Lead Opinion
Appellants appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Laing Properties, Inc. (hereinafter Laing) and the grant of partial summary judgment to E & G Enterprises, Inc. (“E & G”) as to the issue of respondeat superior. Cross-appellant/appellee E & G cross-appeals the denial of its motion for summary judgment. These appeals involve issues of so-called “dram shop” liability.
Appellee Sheliah Warren was employed by appellee E & G as one of the store managers of an E & G dry cleaning business. In December 1985, E & G hosted an office “Christmas party” at a banquet room of a Hilton Hotel operated by appellee Laing.
Employees were not required to attend the party, although the appellee Warren attended at least in part because of her personal sense of responsibility as a manager. The Hilton Hotel was not serviced by any form of public transportation; however, taxi service was available. Appellee Warren drove her car to the party. The party was held from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., although the appellee Warren did not depart until between 5:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. The E & G hosted party included an “open bar.” As a matter of routine business practice the Hilton Hotel posted a sign during parties, encouraging those who might be driving to spend the night with the hotel instead for $45. Appellee Laing had offered E & G the option to contract for hospitality rooms as part of the furnished party facilities, but appellee E & G declined the option.
As appellee Warren was leaving the party, she was invited by the vice-president of E & G and his wife to attend another private party being hosted by a friend of the vice-president. This party was not related in any way to the dry cleaning business. Appellee Warren voluntarily elected to go to the second private party, although she testified in her deposition both that she “liked ... to go” and that she “probably was indecisive because [she] really didn’t want to go, but it’s your boss.”
Appellee Warren was at the second party less than an hour. She had one drink at this party, which may or may not have contained alcohol. Appellee Warren offered to drive another employee back to the Hilton Hotel on her way home. She ran through a stop sign en route and killed the driver of another automobile. Eyewitness testimony indicates that appellant was traveling at an apparently high rate of speed at the time. She smelled strongly of alcohol, could not focus her eyes, and would overreach the steering wheel. Blood/alcohol tests were taken of appellee Warren at 10:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. Test results were “blood is positive for ethyl alcohol” at 0.22 grams percent
Appellants subsequently filed suit for wrongful death against appellees Warren, Laing and E & G. Held:
Case No. 77118 (Cross-Appeal)
1. Cross-appellant/appellee E & G asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary judgment because under the attendant circumstances it owed no duty to plaintiffs under Georgia law. We disagree.
OCGA § 3-3-22 expressly provides that “[n]o alcoholic beverage shall be sold, bartered, exchanged, given, provided, or furnished to any person who is in a state of noticeable intoxication.” The term “provide” means to make, procure, or furnish for future use; to prepare; to supply; to afford; to contribute. Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.), p. 1102. It also means to make ready; to make available. The American Heritage Dictionary (2d Col. ed.), p. 997. The acts of E & G, including contracting with appellee Laing to obtain and pay for its services in actually furnishing and giving alcoholic beverages to guests at the E & G hosted party, fall at least within the act of providing alcohol as contemplated by the legislature in enacting OCGA § 3-3-22.
In Sutter v. Hutchings,
The statutory duty recognized by Sutter has been broadly construed to provide Georgia citizens with a modicum of protection from the varied reasonably foreseeable and life-threatening risks involved in continuing to serve alcoholic beverages to noticeably intoxicated persons. We believe this was the legislature’s intent in enacting OCGA § 3-3-22. See, e.g., Ga. Const. Art. 1, Sec. 1, Par. 2. Thus, in Brumbelow v. Shoney’s Big Boy,
We conclude that the statutory duty imposed by OCGA § 3-3-22, as interpreted by Sutter and its progeny does apply to E & G.
2. Cross-appellant/appellee E & G asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary judgment because there was no breach of any existing duty established as cross-appellees/appellants failed to submit any reliable evidence that E & G had provided alcohol to Sheliah Warren at a time when she was in a state of noticeable intoxication. In particular, we find the evidence regarding the results of Sheliah Warren’s blood/alcohol tests and the eyewitness testimony of those who observed her conduct and condition at the scene of the collision, when coupled with the expert opinions contained in the affidavit of Dr. Burton, a medical doctor specializing in forensic pathology, to be sufficient to preclude the grant of summary judgment on this issue. See Dickson v. Dickson,
Case No. 77117 (Main Appeal)
3. Appellants assert that the trial court erred in ruling that Tibbs v. Studebaker’s, supra, “dram shop” liability extends to instances where the providers and furnishers of alcoholic beverages serve noticeably intoxicated persons who they “subjectively know will be driving.” Appellants also assert that the trial court erred in holding that a hotel providing space and alcohol operates under a different “notice” standard than does the host who hires the hotel to cater the company
In Tibbs, supra at 643 (a), the principal opinion, citing both Sutter, supra and Southern Bell, supra, concludes “ ‘one who provides alcoholic beverages to a noticeably intoxicated person, knowing that the person will soon be driving a vehicle, may be liable for a third party’s injuries caused by the negligence of the intoxicated driver.’ ” However, neither Sutter nor any of its progeny expressly determined whether knowledge required by the rule is actual or constructive. The basic concept of constructive knowledge is, “[i]f one by exercise of reasonable care would have known a fact, he is deemed to have had constructive knowledge of such fact. . . .” Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.), p. 284.
In Sutter, the Supreme Court determined “dram shop” liability relying on recognized tort principles. The court listed the four tort elements of duty, breach, causation (actual and proximate) and damages. Sutter v. Hutchings, supra at 196-197. The court found that the defendant had statutory duties not to provide or furnish alcoholic beverages to persons noticeably intoxicated (OCGA § 3-3-22) and to persons under 19 years of age (OCGA § 3-3-23). Sutter v. Hutchings, supra at 197. The case facts in Sutter reflect that these duties were breached. Thus, the defendant alcohol provider was negligent per se. See Central Anesthesia Assoc. v. Worthy,
On close scrutiny, it is apparent that the Supreme Court limited the scope of its holding to those cases where the provider had actual knowledge that the recipient of the alcohol would be driving. Previously, the Sutter opinion had cited the case of Keaton v. Kroger Co.,
Thus, if appellee Laing succeeded in piercing appellants’ pleadings as to the issue of knowledge, it would be entitled to summary judgment if it carried its burden of showing that there is no genuine issue as of actual knowledge of driving. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). This same standard of proof applies equally in a summary judgment case to both the party host and his hired alcohol purveyor.
We agree with the trial judge that as to appellee E & G there exists sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of actual knowledge of driving. Further, for the following reasons, appellee Laing was not entitled to summary judgment. This court will consider neither mere allegations of fact found in the parties’ pleadings nor unsupported assertions of fact contained in their briefs. Behar v. Aero Med. Intl.,
4. Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in ruling that attendance by managerial employees at an office Christmas party is “as a matter of law” never within the scope of employment. The trial court found “that at no time within the factual circumstances alleged was [Sheliah] Warren acting within her scope of employment at E & G.” Under certain limited circumstances, an employee who becomes intoxicated at a company sponsored party may be found to be within scope of employment. See, e.g., Southern Bell, supra at 614
5. Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in ruling that the specifics of a conspiratorial agreement must be proved upon summary judgment rather than applying the prevailing standard of passive mutual understanding. We disagree.
In this case there is evidence of a lawful contractual relationship between E & G and Laing; there is also circumstantial evidence that a Laing-employed bartender served alcoholic beverages to Sheliah Warren, an employee and guest of E & G, after she was noticeably intoxicated in violation of OCGA § 3-3-22. However, while this and other circumstances may arouse one’s suspicion, we find no evidence of the requisite “mutual understanding” between Laing and E & G. First Fed. Savings Bank v. Hart,
Based on the above, the trial court did not err in granting partial summary judgment to appellee E & G on the issue of respondeat superior; did not err in denying the remainder of appellee E & G’s motion for summary judgment; and, did err in granting summary judgment to appellee Laing. This case will be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. This determination, however, should not “be construed as authority for the proposition that [appellants’] evidence would, had it been offered at trial, necessarily be sufficient to withstand a motion by [appellees’] for directed verdict.” Winn-Dixie v. Ramey,
Judgment in Case No. 77118 affirmed. Judgment in Case No. 77117 affirmed in part and reversed in part and case remanded with direction.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring specially.
Case No. 77118 (Cross-Appeal)
I concur in the disposition but not in all that is said in Divisions 3 & 4, for reasons which will appear below.
Case No. 77117 (Main Appeal)
1. As to Division 3, in Sutter v. Hutchings,
OCGA § 3-3-22 simply states: “No alcoholic beverage shall be sold, bartered, exchanged, given, provided, or furnished to any person who is in a state of noticeable intoxication.” It does not limit this prohibition to serving drivers of motor vehicles. It clearly states that serving anybody who is noticeably intoxicated is prohibited.
OCGA § 3-3-22 is a criminal law. Ga. L. 1980, pp. 1573, 1596, 1649. See Nunn v. Comidas Exquisitos,
Although the section regarding intoxicated persons appears in this business context, the Court in Sutter both declared it a civil as well as a criminal duty and extended it beyond businesses to private persons furnishing gratuitous alcoholic beverages, such as Mrs.
But the civil duty was not as broad as stated in the statute. Instead of matching the civil duty with the criminal duty insofar as who could be served is concerned, the Court limited it to motor vehicle drivers. This newly recognized actionable duty was founded on the Court’s taking judicial notice of 1) “risks involved” when an intoxicated person drives, and 2) “the General Assembly’s efforts to control drunk driving for the protection not only of those drivers but others on the highways, . . . .” Id. at 197. These two factors, then, are what gave rise to the articulation of a civil duty in OCGA § 3-3-22 (formerly Code § 5A-509) and to its limitation to drivers. That is, the statutory criminal duty of commercial establishments not to serve an intoxicated person was made the civil duty of purveyors and hosts alike, when it was known the drinker would drive. Breach by continuing to serve such a person who was noticeably intoxicated would constitute negligence per se. Central Anesthesia Assoc. v. Worthy,
Thus the Supreme Court narrowed the civilly actionable duty even further. The criminal law, as stated, prohibits at least the businesses described in OCGA § 3-3-1 from “knowingly and intentionally” furnishing alcoholic beverages to intoxicated persons. Never mind what the liquor purveyor knows or does not know the intoxicated person will or might do afterwards; that is irrelevant. What matters is whether the purveyor knowingly and intentionally furnished an alcoholic beverage to a noticeably intoxicated person, period.
In addition to the statutorily required knowledge, that the person was intoxicated when another alcoholic beverage was about to be served, the Court required another knowledge before a civil duty arose: knowledge that the intoxicated person would soon be driving a motor vehicle. That, of course, would require a present knowledge of a future happening, a future fact. No human being has such a capacity, so the Supreme Court could not have meant actual knowledge in that sense. This is so also because when turning to the element of proximate cause, the Court concluded that proximate cause will exist if the provider could, when furnishing that beverage to an intoxicated person, reasonably foresee that the person would be driving and also that someone may be injured as a result. Id. at 198.
The legislature cannot be said to be concerned only with drunk drivers, either by this prohibition or even because of the existence of the drunk driving laws. Common sense and experience demonstrate that intoxicated persons often get into fights, are disorderly, hurt themselves, batter their spouses and partners, assault their children, and act in other ways injurious to members of the general public. The majority acknowledges this by stating: “The statutory duty recog
However, the Supreme Court found the only declared public policy involving drinking and harm to third persons to be in the D.U.I. laws. It did not say a person harmed by an intoxicated person in a non-motor vehicle confrontation would likewise have a cause of action. In any event, such a question is not before us in the circumstances of this case, because a driver is involved, and since the Supreme Court has limited the civil duty, so that it does not arise unless the provider at that time has some knowledge that the intoxicated person will drive, we must do the same.
I do not agree with the majority that this knowledge of a future fact must be actual. It involves instead the prediction of conduct, as Keaton v. Kroger Co.,
As quoted in the dissent in Southern Bell, supra at 617, issues of “ ‘lack of ordinary care in failing to foresee or observe the negligence of another, are ordinarily not susceptible of summary adjudication [Cit.] and unless only one conclusion is permissible [Cits.], the issue should be resolved by the jury . . . , and even where there is no dispute as to the facts, it is usually for the jury to say whether the conduct in question met the standard of the reasonable man.’ ”
As in Brumbelow v. Shoney’s Big Boy,
Just because in the cases following Sutter the intoxicated person’s imminent driving was fairly foreseeable does not mean that it has to be an absolute certainty. (In Tibbs v. Studebaker’s of Savannah,
Here, of course, there is evidence that E & G’s vice-president knew Warren would be driving when she was served drinks, as this is a reasonable inference from the circumstances, including the fact that arrangements were made for her to drive his wife to the second party in Warren’s own car. So I agree that E & G, as host, was not entitled to summary judgment.
As to the purveyor Laing, it would appear that if the statute as such is viewed as raising the civil duty, it would not matter whether the purveyor had knowledge that the intoxicated person would drive, and whether that knowledge was actual or constructive, direct or indirect, or even reasonably foreseeable. The duty would be founded solely on the presentation to a business, as described in OCGA § 3-1-1, (referred to as a “commercial establishment” in Tibbs, supra, 643-644), of a noticeably intoxicated person who sought another drink. The duty will have arisen from the desire to protect the general public from whatever that intoxicated person would do if he had another drink. But since the Supreme Court limited the civilly actionable duty itself, to one where there is knowledge of imminent driving, the knowledge element also applies to Laing. Thus, whether it was reasonably foreseeable to Laing that Warren would drive must be determined by the jury from the circumstances known by the employee who served Warren.
It is to be noted that, by the 1988 enactment of OCGA § 51-1-40, which was not yet in effect when the death here occurred, the General Assembly expressly created a civil duty with respect to those intoxicated persons whom the purveyor or host knows “will soon be driving a motor vehicle.” The breach, followed by proximate cause and damage, will give a statutory cause of action in tort. Under this enactment, as under Sutter but not under OCGA § 3-3-22 itself, knowledge of imminent driving is made a prerequisite before a provider has a duty to stop serving.
2. As to Division 4, I cannot go so far as to say that, as a matter of law, the circumstances shown establish that Warren was not in the scope of her employment while at the E & G party at the hotel. See Divecchio v. Mead Corp.,