151 Va. 302 | Va. | 1928
delivered the opinion of the court.
E. T. White, driving his own automobile, a closed Ford sedan, was struck at a railroad crossing by a train of the Southern Railway Company and injured. He sued, alleging negligence, relying upon the allegation that the crossing signals required by statute were not given. There was a jury trial, a verdict for the plaintiff which the trial court set aside, and then entered final judgment in favor of the defendant company, of which the plaintiff is here complaining.
“The defendant, against whom a verdict has been returned, seeks to have it set aside on two grounds:
“1. That the statutory signals had been given and the defendant is free from negligence.
“The plaintiff’s evidence on this point is so plainly negative that to give it any effect is to abrogate the ride with reference to this class of testimony.
“2. Assuming that the signals were not given, could plaintiff have stopped his car after he should have seen the car approaching, in time to prevent the collision?
“Automobiles have come into such universal use, that some facts in connection with their use may be accepted as matters of common knowledge — one of which is that a Ford sedan with brakes in perfect condition, can, under normal circumstances, be stopped almost immediately when running from ten to twelve, miles per hour — certainly in from ten to twelve feet.
“Now plaintiff was some thirty or forty feet away from the track when he saw the train approaching, and admits that he had ample time to have stopped his car, but for the wet and slippery condition of the driveway.
“Accepting plaintiff’s statement (all of which appeared to me to be fair and straightforward) as true, then the proximate cause of the injury was the slippery condition of the highway — the railroad’s negligence, if any, being the remote cause for which there can be no recovery.
“I think the verdict of the jury should be set aside and judgment entered for the defendant.”
The plaintiff describes the occurrence thus:
“A. I was getting ready to go to town about nine o’clock. The colored man working for me had taken*307 the ear and. gone to the garage, about three hundred yards from my home, filled the gasoline tank, and returned to the house. It had been raining but was not at that time. I got in the automobile and ran the engine for a short time, and started it and went on, and there are several houses and stores to the right and left of the railroad before you get to the railroad crossing. When I got to the blacksmith shop on the left hand side of the road, and I could not see the track until after I left the blacksmith shop. There was a heavy pine thicket which is on the right of way of the Southern Railway, and a short distance from the blacksmith shop. I looked to the left, and not seeing anything I turned to my right and looked to my right. When I got so I could see the railroad track, I saw nothing coming. I was within about eighteen yards of the railroad crossing before I could see the track — I stepped that off afterwards, after it occurred. I then turned and looked to the left, and I saw the train somewhere between thirty-five and forty yards from the crossing. My first thought was to stop. I put on my brakes. They had been tightened about a week before the accident, and were in good shape, and if the pavement had not been wet, would have stopped before I reached the railroad track, and the car, instead of stopping, slid, and I saw if I kept on going in that direction some part of the train would hit it. I thought about turning off the road to the side of the track, and there was some obstruction on the side, a thicket, small trees and some brush, and wagons, and I saw or thought that the car might turn over and throw me under the train, and I saw there was nothing to do but to go ahead, and try to get across, and I gave the car all it would take without choking, and I got practically across the track myself, but the car did not.*308 The engine struck the car about two and a half feet in the rear, the front of the car three yards off the pavement, turned it, and actually turned it over on its side, and threw me out, and I was unconscious when I hit the ground. Something struck me on the head. When I came to I was lying on the ground two feet from the cross ties, my head two feet from the cross ties, and the train was going by me. I was stunned, and I stayed there until after the train ran past me. In fact, I was stunned and dazed, and could not have done anything anyhow, and the train ran past, and I crawled over to my automobile and lifted myself up.”
He says this later as to the signals:
“Q. Mr. White, as you approached that crossing, did you hear any signals or any bell?
“A. No, sir; I heard nothing; no bell or no whistle until just before the train struck me. Just before the train hit me I heard the bell ringing.
“Q. Could you have heard a whistle when in the car, or a bell ringing?
“A. Yes; I hear the bell very often in my home at times now. I could not help but hear it.
“Q. What was the condition of the door and window of your car?
“A. The left front window open a few inches; the right front window had been broken, and a crack all the way down the center; a small crack.
“Q. The train was approaching you from the left side?
‘‘A. Yes.
“Q. That was the side the window was down on?
“A. Yes, sir.”
Another of his witnesses estimated that the left front window was down about three inches. He further testified that he had had ten years experience in driving; that he was driving, he supposed, about
“Q. Would you not feel any man would be perfectly safe to go up to a railroad track fifteen yards off?
“A. Under ordinary conditions, the pavement not being wet, it is a close shave at that, but you could stop it. I feel certain, if the pavement had not been wet I could have stopped my car.
“Q. What was the character of the weather that morning?
“A. It had been raining some time, and it was a light rain. This pavement was very wet, and very slippery.
“Q. How close do you live to the scene of this accident?
“A. Within about, I imagine, three hundred or four hundred yards, about three city blocks, or four.
“Q. You were actually living that close to the scene of the accident, and were entirely familiar with all the surrounding trees and everything that was piled up there, you had seen them before?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. You had had enough experience as a driver to know that rain makes a hard surface pavement pretty slick?
“A. Yes, sir.”
The plaintiff must recover, if at all, upon this testimony, for there is nothing else upon which a recovery could be sustained.
On the other hand, the defendant introduced six witnesses. They were the engineman, the fireman, the conductor, two brakemen, and the single passenger who was on the train, which consisted of the engine, tender and one coach, the tender being in front of the engine, and these were all the persons who were on the train. Their testimony shows affirmatively and clearly that the required signals were sounded, and that the automatic bell on the engine was ringing. The passenger paid particular attention to these signals because it was his purpose to get off at Churchland and he was therefore heeding the train signals closely. The train was drifting, the extreme speed estimated by any of the witnesses was fifteen miles an hour, while there is testimony tending to show that it was not more than six miles an hour, and it is certain that its speed had been reduced and that it was about to stop at Church-land and had almost reached the station, and that the train was stopped in a very short distance immediately after the occurrence.
A reference to the generally accepted rule as to
Riely, J., in Southern Ry. Co. v. Bryant’s Admr., 95 Va. 215, 28 S. E. 183, thus clearly summarizes the rule: “It is consonant with reason and human experience that the positive testimony of a single witness, whose credibility is unimpeached, that he saw or heard a particular thing at a particular time and place, ought ordinarily to outweigh that of a number of equally credible witnesses, who, with the same opportunities, testify that they did not see nor hear it. The particular thing might have taken place, and yet from inattention they may not have seen nor heard it, or, though conscious of seeing or hearing it at the moment of its occurrence, may have afterwards forgotton it from lapse of time or defective memory. In such ease, the evidence of the one witness is positive, while that of the many is merely negative. But where a witness, who denies a fact in question, had as good opportunity to see or hear it as he who affirms it, and his attention, because of special circumstances, was equally drawn to the matter controverted, the general rule that the witness who affirms a fact is to be believed rather ttia.n he who denies it does not hold good. The denial of the one in such case constitutes positive evidence as well as the affirmance of the other, and produces a conflict of testimony.” He then proceeds to analyze and classify the testimony of the witnesses in that case. Referring to one, he said that his testimony was simply “that he did not hear the whistle. He mentioned no circumstances to show that he was listening for it, or that there was anything to direct his attention specially to it. His evidence upon this point was merely negative, and may be left out of consideration.”
This may also be here confidently repeated as to the testimony of the two witnesses who were at work in
' In view of the plaintiff’s own testimony, however, it is proper to make some further citations as to this rule, so as to test its application in this case.
The rule and its qualifications are well stated in 10 R. C. L., pages 1010 to 1012, inclusive. Quoting and paraphrasing therefrom freely, it may be said generally that the testimony of a witness who does not deny but merely states that he did not know of, or has no recollection of, an occurrence, is not of the same probative value as the testimony of a witness that he was giving attention and that no such occurrence took place. The distinction is there made between the two classes of testimony, respectively, negative testimony proper and quasi-negative testimony. “Wherever it can be perceived that a positive witness is guilty of perjury unless his statement is true, while a negative witness may be honestly mistaken, the issue should be found in favor of the former if the witnesses are of equal credibility. Negative testimony proper is entitled to no weight.” This should be emphasized. Again: “If a credible witness with apparently adequate opportunity for observation testifies to an occurrence, no conflict arises by the testimony of other witnesses that they were not cognizant of the' occurrence, where the latter witnesses’ opportunities for observation are not stated, or where it affirmatively appears that their situation was such or their attention was so engrossed that they probably would not have observed the event if it had occurred, or where their
There is, however, a class of testimony, which is said to be quasi-negative testimony, which is thus defined: “Testimony of a witness that he did not see or hear something that he probably would have seen or heard if it had occurred may be strong evidence that it did not occur. Where a witness affirms that a fact occurred, and another who had apparently sufficient opportunity to know and who declares he was paying attention, denies that it occurred, it is generally held not to be a case of positive and negative testimony, but of positive testimony on both sides.”
The subject is annotated carefully in a note of Holmes v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 74 N. J. L. 469, 66 Atl. 412, 12 Ann. Cas. 1033, et seq.
In 22 R. C. L., page 1057, it is said: “It is a general rule, however, that as against positive affirmative evidence by credible witnesses to the ringing of the bell, or the sounding of the whistle, there must be something more than the testimony of one or more that they did not hear it to authorize the submission of the question to the jury. A mere T did not hear,’ is entitled to no weight in the presence of affirmative evidence that the signal was given, and does not create a conflict of evidence justifying a submission of the question to the jury as one of fact.” The statement of a witness that
These rules have never been questioned and have always been recognized in this State.
In C. & O. Ry. Co. v. Chapman, 115 Va. 32, 78 S. E. 631, Cardwell, J., it is held: “The positive testimony of a single credible witness that he saw or heard a particular thing at a particular time ought ordinarily to outweigh that of a number of witnesses, equally credible, who, with the same opportunities, testify that they did not see or hear it; but where a witness, who denies a fact in question, has as good opportunity to see and hear it as he who affirms it, and his attention, because of special circumstances, was equally drawn to the matter controverted, the general rule that the witness who affirms a fact is to be believed rather than
The case of State & City Bank & Tr. Co., Admr. of Hennessy v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 144 Va. 185, 131 S. E. 331, is cited and relied on here for the plaintiff. It can be easily distinguished. The rule that negative testimony is of no value is there recognized, but it is shown that a jury question — a question of fact — was there raised by the testimony of three witnesses. This was a fatal injury at a highway crossing, the killing of one in an automobile, and these three witnesses were in other automobiles waiting for the train to pass. One of them testified that he was paying attention to the train which killed the plaintiff’s intestate; that he heard the train when it first blew, which was not the crossing signal, and then said that it did not blow anymore until it blew the distress signal, within 100 feet of the crossing where the fatality occurred. Another occupant of the same ear, who was in a position to observe, and also in danger if he failed to observe, said that the distress signals were all that he heard, and that he did not hear any bell. He would not trust himself to say that it did not ring, but that he did not hear it. Another witness, who was in another automobile a little further from the crossing but approaching it, testified that they (meaning all the occupants of the machine) were so close that if the bell had been ringing they would have heard it; that they heard the train running; and upon being asked whether she had any recollection of having heard the bell said: “If any bell had been ringing we would have heard it,” and
Now the testimony of the plaintiff in this ease must be tested by these rules and precedents. Certainly he should have been on the alert for his own safety, but his testimony clearly shows that he was depending upon his eyes and his familiarity with the crossing to avoid the danger. He does not say that he was listening, and there is no reason to suppose that if he had heard these crossing signals his conduct would have been different. He was perfectly familiar with the crossing and its possible danger, and he knew of all the obstructions, how far from the crossing he could see an approaching train, and he knew that under ordinary conditions he could see it far enough away either to stop before he reached the crossing, or to cross it in safety ahead of the train. When he saw the train, his energies and attention were all devoted, first to stopping his machine, and when he found that impossible, to his vain effort to cross the track ahead of it.
Then again his opportunity for hearing the signals must be considered. He was in an automobile with the engine running, and except that one of the windows immediately at his left side was let down a few inches it was closed. He was certainly not in as good a position to hear these signals as if he had not been in the automobile with the engine running, and it is
The plaintiff, in his very clear and careful statement of his conduct and thoughts immediately preceding his injury, made no allusion to the train signals. It was only later in his examination that he made any reference thereto, and then in answer to the question: “Could you have heard the whistle when in the car, or the bell ringing?” replied: “Yes, I hear the bell very often in my home at times now. I could not help but hear it.” This falls for short of saying that he was listening for the signals and that he could have, heard them if they had been given. It does not follow that because he heard the bell frequently in his home, he could also have heard it under the circumstances shown. Without reference to these signals, his testimoney shows that he knew the point upon the highway ■from which he could see this train if it were approaching him from his left, or north side of the highway, and that he felt confident that the precautions he was taking were sufficient to insure his safety. His evi
It seems to us then that unless we are to treat the definitions of negative testimony as a mere form of words signifying nothing, and to disregard the established rule as to the worthlessness of negative testimony, we must hold that there is no evidence in this case to support the verdict for the plaintiff. It is essential, of course, in this case, that he establish the negligence of the defendant in failing to sound the statutory signals by a preponderance of the evidence. Every word of his testimony may be held to be true, and there is no reason to doubt that it is true, and yet there is no real conflict. All that he testifies to is that he did not hear the signals. Substantial conflicts in testimony must be submitted to a jury, but where there is no real conflict, juries should decide questions of fact in accordance with the testimony submitted. The plaintiff has clearly failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant’s servants failed to sound the requisite statutory signals, whereas the defendant has shown without substantial contradiction that these signals were given. There is no evidence to support the verdict and it is against the evidence.
The trial court denied the recovery for an additional reason, and that is that the wet and slippery highway was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. Proximate cause is deep and muddy water into which many men, wise and otherwise, have ven
In Shearman & Redfield on the Law of Negligence (6th ed.), section 39, this is said: “It is universally agreed that, if the damage is caused by the concurring force of the defendant’s negligence and some other cause for which he is not responsible, including the ‘act of God,’ or superior human force directly intervening, the defendant is nevertheless responsible, if his negligence is one of the proximate causes of the damage, within the definition already given.’ It is also agreed that, if the negligence of the defendant concurs with the other cause of the injury, in point of time and place, or otherwise so directly contributes to the plaintiff’s damage that it is reasonably certain that the other cause alone would not have sufficed to produce it, the defendant is liable, notwithstanding he
This is both reasonable and supported by authority. It would lead to the conclusion that if the defendant-failed to sound the statutory signals, and if this failure in any way contributed to the plaintiff’s injury, then the defendant would be liable, because the mere condition of the street would never alone have resulted in the plaintiff’s injury as a now effective cause thereof, operating independently of anything else. While causal connection between the defendant’s failure to sound the statutory signals, if proven, and the plaintiff’s injury may frequently be inferred from the circumstances, there must be causal connection to support a recovery. Norfolk S. R. Co. v. Banks, 141 Va. 722, 126 S. E. 662. It is certainly true in this case that the wet highway was a cause or condition for which the defendant was not responsible, without which the plaintiff’s injury would not have happened. Whether he would have been injured in any event whether the signals had been sounded or not sounded, heard or not heard, we do not know, but we do know from his own statement that if the road had not been wet and slippery he would not have been injured.
Our conclusion is to affirm the judgment in favor of the defendant upon the ground that the plaintiff has failed to show any negligence on the part of the defendant’s servants.
Affirmed.