65 U.S. 544
U.S.
1861
Mr. Justice CLIFFORD

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is а writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the middle district of Tennessee. John J. "Wheeler, the plaintiff in error, complained in the court below against the present defendants in a plea of trespass on the ease, as will more fully appear by reference to the declaration which is set forth at large in the transcript. It allеged three distinct causes of action, and each cause of action was set forth in two separate counts. All of the counts, however, were founded upon the same transaction, so that a brief reference to the first, third, and fifth of the series will be sufficient to. exhibit the substance of the declaration, and the nature of the suppоsed grievances for which the suit was instituted. First, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants, falsely and maliciously contriving and intending to injure him in his good name and reputation, on the eighteenth day of September, 1856, at a certain place within the jurisdiction of the court below, went before a certain justice of the peace for that county, and falsely and maliciously, and without any reasonable or probable cause, charged the plaintiff with having feloniously stolen four horses, which he then and there had in his possession, and caused and procured the magistrate to grant a warrant, under his hand and seal, for the apprehension of the plaintiff', upon that false, malicious, and groundless сharge; and that he, the plaintiff, was accordingly arrested by virtue of the warrant so procured, and falsely and maliciously, and without any reasonable or probable cause, imprisoned in the prison-house of the State there situate for the space of seven days; and that at the expiration of that period he was fully acquitted and discharged of the supposed offence,- and that the prosecution for the same was wholly ended and determined. Secondly, the plaintiff’ alleged that the defendants, on the same day and at the same place, with force and arms assaulted him, tlie plaintiff', and forced and compelled him to go to the prison-house of the Statе there situate, and then and there falsely and maliciously,-and without any reasonable or probable cause, imprisoned him for the space of seven days, contrary to the laws, and customs of the State. Thirdly, the plaintiff' alleged that the defendants, on ■ the same day and at the same place, did unlawfully and falsely conspire, combine, and agree among themselves and with others, that the first-named defendant,'with a view to procure a warrant for the arrest and imprisonment of the plaintiff, should go before a certain magistrate of the county, and make oath, according to law, that he, the complainant, verily believed that the plaintiff! with two other persons, had committed the aforesaid offence, and that the other defendants in this suit should attend the preliminary examination of the plaintiff before the magistrate, and then and there aid, abet, and assist the complainant, by their testimony,.influence, and advice, in prosecuting the charge; and the plaintiff averred that the defendants so far carried their corrupt аnd evil conspiracy and agreement into effect, that they procured the warrant from the magistrate by the means contemplated, and that he, the plaintiff was then and there arrested by virtue of the samé, and imprisoned upon that false, malicious, and groundless accusation for the space of seven days, and that at the expiratiоn of that period he was fully acquitted and discharged of the supposed offence. Such is the substance of the declaration, so far as it is deemed material to reproduce it át the present time. Testimony was introduced by the plaintiff tending to show that he was the lawful owner of the four horses described in the warrant on wdiich he was arrested; and he also proved, without objection, that he had always sustained a good character in the neighborhood where he resided. He also introduced a duly-certified copy of the complaint made against him by7 the first-named defendant, and a duly-certified copy of the warrant issued by the magistrate. Those copies show that the comрlainant, on the eighteenth day of August, 1856, made the accusation under oath, as required by the law of the State, and that the magistrate théreupon granted the warrant for the apprehension of the plaintiff together with two other persons, who were jointly accused with him of the same offence. Both the complaint and warrant were in regular fоrm, and the latter contained the usual directions, that the persons accused should forthwith be brought before the magistrate who issued it, or some other justice of the peace for the county, to answer to the charge, and be dealt with as the law directed. "Whether the officer made any formal return on the precept or not does not appear; but it is stated in the bill of exceptions that the warrant was placed in the hands of the sheriff, and that the persons accused of the offence, including the plaintiffj were on the same day brought before the magistrate .for trial. When brought into court they were not prepared for the examination, and at their request the trial wаs postponed for twelve days, or until they should have sufficient time to pi'ocure the attendance of certain witnesses,' whose testimony was necessary, as they represented, to establish their defence; and the minutes of the proceedings before the magistrate state, in effect, that the accused, “not being able to give any sеcurity for their appearance” at the time appointed for the trial, “or not offering to give any, the sheriff was directed to hold them in custody to answer to the charge.” Pursuant to that order the plaintiff, as well as the other persons accused, remained in the custody of the sheriff, and were kept by him in the prison-house of the State there situate until the witnesses of the plaintiff’appeared; ánd on the twenty-fifth day of September, 1856, they were again brought before the magistrate, and after the witnesses on both sides wrere examined, all of the accused were fully acquitted and. discharged of the alleged offence. To show that the prosecution wrns groundless, and without any reasonаble or probable cause, the plaintiff examined several, witnesses to prove the circumstances under which he was arrested, and the substance of the evidence adduced against him at the trial before the magistrate. One of the defendants is the magistrate who granted the warrant, and the other defendants were witnesses for the Statе in the criminal prosecution. All of the defendants were citizens of the State of Tennessee, and the plaintiff was a citizen of the State of Kentucky, and it did not appear that the parties had any acquaintance with each other prior to this transaction. No attempt was made on the part of the plaintiff to prove express malice, and there was no direct evidence of any kind to support the allegation of conspiracy. On the other hand, the defendants insisted that there was no evidence to support the charge of conspiracy or of false imprisonment, and that the prosecution was instituted in good faith, and conducted throughout upon reasonable and probable cause; and to establish that defence they called and examined several witnesses to prove what the evidence was which was given against the plaintiff at the trial before the magistrate. Without entering into particulars, it will be sufficient to say that the evidence adduced by the defendants ‍‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‍had some tendency to maintain the defence. Under the rulings and instructions of the court the jury returned their verdict in favor of the defendants, and the plaintiff excepted to the charge of the court. Unaided by the assignment of errors, it would be difficult to ascertain, with any degree of certainty, to what particular part of the charge of the court the exceptions were intended to apply. But that difficulty is so far obviated by the specifications contained in the printed argument filed for the plaintiff, that with some hesitation we have concluded that.the ease, as presented in the transcript, is one which may be re-examined in this court.

1. Among other things, the presiding justice instructed the jury that in order to excusе the defendants on the first two ■counts in the declaration, it must appear that they had probable cause for the prosecution of the plaintiff for the offence described in the complaint and warrant, or that they acted bona fide without malice. Objection is made by the counsel of the plaintiff to this part of the charge of the court; but we think it was. quite as favorable to him’as the well-settled rules of law upon the subject would possibly allow. To support an action for a malicious criminal prosecution the plaintiff must prove, in the first place, the fact of prosecution, and that the defendant was himself the prosecutor, or that he instigated its commencement, and that it finаlly terminated in his acquittal. He must also prove that the charge preferred against him was unfounded, and that it was made without reasonable or prob-. able cause, and that the defendant in making or instigating it was actuated by malice. Proof of these several facts is indispensable to support the declaration, and cléarly the burden of proof in the first instance is upon the plaintiff to make out his case, and if he fails to do so in any one of these particulars, the defendant has no occasion to offer any evidence in his defence. Undoubtedly, every person who puts the criminal .law in force maliciously, and without any reasonable or probable cause, commits a wrongful act; and if the accused is thereby prejudiced, either in his person or property, the injury and loss so sustained constitute the proper foundation of an action to recover compensation. Malice alone, however, is not sufficient to sustain the action, because a person actuated by the plainest malice may nevertheless prefer a well-founded accusation, and have a justifiable reason for the prosecution of the charge. Want of reasonable and probable cause is as much an element in the action for a malicious criminal prosecution as the evil motive which prompted the prosecutor to make the accusation; and though the averment is a negative one in its form and character, it is nevertheless a material element of the action, and must be proved by the plaintiff' by some affirmative evidence, unless the defendant dispenses with such proof by pleading singly the truth of the several facts involved in the charge. Morris v. Corson, 7 Cow., 281. Either of these allegations may be proved by circumstances, and it is unquestionably true that want of probable cause is evidence of malice, but it is not the same thing; and unless it is shown that both concurred in the prosecution, ‍‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‍or that the one was combined with the other in making or instigating the charge, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover in an action of this description. Add. on ”W. and R. Accordingly, it was held in Foshay v. Ferguson, 4 Den., 619, that even proof of express malice was not enough without showing also .the want of probable cause; and the court go on to gay, that however innocent the plaintiff may have been of the crime laid to his charge, it is enough for the defendant to show that he had reasonable grounds for believing him guilty аt the--time the charge was made. Similar views were also expressed in Stone v. Crocker, 24 Pick., 83. There are two thiugs, say. the court in that case, which are not only indispensable to the support of the action, but lie at the foundation of it. The plaintiff must show that the defendant acted from malicious motives in prosecuting him, and that hé had no sufficient reason to believe him to be guilty. If either 'of these be wanting, the action must fail; and so are all the authorities from a very early period to the present time Golding v. Crowle, Sayer, 1; Farmer v Darling, 4 Burr, 1,974 1 Hillard on T., 460.

• .It is true, as before 'remarked, that want of probable cause is evidence of malice for the consideration of. the jury; but ■the converse of .the proposition cannot ‍‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‍be sustained. Nothing will meet the exigencies- of the case, so far as respects the allegation thaf probable" causе was- wanting, except proof of the fact; and the onus, probandi, as was well remarked in the case last referred to, is upon the plaintiff to prove affirmatively, by circumstances or otherwise, as he may be able, that the defendant- had no reasonable ground for commencing the prosecution. Purcell v. McNamara, 9 East., 361; Willans v. Taylor, 6 Bing., 184; Johnstone v. Sutton, 1 Term, 544; Add. on W. and R., 435; Turner v. Ambler, 10 Q. B., 257.

Aрplying these principles to the present case, -it necessarily follows that so- much of the charge of the court as is now under consideration furnishes no just ground of complaint on the part of the plaintiff. . On the contrary, it is quite obvious that unless it was accompanied by prior explanations,' not stated in the bill- of éxeeptions, it was even more favorable to the plaintiff than he had a right -to expect. He was bound to make out his ease; and if it did not appear that the prosfecution had been commenced with malicious motives, and without reasonable and probable cause, then the plaintiff’was not entitled to a verdict. Mitchel v. Jenkins, 5 Barn. and Adol., 594.

■'. 2. With these remarks as to the first ground of сomplaint, we. will proceed to the examination of the second, which is also based upon a- detached portion of the charge of the court. After ‍‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‍stating the alternative proposition * already .recited, the presiding justice proceeded to'define the term, probable cause.. He 'substantially .told the jury that probаble cause_was the existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite the belief, in a reasonable' mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person charged was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted;

Having- thus defined .the meaning of the term probable cause, he then proсeeded to say that the want of probable cause afforded a. presumption of malice, but that such presumption might be rebutted'by other evidence, showing that .the party acted bona fide, and in'the'honest discharge of what he believed to be his duty; and then gave the instruction to which the second'objection applies. It is as follows: “If, however, the jury find that ,the arrest was wanton and reckless, and that no circumstances existed to induce .a reasonable, dispassionate man to believe-that the defendant was guilty of having stolen the horses he had in his possession, then,'the jury ought to'infer malice.” Clearly, this part of the charge must be taken in connection with what.preceded it, and when so rеad and understood, it is impossible to hold that it is in- ' correct, except,'perhaps, the closing paragraph is put rather strongly- in favor of the plaintiff. ' Whether the prosecution was or was not commenced. from malicious motives, was a question of fact, and it was for the jury to-determine'whether the inference of malice was a reаsonable one from the facts assumed in the instruction.- Be that as it.may, it is quite cer- ■ tain that it furnishes no ground- of exception to the plaintiff,' and in all other respects we hold the instruction :to be' correct.

3. One other objection only remains to be considered. After stating the fact that the magistrate who issued the warrant. was sued as a joint defendant, the presiding justice told the jury that the warrant, as given in evidence, was iii,due-form, and that the presumption -was, from the. statements found therein, that there was sufficient evidence before the -magistrate to ‍‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‍authorize him to issue it; and then follow-s that portion of the instructions to which the third objection applies. He then told the jury that if there wTas probablе cause for the. arrest of the defendant, he could be lawfully detained a reasonable time till the warrant was issued aud executed. It is insisted by the plaintiff that this instruction was both abstract and misleading. ' But that theory is .wholly without support from anything that appears in the record, and, in point of fact, is directly contradicted by what does appear. Tо sustain that remark it is only necessary to refer to the declaration, where, it is alleged that the plaintiff was detained in prison for the space of seven days, and the minutes of the proceedings before the magistrate show that he was so detained as the necessary consequence of his own request for delay, and the neglect on his part to offer any satisfactory security for his appearance at the time appointed for the examination-. Those minutes were introduced by the plaintiff; and in the absence of any proof to the contrary, it must be assumed that they speak the truth. In view of the whole case, we think the charge of the court to. ■the jury was correct, and that there was no error in the record. The judgment of the Circuit Court is therefore affirmed, with costs. .