OPINION
Plaintiff White Oak Property Development, LLC (“White Oak”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant Washington Township and its trustees (“Township”). White Oak claims that various zoning regulations are unconstitutionally vague, violate the anti-discrimination provisions of the Fair Housing Act and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, run contrary to White Oak’s alleged property interests protected by substantive due process, and were enacted as part of a conspiracy by Township officials to deprive White Oak of its procedural due process rights. We disagree and affirm.
*845 I.
The district court accurately set forth the relevant facts:
Plaintiff White Oak Property Development, LLC is the owner of a 60-acre tract of land (“Property”) in Washington Township (“Township”), which is surrounded by a separate 160-acre tract of land that includes an 18-hole golf course (“Golf Course”). White Oak acquired the Property and the Golf Course from the previous owner, Donald Schroer. 1 Schroer had negotiated a Tax Increment Financing agreement (“TIF Agreement”) with Township officials which would have allowed him to construct approximately 94 residences on the Property.
The Washington Township Zoning Resolution sets forth four districts: (1) Agricultural; (2) Residential; (3) Commercial; (4) Industrial. The Property is zoned Residential “R” District. The Zoning Resolution describes this type of property as follows:
Section 2. RESIDENTIAL “R” DISTRICT
A. PERMITTED USES
1. One (1) Single Family Dwelling subject to lot size rеquirements, dwelling size requirements, and all other requirements as set forth herein.
2. Home occupations.
3. Storage and or/salvage [sic] of no more than two (2) vehicles that re [sic] unlicensed, disabled, outside of an enclosed building, and visible from the road or from adjacent residential dwellings. Farm Machinery is excluded.
4. Accessory buildings and uses customarily incident to any of the above permitted uses.
B. USES PROHIBITED
1. Any other use not specifically permitted in this section.
On March 15, 2007, White Oak delivered a development plan to the Washington Township Planning Commission which proposed a residential condominium development on the Property (“the Proposal”). The Proposal called for a Planned Unit Developmеnt (“PUD”) and included 280 to 300 multi-family units. At 300 units, the Proposal equated to a density of five units per acre. The prices of the units would start in the low $200,000 range.
On March 26, 2007, White Oak presented the Proposal to the Washington Township Trustees during a regular meeting. Defendants Janie Wills and Alan Hanselman were both Trustees at the time. Wills asked whether the development was going to be “Section 8 or low income housing.”
On March 28, 2007, White Oak presented the Proposal to the Washington Township Zoning Commission. Danny Bolend[e]r, the Chairman of the Zoning Commission, drafted and distributed a letter to residents claiming that the Zoning Commission had recommended denial of the development, and that the residents should urge the Trustees to deny it as wеll. Bolender specifically distributed the letter to those residents living directly adjacent to the Property, on Wardlow Road and Shroufe Road in Washington Township. Bolender himself owns property on Wardlow Road. In a letter dated May 7, 2007, the Trustees and the Zoning Commission denied *846 the Proposal. The denial was based on the Intensity of Use provision in the Zoning Resolution, which states:
SECTION 5. INTENSITY OF USE LOT SIZE
— Every lot districted as Commercial or Industrial shall have a minimum of three (3) acres.
— Every lot districted as Residential shall have a minimum of three (3) acres if the dwelling is connected to an on-site sewage disposal system, or a minimum of one (1) acre if the dwelling is connected to a public sanitary sewer system.
The lеtter states: “[s]ince your proposed development plan does not conform to the Washington Township Zoning Regulations, it cannot be approved as it is now set forth. If you wish to submit a revised plan that does not violate the Washington Township Zoning Regulations, please do so.”
On May 21, 2007, White Oak attended another Trustee meeting and protested the denial. White Oak challenged the Defendants’ interpretation of the Zoning Resolution, arguing that the Intensity of Use provision did not support Defendants’ denial of the proposed development. White Oak argued that the Intensity of Use provision does not prohibit multi-unit dwellings, as long as each dwelling sits on one or three acrеs, depending on its sewer. White Oak pointed out that [the] definition of “dwelling” in the Zoning Resolution includes multiple family dwellings:
DWELLING — Any structure, or portion thereof occupied or intended to be occupied exclusively for residential purposes.
—SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING' — A detached, independently standing structure occupied or intended to be occupied exclusively for residential purposes by one (1) family or housekeeping unit.
—MULTIPLE FAMILY DWELLING — A detached, independently standing structure occupied or intended to be occupied exclusively for residential purposes by more than one (1) family or housekeeping unit.
As such, White Oak argued that the Intensity of Use provision imposes no limitations on the number of units that can be included in a dwelling.
On June 11, 2007, the Trustees held another meeting. During the meeting the Trustees voted to close Shroufe Road “from the Luke property on back.” This action would effectively eliminate access to the Property because Shroufe Road dead-ends into the Property, and the “Luke property” is the last property before the Property on Shroufe Road. On June 25, 2007, the Trustees voted to pass Resolution 13-2007, which asks the Brown County Commissioners to vacate Shroufe Road at the 1,438 mark. The Brown County Commissioners subsequently denied the request.
On July 23, 2007, the Trustees voted to rescind the TIF Agreement. The vote came following a motion by Bolend[e]r, who was in the audience. Defendants maintain that the TIF Agreement was rescinded because the original developer was required to provide the Township with an unconditional, irrevocable letter of credit, but no letter of credit was ever issued. White Oak maintains that Bolend[e]r met secretly with Wills and Hanselman and discussed rescinding the TIF. Wills and Hanselman deny that these meetings took place.
White Oak brings its claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the Fair Housing Act, § 801 et seq., 42 U.S.C.A. § 3601 et seq., and Ohio law. White Oak claims:
*847 (1) the Zoning Resolution is unconstitutional on its face; (2) Defendants have violated the Fair Housing Act; (3) Defendants violated its substantive and procedural due process rights; (4) the Township has violated Ohio law by acting outside its statutory authority; (5) Defendants engaged in a civil cоnspiracy in violation of Ohio and federal law; (6) Wills and Hanselman have publicized matters which place White Oak in a false light; and (7) Wills and Hansel-man have defamed White Oak. White Oak also seeks a declaration that the Zoning Resolution is unconstitutional on its face.
Subsequently, the parties filed a Stipulation of Partial Dismissal of Claims in which the parties dismissed White Oak’s claims for false light invasion of privacy and defamation without prejudice.
(Internal citations omitted.)
On April 7, 2009, the district court granted the Township’s motions for judgment on the pleadings and summary judgment, treating the motion for judgment on the pleadings as one for summary judgment because the district court considered matters outside the pleadings. See Fed. R.CivP. 12(d). In so doing, thе district court dismissed all of White Oak’s claims with prejudice, except for its state law claims alleging civil conspiracy and a violation of Ohio Revised Code § 519.02. The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over these state law claims and dismissed them without prejudice. White Oak timely appeals.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment.
Longaberger Co. v. Kolt,
III.
White Oak argues that the Zoning Resolution is facially vague in both substance and procedure.
In
Association of Cleveland, Fire Fighters v. City of Cleveland,
We have recognized that the vagueness doctrine has two primary goals: (1) to ensure fair notice to the citizenry and (2) to provide standards for enforcement [by officials]. With respect to the first goal, the Supreme Court has stated that “[a] statute which either forbids or requires the dоing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law.” Connolly v. Gen. Constr. Co.,269 U.S. 385 , 391,46 S.Ct. 126 ,70 L.Ed. 322 (1925). With respect to the second goal, the Supreme Court stated that “if arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement is to be prevented, laws must provide explicit standards for those who apply them. A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to [officials] for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis.” Grayned v. City of Rock *848 ford,408 U.S. 104 , 108-09,92 S.Ct. 2294 ,33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972).
Id. at 551 (first and third internal citations omitted).
A.
White Oak asserts that the Zoning Resolution allows it to build multiple family dwellings on its residential property and, alternatively, that the applicable provisions are vague. According to White Oak, Article V, Section 2(A)(l)’s limitation on dwellings in a residential district to “Single Family Dwelling[s]” conflicts with the “Definitions” section of Article III. That section defines “dwelling” generally, then subdivides the term into “single family dwelling” and “multiple family dwelling!,]” providing definitions for each.
White Oak’s reliance upon Article Ill’s general definitions as authorization to construct multiple family dwellings is misplaced. The more specific and relevant “Permitted Uses” in Article V, Section 2(A)(1) unambiguously restricts dwellings in a residential district to those that are “Single Family Dwelling[s]!.]” We need not settle for the well-known canon of statutory construction expressio unius est ex-clusio alterius (“the mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another”) to infer that multiple family dwellings аre prohibited because Section 2(B) of Article V says so expressly — it “prohibits] ... [a]ny other use not specifically permitted in this section.”
Even assuming that the “Definitions” section has some relevance, it fails to support White Oak’s interpretation. The definition for “dwelling” does not indicate that the term should be understood to encompass both single and multiple family dwellings each time the word “dwelling” appears generally in the Zoning Resolution. In fact, Article V, Section 2(A)(1) illustrates the fallacy of such a reading. In that provision, the terms “Single Family Dwelling” and “dwelling” appear in a single phrase, and “dwelling” clearly refers to “Single Family Dwelling” only:
A. PERMITTED USES
1. One (1) Single Family Dwelling subject to lot size requirements, dwelling size requirements, and all other requirements as set forth herein.
(Emphasis added.)
White Oak’s reliance upon the “Intensity of Use” in Article IV, Section 5(A) is likewise erroneous. That section sets forth different acreage requirements for lots supporting “dwellingfs].” Specifically, each lot housing a dwelling “connected to an on-site sewage disposal system” must have a minimum of three acres, and each lot housing a dwelling “connected to a public sanitary sewer system” must have a minimum of one acre per lot. Although the general term “dwelling” appears in this clause, and “dwelling” is not expressly delimited to “Single Family Dwelling!,]” it is apparent that its purpose is to prescribe the minimum
acreage
for each lot containing a “dwelling!,]” not to specify the
type(s)
of dwellings (single and/or multiple family) permitted on each lot. Indeed, the provision revealingly falls beneath the subheading “Lot Size!.]” While the “Definitions” and “Intensity of Use” provisions are certainly not models of clarity (“multiple family dwelling” could be deleted from the “Definitions!,]” and “dwelling” could more accurately be replaced with “single family dwelling” in the “Intensity of Use”/ “Lot Size” requirements), the Constitution’s “prohibition against excessive vagueness does not invalidate every statute which a reviewing court believes could have been drafted with greater precision.”
Rose v. Locke,
White Oak’s additional argument that the Zoning District Regulations are vague *849 because they allegedly permit construction of only one single family dwelling in a residential district is unavailing. White Oak’s interpretation would produce an absurd result — a cap at one single family dwelling in an entire residential district. When the “Permitted Uses” limitation is read in conjunction with the “Intensity of Use”/“Lot Size” requirements, a harmonious construction devoid of vagueness is achieved.
B.
White Oak also argues that the Zoning Resolution’s procedures for obtaining approval to construct a new dwelling are vague. Its complaints concern the processes for obtaining a “Zoning Construction Certificate” and submitting an “application for Development!;.]” The Zoning Resolution requires a Zoning Construction Certificate for “all new dwellings[,]” and the procedure for obtaining this certificate is as follows:
1. Applicаtions for Zoning Construction Certificates are obtained from the Zoning Inspector or his designee.
2. Every application shall be accompanied by a sketch or drawing indicating the location of all buildings and structures to be erected in relation to all property lines, street lines and right-of-ways. For applications involving dwellings, the sketch or drawing must also indicate the location of flood plains.
3. Every application shall include the proper sewer or septic permit, as applicable, and that permit will be verified by the Zoning Inspector with the appropriate agency.
4. Within ten (10) days after receipt of an application, the Zоning Inspector shall either approve or disapprove the application in conformance with the provisions of this Resolution.
* * *
6. Zoning Construction Certificates shall be issued only in conformity with the provisions of this Resolution unless the Zoning Inspector receives written order from the Board of Zoning Appeals deciding an appeal, conditional use or variance.
Regarding Developments, the Zoning Resolution provides, in full:
G. DEVELOPMENTS
Commencing with the effective date of this amendment, Land divided from the Original Lot of Record into three or more lots for the development of dwellings will be considered a Development.
—A Development must be platted (acсurate site layout or “paper survey”) before an application for Development is filed with the Zoning Inspector.
—If the Board of Trustees approves the application for Development, the Development (as defined in the application) may proceed.
—The lots (per the application) must be surveyed and recorded, and the comparison of the recorded lots with those described in the application approved by the Board of Trustees, prior to zoning certificates or zoning redistrict changes being issued or approved.
—If there are declared roads in the application, then those roаds must be built (to minimum County standards for public transportation) and their construction approved by the Board of Trustees prior to zoning certificates or zoning district changes being issued or approved for the lots fronting those roads.
According to White Oak, the Zoning Construction Certificate process is vague because it “contains no guidance as to *850 when in the development process the zoning construction certificate applies” and does not specify whether the zoning inspector or the property owner must apply for the certificate. (Emphasis in original.) The provisions addressing the “application for Development” are also allegedly vague because they do not “identify the content or timing of any such application!,]” “the Zoning Resolution makes no other reference to any such application!,]” and “[t]here is also no attempt to correlate the ‘application for Development’ with the ‘zoning construction certificate.’ ”
Ironically, White Oak’s vagueness challenge to these procedures is nebulous in itself. White Oak’s discussion is perfunctory, and we hold that the issue is forfeited.
United States v. Robinson,
In any event, while the procedures may not qualify as standards for precision, they are not constitutionally infirm. Significantly, the applicant has fair notice of, and need not speculate about, whether his proposed development will be approved before he begins construction and makes significant expenditures. Although imperfect, the procedures sufficiently detail the requirements, process, and timing for obtaining approval of a plan of construction.
C.
White Oak argues that the density, Zoning Construction Certificate, and application for Development procedures are void for vagueness because they permit “arbitrary and unbridled discretionary]” enforcement. This argument is without merit.
The heart of White Oak’s argument is its refrain, already rejected, that the Township’s denial of its proposed multifamily housing development was arbitrary. However, we agree with the district court that “[t]he limit of one single family dwelling is objective and does not permit ad hoc, discriminatory enforcement of the Zoning Resolution.”
Moreover, the Township’s officials do not have unbridled discretion in the enforcement of the challenged zoning laws. As already discussed, the provisions relаting to the Zoning Construction Certificate and the Development section are not unconstitutionally vague. Those provisions mandate that the zoning inspector grant or deny a Zoning Construction Certificate “[w]ithin ten (10) days after receipt of an application!,]” and the inspector’s decision must be “in conformance with the provisions of this Resolution.” Apart from its amorphous allegations, White Oak fails to explain adequately how the challenged provisions permit arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Accordingly, White Oak’s attempt to void the Zoning Resolution, or portions thereof, for vagueness fails.
IV.
Next, White Oak argues that the Township rejected its proposed development for unlawful, discriminatory reasons, in violation of the Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. § 3601 et seq. (“FHA”). According to White Oak, Trustee Wills’s inquiry at the March 26, 2007, trustees meeting, in which she asked whether the proposed development would be “Section 8 or low income housing!,]” and Trustee Dotson’s deposition testimony characterizing the community’s concerns about subsidized housing within the proposed development *851 as “a big issue” demonstrate unlawful discrimination based upon income or race.
The FHA makes it unlawful “[t]o discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, ... because of race, color, religion, sex, familial status, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(b). As an initial observation, we note White Oak’s lack of evidence and implausible argument that condominium units starting in the low $200,000 range qualify as low-income housing. Even if the development transitioned to low-income or subsidized housing after construction, the plain language of the FHA does not prevent discrimination based on “low income,” and White Oak cites no authority that says otherwise. 1
To clear this hurdle, White Oak recasts its argument as a race-based allegation, arguing that a prohibition against low-income housing would have a disproportionately adverse impact on minority groups. It asserts that “[t]his Court has recognized the racial impact of preventing low income or public housing!,]” relying upon
United, States v. City of Parma,
In stark contrast to City of Parma, there is no evidence in the present case suggesting an unlawful discriminatory intent or impact on the basis of race. Washington Township is a rural area. White Oak has presented no evidence about the minority population in or near Washington Township and, more specifically, about the possible impact the prohibition on multifamily dwellings would have on minority populations in the Township. White Oak assumes, without any evidentiary support, that minorities will be adversely affected.
For these reasons, we hold that the district court properly granted summary judgment to the Township on White Oak’s FHA claim.
V.
White Oak argues additionally that the Zoning Resolution’s blanket prohibition on multi-family housing violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitu
*852
tion. It relies upon the Supreme Court’s decision in
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Housing Dev. Corp.,
White Oak cites Village of Arlington Heights for the proposition that “[a] racially discriminatory intent or purpose behind prohibiting multiple family housing is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” However, the holding in
Village of Arlington Heights
that “[r]espondents simply failed to carry their burden of proving that discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor in the Village’s decision” to rezone land from single-family to multiple-family classification,
id.
at 270,
Dews
held that a city’s ban on apartments and one-acre zoning requirement violated the Equal Protection Clause because a discriminatory intent could be inferred from the disproportionate harm to African-Americans, as evidenced by statistical and survey data,
In a nutshell, the authorities upon which White Oak relies hоld that a racially discriminatory intent is required to support an Equal Protection claim. However, WTiite Oak has wholly failed to demonstrate that the Zoning Resolution’s prohibition against multiple-family dwellings, on its face, discriminates on the basis of race, and it has provided no evidence remotely suggesting that the Township’s as-applied rejection of its proposed multi-family development was motivated by a racially discriminatory purpose. In addition, White Oak cites no authority that a zoning prohibition against multi-family developments, particularly in a rural area, constitutes a per se Equal Protection violation, and no such authority exists.
Therefore, we hold that the district court properly granted summary judgment in the Township’s favor on WTite Oak’s Equal Protection claim.
VI.
WTiite Oak challenges the district court’s dismissal of its substantive due process claim. In dismissing this claim, the district court held that WThite Oak did not have a protected property interest in de *853 veloping its property in accordance with its development plan.
The Fourteenth Amendment provides, in part, that “no State shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1. “To state a substantive due process claim in the context of zoning regulations, a plaintiff must establish that (1) a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest еxists, and (2) the constitutionally protected interest has been deprived through arbitrary and capricious action.”
Braun v. Ann Arbor Charter Twp.,
Facially, the prohibition against multiple family dwellings survives White Oak’s substantive due process challenge. A stated purpose of the rural Zoning Resolution is to “make [the] community more attractive by assisting [in] the preservation of open space, unique natural resources and natural terrain features.” This is a legitimate land use goal, and the curtailment of dwellings to those of the single-family variety bears a rational relationship to that stated purpose.
Cf. Vill. of Belle Terre v. Boraas,
As applied, White Oak must demonstrate that it had a protected property interest to construct multiple family dwellings on its property.
Braun,
Although White Oak may seek a variance or a text amendment to the Zoning Resolution, White Oak failed to apply for either, and, even had it done so, it would have had no “legitimate claim of entitlement” or “justifiable expectation” to the Township’s discretionary and speculative approval of these remedies.
See, e.g., Silver v. Franklin Twp., Bd. of Zoning Appeals,
VII.
White Oak complains further that the district court erred in holding that it had no protected property interest in the TIF District negotiated by Schroer, the previous owner of its property. The Trustees rescinded the TIF District, thereby preventing White Oak from constructing 94 residences on the property. The district court held that White Oak had no protected propеrty interest in the TIF District because (1) the Trustees were authorized, in their discretion, to revoke the TIF District under Ohio Rev.Code § 5709.73, and (2) the Tax Injunction Act of 1937, 28 U.S.C. § 1341, barred the district court “from enjoining or restraining the operation of the TIF because White Oak had a plain remedy in state court by which to challenge the TIF.”
See Moss v. Columbus Bd. of Educ.,
No. 2:00-CV-855,
In its initial appellate brief, White Oak challenged the first ruling only and ignored the district court’s alternative holding that the Tax Injunction Act independently required dismissal of its claim. Even when the Township brought White Oak’s apparent oversight to its attention, White Oak failed to argue in its reply brief that the district court’s dismissal of its claim on the alternative, independent basis of the Tax Injunction Act was inсorrect. Therefore, we hold that White Oak waived its appeal of the district court’s dismissal of its claim on the basis of the Tax Injunction Act, and that ruling stands for purposes of this appeal.
See United States v. Archibald,
VIII.
Next, White Oak asserts that Township officials violated its procedural due process rights by allegedly holding secret meetings about its development plan, thereby depriving it of its right to be heard in a meaningful manner.
We have explained the requirements for procedural due process as follows:
The right to procedural due process “requires that when a State sеeks to terminate [a protected] interest ..., it must afford ‘notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case’ before the termination becomes effective.” Bd. of Regents v. Roth,408 U.S. 564 , 570 n. 7,92 S.Ct. 2701 ,33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972) (quoting Bell v. Burson,402 U.S. 535 , 542,91 S.Ct. 1586 ,29 L.Ed.2d 90 (1971)). Importantly, procedural due process rights are only violated when a protected liberty or property interest is denied without adequate hearing. Thus, in order to succeed on this claim, Plaintiff must show (1) that it was deprived of a protected liberty or property interest, and (2) that such deprivation occurred without the requisite due process of law.
Club Italia Soccer & Sports Org., Inc. v. Charter Twp. of Shelby,
As discussed previously, White Oak had no protected property interest in constructing multiple family dwellings because they were prohibited by the Zoning Resolution. Moreover, the terms of the Zoning Resolution provided White Oak with adequate notice that its proposed development was proscribed, and the Township afforded White Oak the opportunity *855 to be heard. In this regard, White Oak admits that its members had the opportunity to present, and did present, their development proposal to the Trustees and the Zoning Commission on March 26, 2007, and March 28, 2007, respectively. Notably, the four instances in which White Oak alleges the Zoning Commission held secret meetings — April 4, April 6, July 10, and July 16, 2007- — occurred after White Oak had presented, and the Trustees and Zoning Commission had already rejected, White Oak’s proposal. Merely because White Oak disagrees with the Township’s rejection of its proposal does not mean that the Township deprived it of adequate notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
For these reasons, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to the Township on White Oak’s procedural due process claim.
IX.
Finally, White Oak argues that the district court erred in dismissing its civil conspiracy claim brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court held that White Oak’s allegations that “Defendants conspired to deprive it of its property and to rescind the TIF district” are “unsupported statements” which “are insufficient to support a claim for civil conspiracy under section 1983.” In challеnging this ruling, White Oak claims only that it provided detailed evidence of secret meetings in which Township officials allegedly schemed to oppose its proposed development and rescind the TIF District.
By its plain, unambiguous language, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 requires a “deprivation of [ ] rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws[.]”
See also Street v. Corrs. Corp. of Am.,
X.
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Notes
. Defendants point out that the sales transaction was actually between a third-party, White Oak Golf Enterprises, LLC, and Play-A-Round, LLC. Ownership of the Property was not transferred to White Oak until June 28, 2007.
. Wills and Dotson dispute White Oak’s allegation that the trustees rejected its proposed development for income-based reasons. Wills testified in her deposition that she merely sought clarification from White Oak about whether it intended to construct low-income housing because township residents had inquired; Wills herself was not concerned about it. Dotson stated in his deposition that he did not "have a problem" with low-income housing. ■