other jurisdictions split on the issue of whether tortious interference with economic relations accomplished through defamatory statements is actionable in its own right or is merely subsumed within the general category of defamation. The weight of authority, however, seems to be on the side of treating tortious interference as a separate concept and action.
Inter alia: Clark v Figge,