9 Ga. App. 89 | Ga. Ct. App. | 1911
Wliitley brought two actions against Newman for slander. Both were dismissed on demurrer, and exception is taken to this disposition of the cases. In one of the petitions Whitley al
The allegations in the second petition vary from the first only in asserting that the second alleged slander, which we have quoted, was made to the plaintiff himself in the presence of Kaehm. In both cases the plaintiff alleges that the language imputed to him the offense of larceny after trust, and impliedly conveyed this meaning to those who heard it, and that, when Newman said that the plaintiff was short, he meant that the plaintiff had, on demand, failed to account for or pay money with which he had been intrusted; and by innuendo it sought to explain that when Newman said he had another party arrested for being short, he intimated, and intended to impress upon those who heard him, that the plaintiff was guilty of larceny after trust, and might share the same fate as the party he referred to as having been put in jail. It is alleged that the charge made by Newman in the presence of Kaehm and of Mrs. Whitley is absolutely false, and that this was well known to Newman at the time that he uttered the slanderous and defamatory words. The petition did not allege that the language alleged to have been slanderous was maliciously uttered, but it did aver that the purpose of Newman in speaking the words was to force the plaintiff to secure a debt of the Standard Grocery Company and to obtain the consent of Mrs. Whitley to pledge her property as security for its payment; and that the utterances of Newman which have been quoted were, as he knew, untrue, and were not
We do not think that the judge erred in dismissing the petitions. Of course, in any case of doubt as to the meaning of the words employed and as to whether they impute a crime, as well as when it is doubtful whether the facts alleged make the communication which is alleged to be slanderous a matter of privilege, these questions should be submitted to a jury. Nothing is better settled, however, than that the office of the innuendo is merely to explain any ambiguity in a statement alleged to have been made, and not to enlarge the scope and meaning of the statement. So far as the statement made to Mrs. Whitley is concerned, the latter portion of the conversation was evoked by questions which she asked Newman. Having an interest in him, as his wife, statements made in response to her questions, even if they imputed a crime, would be privileged. But let us consider the first statement made to Mrs. Whitley, and see if there can be any real doubt as to whether it imputed a crime. The defendant said to Mrs. "Whitley that her husband was “short” with Morris & Co., and she had better give a mortgage to secure the amount, as she would have to pay it anyway. Taking the whole sentence together, it can not be said that, when Newman said that Whitley was “short” with Morris & Co., he necessarily meant thereby to charge that "Whitley was guilty of the offense of larceny after trust, even if we treat the word “short” as meaning that he had retained and had not paid over money which he had agreed to pay to Morris & Co., because the statement that he was “short” was qualified by the further statement in the same sentence that Mrs. Whitley would have to pay the amount. If Newman meant by the word “short” to charge the crime of larceny after trust, his concept of that offense would necessarily have implied that the amount which Whitley was short had been demanded and Whitley had refused to pay it. In this event the crime would be complete, and Newman, in requesting Mrs. "Whitley to secure the amount by a mortgage on her property, and stating that she would have to pay it, would himself be attempting to commit the offense of compounding a felony. But, where an act is subject to two constructions, the one involving guilt and the other not, the construction which points to innocence is to be preferred to that from which guilt may be inferred; and it must be presumed that Newman was trying to adjust
We bear in mind, of course, that when a crime is charged in a conversation, the descriptive averments by which the crime must be designated are not required to be stated with the distinctness necessary in an indictment. But, on the other hand, it is not enough that the party to whom the remark is addressed may jump to the conclusion, from the language used, that a crime is being imputed to the person to whom the speaker refers. The statement must not only be such as may possibly convey to the auditor the impression that the crime in question is being charged, but must be couched in such language as might reasonably be expected to convey that meaning to any one who happened to hear the utterance. The preliminary statements in the petition, in reference to the fact that Whitley was selling on commission, and that Newman, as agent for Morris & Co., was negotiating and trying to effect a settlement with Whitley, and that there was a balance due by Whitley, and that Whitley had refused to pay the amount, related to facts none of which, so far as appears from the petition, were known to 'Mrs. Whitley. It may be said that, as she was his wife, she naturally would know all of them. Whether, as a matter of fact, Mrs. Whitley knew that her husband had refused to pay over any money, upon demand, however, can not rest pn such a presumption as that just referred to, because pleadings are to be construed most strictly against the pleader, and, from the omission to state in the petition -that Mrs. Whitley did know these facts, it must be inferred that she did not. Taking into consideration the fact that Mrs. Whitley did not know that Newman had demanded payment of any money from her husband, as funds which he had illegally appropriated or used, the mere fact that there was a shortage in his accounts would not necessarily imply that he was charged with being guilty of any crime. Furthermore, the allegations in the petition which precede and lead up to the recital o’f the -language said to have been used by Newman to Mrs. Whitley did not necessarily require the conclusion that Newman was entitled to demand any money from Whitley, or, if so, how much. The
Even if the alleged statement to Mrs. Whitley imputed a crime, however, we think that, under the circumstances which we have detailed, it was privileged, because it was elicited by one who had an interest in the answer, and therefore, if not made to any one else, it would not be slanderous. In the next place, the utterance was not slanderous' (and would not have been so even if Newman in answer to her questions and in a proper way had told Mrs. Whitley that her husband had stolen -$500 of his employer’s money), for the reason (as stated in the petition) that Newman was trying to effect a settlement and to secure or collect money which he in good faith believed was due to his employers, and the statement was made to try to secure their debt. Under the circumstances, the statement made by Newman was made in his own interest, and for that reason was privileged.
What has be.en said as to the case which was based upon alleged slanderous words used by Newman to Mrs. Whitley will apply also to the action based upon language said to have been used- by Newman to Whitley himself in the presence of Kaehm; for, as already stated, there is no difference in the two petitions except the difference in the words employed and the' persons in whose presence they were uttered. The case in which it was alleged that Newman, in the -presence of Kaehm, imputed to Whitley the crime of larceny after trust, can be treated within a very small compass, because in
In Parker v. Barlow, 93 Ga. 700 (21 S. E. 213), it was said that “shortage” is anjr deficiency in the quantity warranted. It is plain that this is all that Newman meant, for in speaking of the young man in South Georgia he says, “He was short with us just like you are,” and continuing, “He refused to do anything, and we had him arrested and put in jail.” It is plain that, according to Newman’s statement, they did not have the young man in South Georgia arrested and put in jail until he refused to do anything; in other words, until there was a demand and refusal to account for the money or other property with which the 'nameless young man had been intrusted. Newman did not say that Whit
Tn our view of the case, Newman’s statement that Whitley was “short,” hut that he hoped he would not commit the offense of larceny after trust by refusing to do anything, of -course, did not impute to Whitley the crime of larceny after trust; and therefore it is not necessary to consider,1 as we have done in the case concerning the language used to Whitley’s wife, the other questions raised by the plaintiff in error. The broadest intimation contained in Newman’s language is that Whitley might be intending to commit the offense of Ifycony after trust, or was disposed to commit it; but this would not suffice to maintain an action of slander. Oral defamation is generally more strictly construed than is libel, and yet even “written words imputing a criminal disposition to another are not libelous per se.” “Spoken words charging merely an intention or disposition to commit crime in the future are not actionable^ since such intent constitutes no crime.” 25 Cyc. 277; McKee v. Ingalls, 5 Ill. 30. See also Stees v. Kemble, 27 Pa. 112; Fanning v. Chace, 17 R. I. 388 (22 Atl. 275, 13 L. R. A. 134, 33 Am. St. R. 878) ; Dickey v. Andros, 32 Vt. 55. In the cases last cited, it was held not to be slander per se to say of another that he is going to start a house of ill fame, since the words only charge an intention to commit the offense. Judgment affirmed.