Wetzel v. State
298 Ga. 20
Ga.
2015
Check Treatment

WETZEL v. THE STATE

S15A0650

SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA

NOVEMBER 2, 2015

328 Ga. App. 411 | 779 SE2d 263

NAHMIAS, Justice

the mission; instead, it unreasonably prolongs the stop.

An officer, in other words, may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop. But... he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual. . . .

Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an officer‘s mission includes “ordinary inquiries incident to [the traffic] stop.” [] Typically such inquiries involve checking the driver‘s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile‘s registration and proof of insurance.

(Citations omitted; emphasis supplied.) . Nothing in supports prolonging a traffic stop to inquire into irrelevant passenger information.14

Because I believe the officer unlawfully extended the traffic stop in this case, I would uphold the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the trial court‘s granting the motions to suppress. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent to the majority opinion.

I am authorized to state that Justice Hunstein and Justice Melton join in this dissent.

DECIDED NOVEMBER 2, 2015.

James L. Wright III, District Attorney, Blair D. Mahaffey, Assistant District Attorney, for appellant.

Veal & Lamar, Holly W. Veal; William C. Puckett, Jr., for appellees.

NAHMIAS, Justice.

Appellant Jeremy Wetzel was a high school paraprofessional who engaged in highly inappropriate, sexually oriented electronic communications with a 15-year-old student, which included e-mailing her two photographs of his erect penis. The question in this case is whether Wetzel‘s conduct, as it was alleged in the indictment the State brought against him, violated the criminal statutes with which he was charged. At trial, the jury acquitted Wetzel of child molestation in violation of OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (2) (Count 2), but it convicted him of computer pornography and child exploitation in violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) (Count 1) and of electronically furnishing obscene material to a minor in violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (Count 3).

The computer pornography conviction was based on the State‘s argument at trial that the jury gets to decide whether, in its opinion, Wetzel‘s conduct should be deemed “an unlawful sexual offense against a child,” as that phrase is used in OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1). But it is a bedrock principle of Georgia law that only the legislature can prescribe what conduct will be deemed criminal, and it is also fundamental that a person may be found guilty only of crimes that were defined before he committed the allegedly illegal acts. Because the State misled the jury on this point and the trial court‘s jury instructions did nothing to correct that misinformation, Wetzel‘s conviction on Count 1 must be reversed. Wetzel‘s challenges to his conviction on Count 3, however, are meritless, so we affirm that conviction.

1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the evidence at trial showed the following. Wetzel was a paraprofessional for special education students at North Oconee High School. He also helped with a club whose student members worked with special education students at the school. S. B. J. first met Wetzel through the club, which she joined in the fall of her sophomore year at North Oconee. S. B. J. was 15 years old; Wetzel was 24. They became Facebook friends and started chatting online.

On the evening of November 15, 2011, shortly after their Facebook communications began, S. B. J. used the cell phone number Wetzel posted on Facebook to begin exchanging text messages with him. When S. B. J.‘s cell phone stopped sending and receiving texts at 10:00 p.m. that night because of a restriction her parents had set on her phone, she switched to communicating with Wetzel via a text messaging app on her sister‘s iPod Touch, which can connect to the Internet and download apps but cannot make phone calls. Wetzel and S. B. J. exchanged text messages until 1:50 a.m. S. B. J. then texted Wetzel again after waking up on November 16, and resumed texting him when she got home from school that day. S. B. J. characterized the communications on Facebook and the initial text messages as “normal, casual conversations,” but by the evening of November 16, the discussions became sexual in nature.

At some point that night, Wetzel asked S. B. J. by text about what size penises she had seen. He then attempted to text her a picture of his penis, but her iPod texting app could not receive pictures. So Wetzel switched to e-mail and around 11:00 p.m., he used his cell phone to send two photographs from his Hotmail address to S. B. J.‘s Gmail address. One picture showed Wetzel‘s nude torso with an erect penis and the other was a close-up of just his erect penis. S. B. J. testified that a couple of days later, Wetzel sent her more pictures1 and asked her via text message, “What do I get in return?” S. B. J. testified that she then took two pictures of herself topless (one wearing sweat pants and one wearing only underwear) and sent them electronically to Wetzel. Their communications continued for a few more days, ending when Wetzel indicated that he wanted to resume a relationship with his former girlfriend.

On December 6, 2011, S. B. J. showed the November 16 pictures of Wetzel to two of her friends. The next day, those friends reported the pictures to a teacher. Wetzel and S. B. J. were interviewed by school administrators, and S. B. J. showed the principal the November 16 e-mails with the pictures, which were still in her trash folder. Wetzel was then terminated and told to leave the school. The police were notified, and he was arrested later that day. Two days later, the police obtained a search warrant for Wetzel‘s house and identified his bathroom as the background of the pictures. His cell phone and laptop computer were taken into custody, but no evidence of his communications with S. B. J. was found on them. His cell phone records obtained from his provider, however, showed numerous texts to and from S. B. J.‘s cell phone number and the number linked to the iPod‘s texting app. The two naked photographs of Wetzel from November 16 were recovered from S. B. J.‘s Gmail account. The text messages sent to and from the iPod could not be downloaded from the app, but a few texts that had been sent between Wetzel and S. B. J. in the early morning hours of December 1 were recovered by taking pictures of the iPod screen showing the texts. At trial, S. B. J. testified that she and Wetzel never had any inappropriate physical contact.

Wetzel was indicted for computer pornography, tracking the language of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) (Count 1); child molestation, tracking the language of OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (2) (Count 2); and electronically furnishing obscene material to minors, tracking the language of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A) (Count 3). Before trial, Wetzel filed a timely general demurrer as to all counts, raising both constitutional and non-constitutional claims, which the trial court denied. After a four-day trial from May 28-31, 2013, the jury acquitted Wetzel on Count 2 but found him guilty on Counts 1 and 3. The trial court sentenced him to eight years, to serve two years in prison, on Count 1 and one concurrent year in prison on Count 3. Wetzel filed a timely notice of appeal.2

2. We first consider Wetzel‘s challenges to his conviction for violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1). In Count 1 of the indictment, the State alleged that Wetzel

did intentionally utilize an electronic device, to wit: a cellular phone, to seduce, solicit, and entice [S. B. J.], a child under 16 years of age, to engage in the sending and receiving of nude photographs, conduct that is, by its nature, an unlawful sexual offense against a child; in violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d)[.]

This charge tracks the language of the 2011 version of the statute, which made it unlawful for any person

to utilize a computer on-line service or Internet service, including but not limited to a local bulletin board service, Internet chat room, e-mail, on-line messaging service, or other electronic device, to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice, or attempt to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child or another person believed by such person to be a child to commit any illegal act described in Code Section 16-6-2, relating to the offense of sodomy or aggravated sodomy; Code Section 16-6-4, relating to the offense of child molestation or aggravated child molestation; Code Section 16-6-5, relating to the offense of enticing a child for indecent purposes; or Code Section 16-6-8, relating to the offense of public indecency or to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.

OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1). A “child” is defined as “any person under the age of 16 years.” OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (b) (1).3

(a) Most of Wetzel‘s challenges to his conviction under OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) focus on his disagreement with the State over the meaning of the final clause in the statute — “or to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.” At trial and in his initial briefs to this Court, Wetzel principally argued, contrary to basic principles of grammar and logic, that this phrase relates only to violations of OCGA § 16-6-8.4 Wetzel based this argument on the fact that the statute says that it is a crime to use an electronic device to seduce a child in order to violate “Code Section 16-6-8, relating to the offense of public indecency or to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child,” with no punctuation separating the two phrases.5 But that reading ignores the parallel language used to identify the specified statutory offenses (“Code Section [number], relating to the offense of [title of that code section]“), and the verbal phrase “to engage” that follows the “or” parallels the verbal phrase “to commit” that precedes the enumerated offenses and would be unnecessary and nonsensical under Wetzel‘s reading. Moreover, Wetzel‘s reading renders the final clause of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) meaningless, because all of OCGA § 16-6-8 relates to public indecency, so the “or engage in” clause would neither specify some sub-part of OCGA § 16-6-8 that applies under OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) nor add any conduct to that which is already made illegal by the reference to OCGA § 16-6-8.

The State‘s initial interpretation of the final clause in OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) was even worse. At trial and in its initial brief to this Court, the State argued, contrary to basic principles of law and due process, that the phrase “unlawful sexual offense against a child” did not require the State to allege or even identify a statutory sexual offense that rendered Wetzel‘s conduct with S. B. J. unlawful. Instead, the State asserted, if the jury decided, as the “voice of the community,” that it believed Wetzel‘s conduct was “offensive,” then he had committed an “unlawful sexual offense.”6 In the context of a criminal code, however, an “offense” is defined as “[a] violation of the law.” Black‘s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). This ordinary legal usage is reinforced by the adjective “unlawful,” which is defined as “not authorized by law; illegal.” Id. And to leave no doubt, the General Assembly has said directly, “No conduct constitutes a crime unless it is described as a crime in this title or in another statute of this state....” OCGA § 16-1-4. See also (noting that Georgia has had only statutory offenses, rather than common-law crimes, since 1833). When it comes to deciding what conduct qualifies as a crime in Georgia, the community must speak through our legislature in advance of the conduct, not through a jury after the conduct has occurred.

Indeed, the construction of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1)‘s final clause that the State advanced at trial would render the statute unconstitutional as applied here:

“[O]ur liberties and rights [are] determined . . . not by a tribunal which makes its own law, but by a tribunal that obeys the law as made. . . . Unless there be a violation of law preannounced, . . . there is no crime and can be no punishment.”

(citation omitted). See U. S. Const. Art. 1, Sec. 10 (“No State shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto Law“); Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. X (“No . . . ex post facto law . . . shall be passed.“).

After this Court directed the parties to be prepared to address this issue at oral argument, Wetzel apparently reacquainted himself with basic principles of our language, and the State apparently reacquainted itself with basic principles of our law. Both parties filed supplemental briefs repudiating their prior flawed interpretations of the final clause in OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1). They now agree, and we now hold, that in saying that a person violates OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) by using an electronic device to seduce, etc. a child in order “to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child,” the General Assembly was requiring the State to allege and prove that the defendant‘s conduct violated another specific criminal law, not allowing the jury in each case to decide retroactively whether it believed the conduct at issue was “offensive.”7 The State‘s belated arrival at this conclusion, however, resulted in the jury convicting Wetzel on Count 1 of the indictment after being misled about what it needed to decide to find him guilty of that charge.

(b) Although Wetzel incorrectly interpreted OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) until he submitted his supplemental brief to this Court, he did correctly point out to the trial court that the State was required to identify at least some underlying crime, and he argued that the jury instruction on Count 1 was incomplete. We agree.

The trial court accepted, or at least acquiesced in, the State‘s obdurate refusal to identify any offense outside OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) as the relevant “unlawful sexual offense against a child.” Accordingly, with respect to Count 1, the court gave only the following jury instruction:

A person commits the offense of computer pornography when he intentionally utilizes an electronic device to seduce, solicit, or entice a child or an individual believed by such person to be a child to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child. In this context, “child” means any person under the age of 16 years, and the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged victim was a child or was an individual believed by the accused to be a child. Additionally, the term “electronic device” may include, but is not limited to, a cellular phone.

Although this instruction tracked the relevant statutory language, it did not give the jury any inkling of the underlying offense on which Count 1 was allegedly based or refer to the elements of any such offense. Nor did the indictment, the material allegations of which the trial court elsewhere directed the jury to consider, identify the “unlawful sexual offense” referenced in Count 1. Thus, the instruction failed to give the jury ” ‘proper guidelines for determining guilt or innocence’ ” on Count 1. (citation omitted). See also (“The office of a charge by the court is to give to the jury such instruction touching the rules of law pertinent to the issues involved in the pending trial, as will enable them intelligently to apply thereto the evidence submitted, and from the two constituents law and fact make a verdict.“).

The absence of guidance to the jury on this point of law was exacerbated when, during its closing argument, the State affirmatively misled the jury regarding its consideration of Count 1, saying:

[W]hether or not the sending and receiving of nude photographs between a 24-year-old parapro at the high school and a 15-year-old sophomore, whether or not that is conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child, well, ladies and gentlemen, that‘s for y‘all to decide. Y‘all are the voice of this community. I would submit to you that this community — or in any community, the sending and receiving of nude photographs between a 24-year-old and a 15-year-old is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.

For the reasons discussed above, this was a wholly inappropriate argument, which sought to bestow upon the jury the power to create and then retroactively enforce an “unlawful sexual offense” based solely on its feelings, or its beliefs regarding how the community would feel, about Wetzel‘s conduct. The court did nothing to correct this inaccurate statement of the relevant law. Compare (finding that a prosecutor‘s misstatement of the law on justification during his closing argument was harmless when the trial court advised the jury that the instructions on the law would come from the court and then fully and correctly instructed the jury on the legal issue, without objection by the defendant).

We conclude that the minimal instruction given by the trial court on the “unlawful sexual offense” element of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) as charged in Count 1 of the indictment, in conjunction with the blatantly incorrect explanation of the law offered by the State, left the jury without proper guidance on the relevant law. And given the reprehensible — even if not criminal — nature of Wetzel‘s conduct, and the resulting likelihood that the jury improperly found him guilty in accordance with the improper argument made by the State, we cannot say that this instructional error was harmless. Accordingly, we reverse Wetzel‘s conviction on Count 1.

3. Seeking to salvage Count 1, at least for a possible retrial, the State argues that, even if the jury in Wetzel‘s original trial was improperly instructed on that count, a violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) was adequately alleged in the indictment, when read as a whole, and that violation was then adequately proved at trial. See (explaining that a defendant may be put on notice of an alleged crime where “[t]he facts essential to proving that [he] committed the [crime] are alleged in the indictment, even if those allegations are scattered across several counts“); (explaining that the constitutional protection against double jeopardy “does not preclude the State from retrying a criminal defendant whose conviction is set aside due to . . . improper instructions,” if the evidence at the original trial was legally sufficient for a properly instructed jury to have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt). The State suggests that the “unlawful sexual offense against a child” alleged in Count 1 could be the child molestation offense alleged in Count 2 or the electronically furnishing obscene material to minors offense alleged in Count 3. We disagree.

(a) Child molestation can certainly be a predicate offense for a violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1). In the indictment, however, the State did not allege that Wetzel used an electronic device to seduce, solicit, or entice S. B. J. in order “to commit an[] illegal act described in . . . Code Section 16-6-4, relating to the offense of child molestation.” Instead, the State alleged a violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) using only the language of the final clause of that statute, accusing Wetzel of seducing, soliciting, and enticing S. B. J., a child under 16 years of age, in order “to engage in the sending and receiving of nude photographs, conduct that is, by its nature, an unlawful sexual offense against a child.”

The statute is not read naturally to allow the “unlawful sexual offense” in the final clause to be one of the four types of offenses specified earlier in the statute. The listed offenses are all undoubtedly “unlawful sexual offense[s],” so reading the statute as the State suggests would mean that there was no need to list them separately, and “this Court avoids interpreting statutes in a manner that renders any portion of them surplusage or meaningless.” . See also (“[A] statute is to be construed to give sensible and intelligent effect to all its provisions and to refrain from any interpretation which renders any part of the statute meaningless.” (citation and punctuation omitted)).

Moreover, the enumeration of specific offenses and the final catch-all clause are separated by an “or” and introduced with similar but not identical language. Thus, a person violates OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) by using an electronic device to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child in order either “to commit any illegal act . . . described in [the following four separate code sections] or to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.” This construction does not render the final clause superfluous either, as the Criminal Code contains crimes other than the four types enumerated that may involve conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a minor, see, e.g., OCGA § 16-6-3 (statutory rape), and the General Assembly also may have drafted OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) so that it would not need to be amended any time a new sexual offense is enacted.

The State did not charge Wetzel with violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) in relation to child molestation, and he cannot be retried based on the same conduct for a crime for which he was not originally indicted. See OCGA § 16-1-7 (b); (explaining that allegations and proof must correspond so that the defendant will not be surprised at trial or prosecuted for the same offense twice).

(b) The offense that Wetzel was charged with (and convicted of) in Count 3 of the indictment — electronically furnishing obscene material to a minor in violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A) — is not enumerated in OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1), so in theory it could have been referenced by the “unlawful sexual offense against a child” allegation in Count 1.8 However, Wetzel did not also violate OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) when he committed that offense.9

A violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) requires that the defendant use an electronic device “to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice, or attempt to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child” in order “to engage in any conduct that by its nature is an unlawful sexual offense against a child.” Thus, while the “unlawful sexual offense” alleged in the indictment need not be completed — the defendant may merely solicit or entice the child with the aim of engaging in the relevant criminal conduct — there must be such a solicitation or enticement that allows, or would allow, the predicate crime to be committed.

Wetzel‘s violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A), as alleged in Count 3, was complete as soon as he sent the e-mails with the pictures of his erect penis to S. B. J., thereby furnishing someone he knew or should have known was a minor with pictures depicting “sexually explicit nudity,” regardless of whether or how S. B. J. responded to his pictures. Moreover, even assuming that the nude photographs themselves could serve as the seduction, solicitation, or enticement and further assuming that Wetzel sent them intending to seduce, solicit, or entice S. B. J. to send sexually explicit photos of herself back to him (since the allegations of Count 1 speak of “sending and receiving of nude photographs“), Wetzel — an adult — would not violate OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A) by receiving sexually explicit pictures from a minor.10 Accordingly, as a matter of law, the violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A) alleged in Count 3 could not be the “unlawful sexual offense” alleged in Count 1.

(c) Despite our express invitation to do so, the State has not identified any other “unlawful sexual offense” within the meaning of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) that it contends was properly alleged by the indictment against Wetzel and was then proved by the evidence presented at trial. It is not the responsibility of this Court or of the trial court to scour the Criminal Code in search of some offense that might fit that bill. And like the jury that heard his case, we do not have the authority to declare Wetzel‘s conduct illegal simply because we find it detestable. Because the State has not shown that Wetzel can be retried on Count 1, we need not address the merits of his remaining challenges to his conviction on that count, including his constitutional challenge to OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1).11

4. We turn now to Wetzel‘s challenges to his conviction on Count 3 of the indictment for violating OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A), which, as noted above in footnote 9, makes it a crime to “electronically furnish[ ]” certain materials deemed obscene to “an individual whom the [defendant] knows or should have known is a minor.”

(a) Wetzel argues first that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support this conviction because there was no evidence that he electronically furnished his nude pictures to S. B. J. through the operation of a “computer bulletin board.” He similarly argues that the jury instruction on this count was defective because the jury was not told that it could find him guilty only if he operated a computer bulletin board. Because Wetzel‘s interpretation of how obscene materials may be “electronically furnishe[d]” to a minor is incorrect, these arguments lack merit.12

At the time of Wetzel‘s alleged violation in 2011, “electronically furnishes” was defined, in relevant part, as “[t]o make available by allowing access to information stored in a computer, including making material available by operating a computer bulletin board.” OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B) (2011).13 Wetzel argues that the word “including” as used in this provision is a word of limitation, meaning that “allowing access to information stored in a computer” is defined exclusively as “making material available by operating a computer bulletin board.”

As used in statutes, the word “including” and the specific terms that follow it may serve to expand, to limit, or to confirm by illustration the meaning of a more general term that precedes it. See (” ‘[T]he word ‘includes’ is susceptible of meaning, inter alia, either ‘encompasses’ or ‘is equivalent to.’ ” (citation omitted)). Accord (“[Including] may have the sense of addition, as we have seen, and of ‘also;’ but, we have also seen, ‘may merely specify particularly that which belongs to the genus.’ ” (citation omitted)); Black‘s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) (” ‘Including’ within statute is interpreted as a word of enlargement or of illustrative application as well as a word of limitation.“).14 Determining the sense in which the legislature used “including” in a particular statute depends on the exact language, context, and subject matter of the statute. See . When viewed in this way, it becomes clear that “including” is used in OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B) to expand, rather than to limit, the ways by which obscene materials may be “ma[de] available [to minors] by allowing access to information stored in a computer.”

We first examine the immediate context in which “including” appears in this statute. Unlike in , where “includes” was followed by two very detailed specific phrases, see , “including” in OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B) is followed by only one specified method of making stored computer information available: “by operating a computer bulletin board.” If that single and straightforward method were meant to be the only prohibited way of “allowing access to information stored in a computer,” then the general phrase preceding “including” would be surplusage; the statute could have defined “electronically furnishes” simply as “to make available by operating a computer bulletin board system.” See (“[T]his Court avoids interpreting statutes in a manner that renders any portion of them surplusage or meaningless.“). This is the converse of the situation in and similar cases, where reading the list of multiple specified phrases following “including” as merely illustrative of the preceding phrase would tend to render the specific phrases essentially superfluous. See .

But if “make available by allowing access to information stored on a computer” was meant to be read expansively, then why was it necessary to specifically enumerate “operating a computer bulletin board?” To answer this question, it helps to consider the status of computer-based communications when OCGA § 16-12-100.1 was enacted in 1993. See Ga. L. 1993, p. 735, § 1. That may be only 22 years ago, but given the extraordinary pace of change in information technology, it can be hard to recall what life was like way back then.15

In 1993, the World Wide Web, on which today‘s familiar and massive computer-based communication hubs like Gmail, Facebook, and Reddit rely, was just beginning; it debuted in 1991. See Steve Jones, Encyclopedia of New Media 43 (2003). However, other methods of communicating electronically stored information through computers had been developed earlier and were being used over smaller networks. Instant messaging, for example, was invented in 1971 as a chat function on a government computer network. See id. at 236. And unix-to-unix copy, or UUCP, which was created in 1978, could be used to allow remote transfer of files or to send mail between machines connected with each other via phone lines. See Bernard Aboba, The Online User‘s Encyclopedia: Bulletin Boards and Beyond 90 (1993).

“Bulletin board” systems were another then-popular method of computer-based communication. They provided “the ability to send and receive local e-mail, the uploading and downloading of files, and opportunities for online game playing with rudimentary graphics.” Jones, supra, at 45-46. One article written in 1986, during the rise of computer bulletin boards, described them this way:

Technically, a combination of software and hardware resides on some host computer system, and users access it through terminals or microcomputers by dialing in over dedicated or general purpose telecommunication lines. The bulletin board “posts” announcements, messages and entire discussions written by, and intended for, the users of the system. Different from electronic mail or teleconferencing, which are designed for a finite list of users or notes, computer bulletin boards are broadcast systems. Each message placed on them is intended for a wide audience; systems often seek out and encourage new users to sign on.

Sheizaf Rafaeli, The Electronic Bulletin Board: A Computer-Driven Mass Medium, 2 Computers and the Social Sciences 123, 123 (1986). Computer bulletin boards also provided the option of anonymity, allowing or even requiring users to communicate under pseudonyms. See id. at 124. During the early 1990s, the “golden years” of computer bulletin boards, there were more than 60,000 bulletin board systems in the United States, each with its own focus and community of users. See Jones, supra, at 47.

Given the growing popularity, potentially wide audience, and anonymity offered by bulletin boards as of 1993, it made sense for the General Assembly to want to ensure that those systems would be understood as coming within the scope of OCGA § 16-12-100.1. But there is no indication that the legislature meant to target this one method of electronically furnishing obscene materials to minors to the exclusion of all others — allowing, for example, the electronic dissemination of such materials so long as it was done by instant messaging over a school‘s or employer‘s smaller network. Moreover, even if we read the statute to target only communication methods sharing key characteristics of computer bulletin boards, such as the ability to share information widely and anonymously, the web-based e-mail of today — the sort of e-mail that Wetzel used to send his naked pictures to S. B. J. — although looking different from bulletin-board-based e-mail, would fit squarely within that category. Compare (deciding “that by listing specific examples, which are of the same class and kind,” the General Assembly intended to limit the definition to that class and concluding that because a cell phone was not similar to the listed examples, it was not encompassed by the statute).16

But there is even more reason to conclude that the specific mention of computer bulletin boards in the statute was meant to expand rather than restrict the reach of OCGA § 16-12-100.1, and indeed that it was important for the General Assembly to include this specific example to ensure that this type of electronic furnishing would be covered under the statute. This reason becomes clear when we focus on the full phrase used in the statute — “operating a computer bulletin board.” A significant component of bulletin boards not seen in other early methods of computer-based communication was the bulletin board system operator. These operators performed “[v]ery clear forms of ‘electronic gatekeeping’ ” and were “in the instrumental position to trim or censor the message flow.” Rafaeli, supra, at 124. Thus, system administrators could allow access to obscene information stored in a computer not by making the information available to minors themselves, but by allowing other users to post it and minors to view it. The phrase the General Assembly added after “including” in OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B) made sure that the statute would reach those linchpin computer bulletin board operators; it did not limit the statute to their operations.

The final indicator of the statute‘s meaning comes from the fact that the General Assembly chose to retain (with technologically updated language) the “operating a computer bulletin board” phrase when OCGA § 16-12-100.1 was amended in 2013. By that time — indeed, by 1997, see Jones, supra, at 47 — the use of computer bulletin boards had been almost entirely supplanted by electronic communication methods made possible by the World Wide Web. It is unlikely that the legislature updated the language of the statute to target only a near-extinct form of electronic communication and to leave unchecked the vastly more significant methods by which electronically stored information could be made available to minors in 2013. If, however, the legislature wanted to make sure that all such methods remained covered — even the increasingly unusual situation of bulletin board operation — then the 2013 amendments served a meaningful purpose.

For these reasons, OCGA § 16-12-100.1 is properly read to prohibit providing obscene materials to minors not only through operating a computer bulletin board but also through any other method of “allowing access to information stored in a computer.” Sending an e-mail is one of those other methods. At Wetzel‘s trial, the Director of Information Technology for the Oconee County Board of Commissioners explained that e-mail providers have servers, which are basically large computers. When an e-mail is sent, the information is stored on the server of the recipient‘s e-mail provider, and the recipient then accesses that information from that server. Thus, when Wetzel e-mailed the pictures of his penis to S. B. J.‘s Gmail address, the pictures were stored on Google‘s computer server, and when she opened the e-mails, she retrieved that information. In this way, Wetzel “electronically furnishe[d]” the material alleged in Count 3 to S. B. J. by providing her with access to information stored on a computer, within the meaning of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B). And the jury instruction on this count tracked the language of the statute on this point.17

(b) Wetzel next contends that his conviction on Count 3 must be reversed because the State failed to prove that he knew or should have known that S. B. J. was under age 18. OCGA § 16-12-100.1 prohibits electronically furnishing obscene material “to an individual whom the [defendant] knows or should have known is a minor,” and defines “minor” as “an unmarried person younger than 18 years of age.” OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (5), (b) (1). The evidence at trial indicated that Wetzel did not know what grade S. B. J. was in, but he knew that she was a high school student when he furnished the obscene pictures to her in November 2011. This evidence might not suffice to prove that Wetzel knew or should have known that S. B. J. was in fact only 15 years old at that time, but because the vast majority of high school students are under age 18 in November of a school year, the jury could reasonably conclude that, absent evidence to the contrary, a high school paraprofessional like Wetzel knew or should have known that S. B. J. was under 18 at the time of the crime.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. All the Justices concur.

DECIDED NOVEMBER 2, 2015.

Colin H. Moriarty; Michael L. Wetzel, for appellant.

Kenneth W. Mauldin, District Attorney, Kristopher M. Bolden, Assistant District Attorney; Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.

Notes

1
There was no evidence of what was depicted in these pictures, other than S. B. J.‘s testimony that they could have been the same pictures Wetzel sent her on November 16.
2
Wetzel directed his appeal to the Court of Appeals, which issued an opinion on November 17, 2014, affirming the trial court on all of the non-constitutional issues Wetzel raised and concluding that he had waived review of the constitutional challenges he enumerated because he had not raised them in and obtained a ruling on them from the trial court. Wetzel filed a motion for reconsideration, which was granted on the ground that he had in fact raised and obtained rulings on his constitutional claims. The Court of Appeals therefore vacated its opinion and transferred the case to this Court as coming within our exclusive appellate jurisdiction over constitutional questions. See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. II (1).
3
This statute was first enacted in 1999, see Ga. L. 1999, p. 232, and has since been amended several times, most recently in 2013. See Ga. L. 2013, p. 663.
4
OCGA § 16-6-8 (a) provides: (a) A person commits the offense of public indecency when he or she performs any of the following acts in a public place: (1) An act of sexual intercourse; (2) A lewd exposure of the sexual organs; (3) A lewd appearance in a state of partial or complete nudity; or (4) A lewd caress or indecent fondling of the body of another person.
5
When the statute was amended in 2013, a comma was added before the “or.” See Ga. L. 2013, p. 663.
6
During argument on Wetzel‘s motion for directed verdict, for example, the trial court asked the State, “What would the unlawful sexual offense be?” The State responded: “[I]t doesn‘t have to be an offense — I mean the word offense doesn‘t necessarily mean it has to [be] codified in the code section. . . . An offense is just something that offends another person and it offends the community.”
7
Thus, this is not a case like the one cited by the State in the trial court and in its initial brief here, where the jury was merely called on to apply a somewhat broad term used in a criminal statute to the facts presented in evidence. See (explaining that “whether a particular act is ‘immoral or indecent,‘” as those terms are used in the child molestation statute, OCGA § 16-6-4 (a), “is a jury question that may be determined in conjunction with the intent that drives the act“).
8
Count 3 alleged that Wetzel, knowing the character of the material, did electronically furnish to [S. B. J.], an individual he knew and should have known was a minor, photographs of a portion of a human body which depicted sexually explicit nudity, to wit: uncovered male genitals in a discernibly turgid state, said photographs not being an incidental part of an otherwise nonoffending whole and which was harmful to minors; in violation of OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b).
9
OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) (A) said in 2011 and still says today: (b) A person commits the crime of electronically furnishing obscene materials to minors if: (1) Knowing or having good reason to know the character of the material furnished, the person electronically furnishes to an individual whom the person knows or should have known is a minor: (A) Any picture, photograph, drawing, or similar visual representation or image of a person or portion of a human body which depicts sexually explicit nudity, sexual conduct, or sadomasochistic abuse and which is harmful to minors[.]
10
In its supplemental brief and at oral argument, the State suggested that to violate OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1), a person must seduce or solicit a minor to commit a sexual offense herself, and so we should consider whether Wetzel tried to lead S. B. J. to commit a crime. Although this might be a reasonable way to construe the statutory language making it unlawful “to seduce, solicit, lure, or entice a child . . . to commit any illegal act . . . or to engage in any conduct,” this reading does not make sense in the broader context of the statute, which speaks specifically to crimes against children. Two of the enumerated offenses — child molestation and enticing a child for indecent purposes — are crimes that require a child victim, and the “unlawful sexual offense” in the final clause must be “against a child.” Thus, the most natural reading is that OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) is concerned about crimes the seducer plans to commit against the child. See (“[W]e must afford the statutory text its ‘plain and ordinary meaning,’ we must view the statutory text in the context in which it appears, and we must read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English language would.” (citations omitted)). But even if we were to construe the statute as the State suggests, and even if there was sufficient evidence to find that Wetzel was soliciting S. B. J. to send him sexually explicit pictures of herself, S. B. J. could not violate OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (b) (1) by sending obscene material to Wetzel, because she knew Wetzel was an adult and the statute makes it a crime to electronically furnish sexually explicit pictures “to an individual whom the person knows or should have known is a minor.”
11
Our reversal of Wetzel‘s conviction on these non-constitutional grounds does not deprive this Court of subject matter jurisdiction over this case, because he enumerated in his appeal a novel constitutional issue that was raised in and ruled upon by the trial court. See .
12
Wetzel also asserts that OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (B) is void for vagueness and overbreadth, but he offers no argument to support this contention. We therefore deem it abandoned. See ; Supreme Court Rule 22.
13
The statute also defines “electronically furnishes” as “[t]o make available by electronic storage device, including floppy disks and other magnetic storage devices, or by CD-ROM,” OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (A), but there is no evidence or argument that this definition applies to Wetzel‘s conduct. The 2011 version of the statute defined “bulletin board system” as “a computer data and file service that is accessed by telephone line to store and transmit information.” OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (1) (2011). The statute was amended in 2013 “so as to modernize provisions of the Code relating to sexual conduct and technology.” Ga. L. 2013, p. 663. Subsection (a) (3) (B) was amended to add the word “system,” so it now reads “computer bulletin board system,” and the definition of “bulletin board system” is now “a computer data and file service that is accessed wirelessly or by physical connection to store and transmit information.” OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (1), (a) (3) (B). Unless otherwise specified, further references to the statute will be to the 2011 version at issue in this case.
14
In fact, the Supreme Court has noted that a passenger has a stronger liberty interest than the driver when it comes to a traffic stop investigation. See . This uncertainty surrounding the meaning of “include” is not found in normal English usage or proper legal drafting, where “the word include does not ordinarily introduce an exhaustive list, while comprise . . . ordinarily does.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 132 (2012) (discussing the “Presumption of Nonexclusive ‘Include’ “). See also Black‘s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“The participle including typically indicates a partial list. . . .“).
15
It is hard enough to remember life without ubiquitous “smart” phones, but the first iPhones and Android phones were released less than a decade ago, in June 2007 and October 2008, respectively.
16
Wetzel relies heavily on because in that case the Court of Appeals held that “including” as used in OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (A) — the other subsection defining “[e]lectronically furnishes” — is a word of limitation, and that sending a text message using a cell phone does not constitute making obscene material available “by electronic storage device” because, unlike material stored on a floppy disk or CD-ROM, text messages “need not be made available by furnishing the phone itself to another person.” . That alternative definition, which gives three examples of similar devices that must be physically transferred in order to electronically furnish information stored on them, is not at issue in this case. Moreover, as a Court of Appeals decision, is not binding on this Court. We do not believe that the reasoning of extends to the statutory subsection at issue here, and we need not address in this case whether the holding of was correct or would be correct as applied to all uses of cell phones or to all current or future cell phone technology.
17
The trial court instructed the jury on the meaning of “electronically furnishes” using the definitions in both OCGA § 16-12-100.1 (a) (3) (A) and (B). Wetzel argues that discussing both methods was error because the State argued in its closing only that he allowed S. B. J. access to information stored on a computer, not that he made information available to her by electronic storage device. “[G]enerally it is not error to charge the jury on a portion of the Code section that may be inapplicable under the facts in evidence.” . This Court has noted an exception to this general rule: “it is error to charge [the jury] that a crime may be committed by either of two methods, when the indictment charges it was committed by one specific method.” Id. (citations and punctuation omitted). That exception does not apply here because the indictment did not specify the method by which Wetzel allegedly electronically furnished photographs of male genitals to S. B. J. Because the indictment did not specify a single method, and because there was no evidence (or argument) that Wetzel furnished any material to S. B. J. using an “electronic storage device,” even if the trial court erred in failing to tailor the charge to the evidence, there is no reasonable possibility “that the jury convicted [Wetzel] of the commission of a crime in a manner not charged in the indictment.” Id. Thus, any error was harmless. See .
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