121 F.2d 835 | 3rd Cir. | 1941
The history of our tardy copying of the European system of municipal improvement is well-known.
As the case arose on a motion to dismiss, we take the further facts, as we must, from the complaint.
From the pragmatic point of view, it is clear that the difficulty arises from Pittsburgh’s failure to heed the advice of the experts. There are two ways of changing a previously adopted zoning plan, by amendment of the adopting ordinance or by application for a variance.
In the juristic sense we think the council have been fully put upon their proof. The general principle is conceded. Changes in the plan, like the enactment of the original ordinance, are an exercise of police power.
Bassett, Zoning (1940) 20-33; Metzenbaum, Law of Zoning (1930) 1-40, 105-146; 15 Ency. of Social Sciences 538; 23 Ency. Britannica, 14th Ed., 961; Chamberlain and Pierson, Zoning Laws and Ordinances, 10 American Bar Association Journal 185 and 245; Zoning Progress in the United States, 13 American Bar Association Journal 547; Chamberlain, Zoning Progress, 15 American Bar Association Journal 535; Zoning Laws Grow in Popularity, 15 American Bar Association Journal 328; Land els, Zoning: An Analysis of Its Purposes and Its Legal Sanctions, 17 American Bar Association Journal 163; Van Hecke, Zoning Ordinances and Restrictions in Deeds, 37 Yale Law Journal 407; Baker, Zoning Legislation, 11 Cornell Law Quarterly 164; Constitutionality of Zoning Laws, 24 Columbia Law Review 640 (note).
53 P.S. § 10726 et seq.
Zoning Ordinance No. 372, approved August 9, 1923.
One family, two family and double dwellings restricted to a thirty-five foot height. See Bassett, Zoning, 192-195.
Ordinance No. 446, approved August 24, 1939, amending Zoning Ordinance No. 372. Exhibit A.
Holtzoff, New Federal Procedure and the Courts, p. 34.
Metzenbaum, Law of Zoning 259-261; Bassett, Zoning 120-131; Administrative Law: Zoning: Power to Vary the Application of Zoning Ordinances, 16 Cornell Law Quarterly 579.
See Bassett, Zoning, 122.
53 P.S. § 9189; See Municipal Corporations — Power of Board of Appeals to Vary Application of Zoning Ordinance, 31 Michigan Law Review 106; Zoning— Police Power — Will Change in Conditions Make. Zoning Restrictions Invalid?, 38 Michigan Law Review 434.
Dobbins v. Los Angeles, 195 U.S. 223, 25 S.Ct. 18, 49 L.Ed. 169; Jardine v. City of Pasadena, 199 Cal. 64, 248 P. 225, 48 A.L.R. 509; De Palma v. Town Plan Commission, 123 Conn. 257, 193 A. 868. To the effect that zoning ordinances are not contracts between property owners and the zoning authorities, see Reichelderfer v. Quinn, 287 U.S. 315, 53 S.Ct. 177, 77 L.Ed. 331, 83 A.L.R. 1429.
Miller v. Board of Public Works, 195 Cal. 477, 234 P. 381, 38 A.L.R. 1479.
Byrne, The Constitutionality of A General Zoning Ordinance, 11 Marquette Law Review 189, 210; Bettman, Constitutionality of Zoning, 37 Harvard Law Review 834, 851.
Wippler v. Hohn, 341 Mo. 780, 110 S.W.2d 409, 411; Guaranty Construction Co. v. Town of Bloomfield, 168 A. 34, 11 N.J.Misc. 613; Michigan-Lake Building Corp. v. Hamilton, 340 Ill. 284, 172 N.E. 710; Kennedy v. City of Evanston, 348 Ill. 426, 181 N.E. 312.
Blaske, Zoning — Municipal Corporations — Due Process — Restrictions on Power to Change Zoning Plan Previously Adopted, 38 Michigan Law Review 431.
Skalko v. City of Sunnyvale, 14 Cal. 2d 213, 93 P.2d 93; Austin v. Older, 283 Mich. 667, 287 N.W. 727; Evanston Best & Co. v. Goodman, 369 Ill. 207, 16 N.E.2d 131; Young Women’s Hebrew Ass’n v. Board of Standards and Appeals, 266 N.Y. 270, 194 N.E. 751.