1 — The patrons of the creamery were paid at the rate of eight cents per pound for eighteen thousand one hundred and sixty-five pounds of butter fat, out of which were produced twenty-one thousand six hundred and fifty pounds of butter, for which they claim Mark Sands, as agent of the Elgin Creamery Company, agreed to pay Elgin prices, less four cents a pound for making and marketing. If correct, they were entitled to ten and a half cents per pound for their butter, instead of eight cents per pound for butter fat. That Mark Sands made such a proposition to some forty of the patrons was settled by the verdict. The stockholders of the Talmage Co-operative Creamery Company had just sold all the'ir stock, through him, to Obediah Sands, or the defendant, and it was made with reference to future dealings with all the patrons of the factory. It was a public statement of the terms under which the management would receive milk, and we think that, if authorized by the company, delivery of milk by any one on the faith of it was an acceptance, and constituted a contract binding on the defendant.
*5252*524II. The patrons certainly supposed they were dealing with the Elgin Creamery Company. On taking possession, Mark Sands hung out a notice, signed “The Elgin Creamery Company,” assuring them of fair treatment. Howell, an agent and director of the defendant, directed the operation of the creamery. Daily reports of the amount of milk received *525and blitter made were sent to the defendant on blanks furnished, and instructions were given by it. It shipped a car of coal from Des Moines to itself at Talmage, which -was used by this creamery. All the butter was shipped by the defendant as consignor and to it as'consignee, except two shipments to another by its direction, and of each it required notice on one of its blanks. Even the checks, signed “Talmage Creamery Company, by 0. Sands, Manager,” for the payment of patrons, were expressed to the butter maker by the defendant. From these facts the jury might have found that the defendant operated the creamery during the month, and received all the butter made. If so, then it ratified the agreement of its agent, Mark Sands, even though this was not within -the scope of his authority when made, as the milk was delivered on the faith of his proposition.
3 III. Exception was taken to the testimony of several witnesses to the effect that Mark Sands, in making the proposition to the patrons, stated that he did so as agent of the defendant. This could not be received as evidence that he was in fact the defendant’s agent, but was admissible as showing in what capacity he claimed to act at the time of the proposition, — whether for the Elgin Creamery Company or for Obediah Sands. This is also true of the receipts running to the defendant, given by those present who did not have their certificates of stock with them.
4 IV. The appellee, in insisting that exceptions to the instructions had not been preserved, evidently overlooked the change in the statute. Section 3701 of the Code expressly provides that exceptions to the giving or refusal of instructions “may be noted by the shorthand reporter, and no reason for such exception need be given.” See, also, as to preservation of same in bill of exceptions, Code, sections 3675. The transcript shows that the reporter did note that both parties “excepted to each and every instruction given by the court to the jury,” thus confirming the correctness of appellant’s abstract.
*5265 6 V. The court gave this instruction: “You are instructed that if O. Sands, as president of the defendant company, authorized Mark Sands to do what it is claimed that he did, or that 0. Sands, as president of said defendant company, afterwards ratified what Mark Sands did, that you may presume that O. Sands, as president of defendant company, was authorized to confer authority on Mark Sands to make the contract claimed to have been made, or that it would be presumed that he had authority to ratify the same after it came to his knowledge.” It appeared that Obediah Sands was president of the defendant company, and owner of eighty-three per cent, of the stock, and that Mark Sands had authority to lease creameries for the defendant. This instruction related to the contract for the butter made from the milk furnished, and not to the purchase of the stock in the Talmage Co-operative Creamery Company, as contended by appellant. The agreement, if made for the defendant, was exclusively for its benefit; and the instruction, when considered in connection w'ith others given, could only have been construed to refer to acts of Obediah Sands in behalf of the company, rather than for himself individually. While not of a very satisfactory character, there was evidence warranting such an instruction. This president testified the ultimate object ‘in acquiring the stock was for the defendant’s benefit. A few days later, in selling it again, he did so on the condition of continuing his control of the creamery the remainder of the month. Besides, he knew of the management by the defendant, and gave directions in its name. But it is said that as president he was not presumed to have the authority stated. The law, however, seems to be well settled that, in the absence of any showing to the contrary, the president of a corporation will be presumed to have authority to act in all matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. As the head of the corporation, which, of necessity, must act through some agency, the natural 'inference is that he, as its presi*527dent, bad been endowed with the power to direct its operation, and manage the transactions for which it was organized. Patterson v. Robinson„ 116 N. Y. 193 (22 N. E. Rep. 372) ; Steel Works v. Bresnahan, 60 Mich. 332 (27 N. W. Rep. 524); National State Bank of Terre Haute v. Vigo County National Bank, 141 Ind. Sup. 352 (40 N. E. Rep. 800) ; Town Co. v. Swigart, 43 Kan. 292 (23 Pac. Rep. 569) ; Getty v. Milling Co., 40 Kan. 281 (19 Pac. Rep. 617) ; Road Co. v. Looney, 1 Metc. (Ky.) 550 (71 Am. Dec. 491) ; Blen v. Milling Co., 81 Am. Dec. 132; Ceeder v. Lumber Co., 86 Mich. 541 (49 N. W. Rep. 575, 24 Am. St. 134) ; Railroad Co. v. Coleman, 18 Ill. 297 (68 Am. Dec. 544) ; Smith v. Smith, 62 Ill. 493; 1 Morawetz Private Corporations, 538. See Thompson Corporation, section 4613 et seq.; 17 Am. & Eng. Ene. Law, 124. The statute requiring publication of the articles is said to have modified this rule. Whether this be true as to domestic corporations, we do not determine. It does not relate to foreign corporations. It appeared that a part of defendants ordinary business was the purchase of creamery products, which must necessarily have been accomplished through agents, and, if the president of the company did not have the authority imputed to him, the defendant should have so shown'. In Templin v. Railway Co., 73 Iowa, 548, and Griffith v. Railroad Co., 74 Iowa, 85, the want of authority on the part of the president affirmatively appeared. We discover no error in the record, and the judgment is affirmed.
