5 Colo. 476 | Colo. | 1880
The record in this case presents a question of ac'cord and satisfaction, which arises upon a demurrer to the amended answer.
The action is upon' a promissory note executed by the appellant to the appellee, for the sum of $2,378.42, bearing date July 24, 1874, payable one month after date, with interest at 1-12 per cent, per month from date until paid. Suit was instituted thereon October 17, 1879.
The amended answer sets up as a defense to the whole cause of action, except the sum of one dollar, an agreement entered into-between the plaintiffs and defendant on or about the 26th of October, 1879, that defendant was to procure one Emma 0. Whitsett to execute with him a new note in the sum of $2,500, payable to plaintiffs one year after date, which note plaintiffs were to accept in full satisfaction and discharge of the noto sued on, provided it should be ascertained upon investigation
A demurrer was sustained to this answer, on the ground that it presented no defense to the action. No objection is raised to the form of the plea, or the sufficiency of the tender, but the ground of the objection is, that the alleged accord, although performed on the part of the defendant, yet the performance not having been accepted by the plaintiffs, remains exeeutoiy, and was not a satisfaction of the original claim.
The question to be considered is in case of a demand due, where an agreement is entered into between the creditor and his debtor, the terms of which are, that the debtor is to execute a new'promise with a surety, at a future day, in a smaller .sum payable in one year, the creditor agreeing to accept the new promise in satisfaction of the old one, provided he ascertains the surety to be sufficient (which upon inquiry he ascertains to be the fact), and the new promise is accordingly executed and tendered in pursuance of the agreement, the tender being kept good, whether such performance and tender constitute a bar to the action on the original demand.
That such an agreement contains all the elements of a valid and binding contract, cannot be seriously questioned. It is an agreement with mutual promises, rests upon a sufficient consideration, and is not within the Statute of Frauds. It is beneficial to both contracting parties. The debtor obtains a reduction of his debt, and an extension'of time for payment. The creditor obtains surety for the amount of the demand agreed upon. 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, *444; Billings v.
It would seem, upon the principié of the obligation of contracts, as well as upon the principles of equity and good conscience, and in order to avoid circuity of action, that the performance of the accord by the debtor, ought to opjerate as a satisfaction.
We have been cited to several cases, however, wherein the point arose, which hold that such performance is no bar to a sriit upon the original claim, and to several other cases announcing the same doctrine, but turning upon some other point, and therefore not necessarily involving an investigation of this precise question.
These cases hold that it is not enough that the contract be obligatory upon both parties, and that the debtor has executed it upon his part, nothing remaining but an acceptance on part of the creditor of the matter or thing which he agreed to receive in satisfaction; that the creditor may refuse to accept the thing agreed upon, and proceed upon the original indebtedness, leaving the debtor to his remedy by action for damages against the other party for the violation of his agreement.
This line of authorities candes the doctrine to a still greater' extent, holding, that if by the terms of the new agreement the payment thereby stipulated is to be made in installments at stated times, and when completed shall constitute a satisfaction, the creditor may receive all installments without objection or notice, until the last one is tendered, and may refuse to receive the last installment in satisfaction," and proceed upon the original account; that in such case he is only required to give credit for the payments made, as if made upon the original indebtedness.
The authorities in point which sustain this doctrine, are: Russell v. Lytle, 6 Wend. 390; Hawley v. Foote, 19 Wend. 516; Kremer v. Heim, 75 N. Y. 574; Tilton v. Alcott, 16 Barb. 598.
Brooklyn Bank v. De Gramo, 23 Wend. 342, holds that no definite agreement between the parties was proved; that the tender was defective, and if sufficient, it could not avail the defendant because he did not keep it good, but destroyed tin securities tendered.
In Frost v. Johnson, 8 Ohio St. 393, one of the conditions of the accord was the payment of a sum of money by a certain date, but the plea neither avers payment or tender of the money.
In Young v. Jones, 64 Me. 279, the agreement was to receive from the debtor a smaller amount than that due upon his draft, and the draft was to be then transferred to a third person. There was no consideration to support the accord; the sum to be paid was not to be a payment of the draft, for that was to be afterwards assigned, and the court say the tender, if made, cannot avail, as it was not brought into court.
White v. Gray, 68 Me. 579, turned upon a failure on part of the debtor to perform the accord. Neither the notes nor the deed for the land which were to be received in satisfaction were ever made or tendered.
The question in the case, and the point considered in Overton v. Conner, 50 Texas, 113, was whether the court below erred in refusing to submit to the jury the inquiry, what became of the property taken in satisfaction after it was received, and whether or not the plaintiff received the benefit of the same.
Smith v. Keels, 15 Rich. S. C. 318, turned upon the sufficiency of the tender. The plaintiff had agreed to take in payment of the note, eight per cent, confederate bonds. The bonds tendered amounted to more than the principal and interest due on the note, and the defendant refused to deliver them unless the plaintiff would pay the difference in money, which
Pettis v. Ray, 12 R. I. 344, was held to show merely tile readiness on the part of a stranger to the accord to perform it, if the creditor would put it in his power by conveying the mortgaged estate to him. The court said no case went to this extent. It was likewise held that, as a distinct contract available under the plea of equitable defense, the accord was within the Statute of Frauds.
The opinion in Hearn v. Kiehl, 38 Pa. St. 147, shows that in the view of the court there was neither performance on part of the debtor, nor any act done by him, which amounted to a tender of performance, the alleged tender not being made to the creditor, nor to one authorized to accept it.
In Keen v. Vaughn's Ex'rs, 48 Pa. St. 477, there was no consideration to support the accord. It was simply an agreement to accept $300, in satisfaction of a judgment of $1,356.60.
If Blackburn v. Ormsby, 41 Pa. St. 97, is an authority in point, it favors the opposite doctrine. The accord was that the debtor was to secure his notes by a mortgage on real estate, and to* execute anote for extra interest. Thereupon the debtor was to extend the time of payment of all notes two years. The court held the agreement to be good and to be supported by a sufficient consideration, but that the plea did not specifically aver' a tender of the note and mortgage. “ Nothing is wanting,” observed Judge Woodward, “to make it conclude the plaintiff, except the tender of a sufficient note and mortgage. * * * If he tendered the note and mortgage, why did he not say so?” The court remarked, however, that the defense would be available, not by wayof accord and satisfaction, but as showing' that at the institution of the suit the plaintiff had no legal right of action.
The case of Coit v. Houston, 3 John’s. Cases, 243, is frequently cited upon both sides of the question. It is reconciled with other New York cases, upon the view that the question involved was one of evidence and not of pleading, and
Thompson J., said: “Although I do not think it necessary, for the purpose of determining the present question, to say that in all cases a. tender and refusal shall be equivalent to an actual acceptance, yet I think it a rule founded in good sense, and one that is not contradicted by the general tenor of the authorities.”
Livingston, J., said: “Such a tender of performance of a valid agreement ought to be equivalent to performance in order to avoid circuity of action. To enforce payment of the note, in spite of the agreement and tender, would be unreasonable, and the law does not permit it.
Radclikfe, J., said: “.I also agree that in relation to the parties, and for the purpose of effectuating this contract, a tender and refusal would be equivalent to an actual performanee, etc.”
Kent, L, said: “I think this case maybe decided upon this single point, whether there was evidence of a satisfaction received, or performance tendered sufficient to warrant a verdict.”
Similar views are expressed by Pai’sons and Story, in their works upon Contracts. Mr. Parsons, in treating of accord and satisfaction, says: “The party holding the claim may agree to take anew promise of the other in satisfaction of it; or he may agree to receive a new undertaking when the same shall be executed, as a satisfaction. In either ease he will be held to his bargain, and only to that.” 2 Pars. Cont. 681.
In speaking of promises performable at a future day, he makes a distinction between those which are supported by a new consideration, and those which are not. The former he
. Mr. Addison says: “ If the act covenanted or agreed to be done by one party cannot be completed withoirt the concurrence of the party for whom it is to be done, the former must do all that he can do without such concurrence to complete the act, and if he does this he does what is equivalent in law to actual performance.” And again: “It is a principle of law that he who prevents a thing from being done shall not avail himself of the non-performance which he has himself occasioned.” Addison on Conts. Secs. 325, 326.
It has been held that an agreement upon the one part to pay on a future day certain, and upon the other part to accept in full satisfaction, if payment be made on such day, a sum of
The language employed by Judge Redfield in Babcock v. Hawkins, 23 Vt. 561, seems peculiarly applicable to such cases: “The accord is sufficiently executed when all is done which the party agrees to accept in satisfaction of the preexisting obligation. * * * * All that is required is that the debtor should have executed the new contract to that point where it was to operate as satisfaction of the pre-existing liability in the present tense.”
The rule that there must be an acceptance in such case, as well as performance, appears to me to be ineqiritable. It is said that the rule that payment of a less sum of money, though agreed to be received in full satisfaction of a debt exceeding that amount, shall not be so considered in contemplation of law, is technical, and not very well supported by reason: Kellogg v. Richards, 14 Wend. 116; but in the cases above supposéd, it would certainly be more purely technical and less reasonable that the performance of the agreement must be accepted to constitute a defense, for the creditor has by a valid agreement bound himself in advance that he will accept the performance. The rule of law in respect to other agreements requires both contracting parties to abide by and perform their
I have searched the authorities diligently, but in- vain, for a satisfactory reason for the rule which permits a creditor to reject the accord after it has been performed by his debtor, and to maintain his original action. The only reason advanced appears to be that “a contrary rule would overthrow all the books.” I think the old maxim applies “ Gessanteratione legis, cessat ipsa lex.” If no better reason can be assigned for a rule so technical and unreasonable, would it not be better that the books be overthrown, and that there be established in the language of Judge Livingston, “ a rule founded in good sense.” But, as already shown, such a rule as here contended for, has often been recognized. It is not a new doctrine, but one only in respect to which authorities differ. It was applied by Lord Ellenborough in Bradley v. Gregory, 2 Camp 383, a case very similar to the one now before us. A debtor compromised with all of his creditors but the plaintiff, at 10s. in the pound, part of that amount to be secured by the acceptances of a third party, and the balance by his own notes, the creditors agreeing to execute a composition deed containing a clause of release. The plaintiff, being applied to, agreed to accept the composition, and to execute the release; but the bills and notes being tendered, he declined to accept them, and to execute the deed. Thereupon he sued irpon the original demand, and the agreement for composition was pleaded as a defense. The learned judge held the agreement to operate as a satisfaction, on the ground that it was supported by a good consideration, and that the plaintiff had undertaken to accept the bills and notes in satisfaction of his demand.
In answerto the objection that the agreement was executory? ■ and therefore no bar, the judge said the agreement was executed; that everything on the defendant’s part had been performed, and so far as depended upon him, there had been satisfaction as well as accord. The decision of this case was not based upon the exception referred to in some of the authorities;
This rule is supported both by reason and authority, and is, in my judgment, the better doctrine". It is sustained also by the following additional authorities : Christie v. Craige, 20 Pa. St. 430; Bradshaw v. Davis, 12 Texas, 336; Hearn v. Curran, 11 S. & M. 361; Jones v. Perkins, 29 Miss. 142.
The other rule considered with reference to its application to the facts set up in the plea under consideration is inequitable, tends to produce circuity of action, to impair the obligation of contracts, and to enable parties to take advantage of their own wrongful acts. For these reasons I deem it inapplicable to the alleged facts of this case.
It is a common occurrence, owing to the hazards which attend business enterprises, and the constant fluctuations in the values of property, for business men to become involved in debt so as to be unable to meet their obligations at maturity. In such cases a new agreement reducing the debt and extending the time of payment, in consideration of security, is often a benefit to both debtor and creditor. By this means the sacrifice of the debtor’s estate by expensive litigation and forced sales is prevented, and he is afforded an opportunity to retrieve his fortunes.
The benefit of the security to the creditor is of an equivalent
In respect to the question of practice raised by the demurrer, that the facts set forth in the plea were only pleadable by way of supplemental answer, by leave of the court, it is my opinion that the rule suggested is inapplicable to this case.
The form of the plea is subject to criticism, but as no question of this character is raised in respect to it, it is- only necessary to observe that a plea of tender of securities should leave no doubt that the securities were present at the time of the offer to deliver, so that the party to whom they were offered not only knew of their existence, but had an opportunity to inspect them. There should be a specific averment that the securities were tendered. Blackburn v. Ormsby, 41 Pa. St. 97.
The court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the amended answer, and for this error the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed.