565 U.S. 520
U.S.
2012

Lead Opinion

Per Curiam.

James Lambert was convicted and sentenced to death in 1984 for the murder of two patrons during a robbery of Prince's Lounge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. One of the Commonwealth’s primary witnesses at Lambert’s trial was Bernard Jackson, who admitted to being involved in the rob­bery and identified Bruce Reese and Lambert as his accom­plices. Almost 20 years later, Lambert brought a claim for postconviction relief in Pennsylvania state court, alleging that the Commonwealth had failed to disclose, inter alia, a “police activity sheet” in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U. S. 83 (1963). This document, dated October 25, 1982, noted that a photo display containing a picture of an individ­ual named Lawrence Woodlock was shown to two witnesses to the Prince’s Lounge robbery, but that “[n]o identification was made.” Exh. 1, App. to Brief in Opposition. The docu­ment further noted that “Mr. WOODLOCK is named as co-­defendant” by Jackson, who was in custody at the time on several charges and had admitted to involvement in at least 13 armed robberies of bars. Ibid. The activity sheet did not indicate whether Jackson’s reference was to the Prince’s Lounge crime or one of the others. The sheet bore the names of the law enforcement officers involved in the investi­gation of the Prince’s Lounge robbery. It also bore the names of the robbery’s murder victims, as well as the police ease numbers for those murders. The Commonwealth has identified no evidence that Woodlock was ever investigated for any other robbery, or that his photo was shown to a wit­ness in any other robbery.

Lambert claimed that the activity sheet was exculpatory, because it suggested that someone other than or in addition to him, Jackson, and Reese was involved in the Prince’s Lounge crime. Commonwealth v. Lambert, 584 Pa. 461, 472, 884 A. 2d 848, 855 (2005). Lambert also argued that he could have used the activity sheet to impeach Jackson’s testimony at trial, because the statement attributed to Jack­son suggested that Jackson had identified Woodlock as a par­ticipant prior to identifying Lambert. Ibid.

The Commonwealth countered that the asserted “‘state­ment’” by Jackson reflected in the activity sheet was in fact nothing more than an “‘ambiguously worded nota­tion.’” Ibid. The Commonwealth argued that this nota­tion simply indicated that Jackson had named Woodlock as a “co-defendant” in some incident, without specifying whether Woodlock was said to be involved in the Prince’s Lounge rob­bery or one of the dozen other robberies in which Jackson had admitted participating. In this regard, the Common­wealth noted that Woodlock’s name was not mentioned any­where else in the police records, trial proceedings, or Jack­son’s statements about the Prince’s Lounge robbery. As the Commonwealth has put it, “it seems likely that Jackson iden­tified [Woodlock] as a participant in one of his many other robberies, and police simply confirmed that Woodlock had nothing to do with this case.” Reply to Brief in Opposi­tion 2. The Commonwealth “further note[d]” that the docu­ment would not have advanced any impeachment of Jackson, because he had already been extensively impeached at trial. Lambert, 584 Pa., at 472, 884 A. 2d, at 855. Thus, according to the Commonwealth, the “ambiguous reference to Wood-­lock” would not have discredited Jackson any further. Ibid.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court agreed with the Com­monwealth and unanimously rejected Lambert’s Brady claim, holding that the disputed document was not material. 584 Pa., at 472-473, 848 A. 2d, at 855-856. The court con­cluded that there was no reasonable probability that the result of Lambert’s trial would have been different had the document been disclosed. Ibid. See Strickler v. Greene, 527 U. S. 263, 281 (1999). Calling Lambert’s claim that the reference to Woodlock “automatically” meant someone else was in­volved in the Prince’s Lounge robbery “purely speculative at best,” the court noted that “the police must not have had reason to consider Woodlock a potential codefendant in this case as his name is not mentioned anywhere else in the po­lice investigation files.” 584 Pa., at 473, 884 A. 2d, at 855. “Moreover,” the court continued, the document “would not have materially furthered the impeachment of Jackson at trial as he was already extensively impeached by both [Lambert] and Reese.” Ibid.

Lambert filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania under 28 U. S. C. § 2254, claiming, inter alia, that the Commonwealth’s failure to dis­close the document violated his rights under Brady. The District Court denied the writ, holding that the state courts’ determination that the notations “were not exculpatory or impeaching” was “reasonable.” Lambert v. Beard, Civ. Ac­tion No. 02-9034 (July 24, 2007), App. to Pet. for Cert. 34, 36. The court explained that “[t]he various notations and statements which [Lambert] claims the Commonwealth should have disclosed are entirely ambiguous, and would have required the state courts to speculate to conclude they were favorable for Lambert and material to his guilt or pun­ishment.” Id., at 36.

On appeal, however, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed and granted the writ. 633 F. 3d 126 (2011). The Third Circuit concluded that it was “patently unreason­able” for the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to presume that whenever a witness is impeached in one manner, any other impeachment evidence would be immaterial. Id., at 134. According to the Third Circuit, the notation that Jackson had identified Woodlock as a “co-defendant” would have “opened an entirely new line of impeachment” because the prosecutor at trial had relied on the fact that Jackson had consistently named Lambert as the third participant in the robbery. Id., at 135. The Commonwealth petitioned for certiorari.

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) precludes a federal court from granting a writ of habeas corpus to a state prisoner unless the state court’s adjudication of his claim “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable appli­cation of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U. S. C. § 2254(d)(1). “Under § 2254(d), a habeas court must deter­mine what arguments or theories supported . . . the state court’s decision; and then it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of this Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U. S. 86, 102 (2011).

In this case, however, the Third Circuit overlooked the determination of the state courts that the notations were, as the District Court put it, “not exculpatory or impeaching” but instead “entirely ambiguous.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 34, 36. Instead, the Third Circuit focused solely on the alterna­tive ground that any impeachment value that might have been obtained from the notations would have been cumula­tive. If the conclusion in the state courts about the content of the document was reasonable — not necessarily correct, but reasonable — whatever those courts had to say about cu­mulative impeachment evidence would be beside the point. The failure of the Third Circuit even to address the “ambigu­ous” nature of the notations, and the “speculative]” nature of Lambert’s reading of them, is especially surprising, given that this was the basis of the District Court ruling. Id., at 36.*

The Court of Appeals ordered that Lambert, convicted of capital murder nearly 30 years ago, be set free unless the Commonwealth retried him within 120 days. It did so be­cause of a police activity sheet noting that Jackson had iden­tified Woodlock as a “co-defendant,” and bearing other in­formation associating the sheet with the Prince’s Lounge robbery. The Court of Appeals, however, failed to address the state court ruling that the reference to Woodlock was ambiguous and any connection to the Prince’s Lounge rob­bery speculative. That ruling — on which we do not now opine — may well be reasonable, given that (1) the activity sheet did not explicitly link Woodlock to the Prince’s Lounge robbery, (2) Jackson had committed a dozen other such rob­beries, (3) Jackson was being held on several charges when the activity sheet was prepared, (4) Woodlock’s name ap­peared nowhere else in the Prince’s Lounge files, and (5) the two witnesses from the Prince’s Lounge robbery who were shown Woodlock’s photo did not identify him as involved in that crime.

Any retrial here would take place three decades after the crime, posing the most daunting difficulties for the prose­cution. That burden should not be imposed unless each ground supporting the state court decision is examined and found to be unreasonable under AEDPA.

The petition for certiorari and respondent’s motion to pro­ceed in forma pauperis are granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

Notes

The dissent emphasizes that the activity sheet was prepared for the investigation into the Prince’s Lounge crime. Post, at 526 (opinion of Breyer, J.). No one disputes that. The ambiguity at issue concerns whether Jackson’s statement referred to that crime, or one of his many others. The dissent also finds “no suggestion” that the state courts be­lieved Jackson’s reference to Woodlock “contained the argued ambigú­ity.” Post, at 527. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, however, recog­nized the Commonwealth’s argument that Jackson could, have named Woodlock as a codefendant in some other robbery, and concluded that “[t]he Commonwealth accurately notes that the police must not have had reason to consider Woodlock a potential codefendant in this case as his name is not mentioned anywhere else in the police investigation files.” Commonwealth v. Lambert, 584 Pa. 461, 473, 884 A. 2d 848, 855 (2005). The only state court ruling the Third Circuit addressed — the conclusion that any impeachment evidence would have been cumulative — was one the state court introduced with “[m]oreover,” confirming that it was an alternative basis for its decision. Ibid. And the District Court certainly understood the state court decisions to have considered the reference am­biguous. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 36.



Dissenting Opinion

Justice Breyer, with whom Justice Ginsburg and Jus­tice Kagan join,

dissenting.

The Court grants the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s pe­tition for certiorari and sends this case back to the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, primarily because the Court believes that the “Circuit overlooked the determination of the state courts that the [police] notations were ... ‘entirely ambiguous.’ ” Ante, at 524 (quoting App. to Pet. for Cert. 34, 36). I cannot agree.

For one thing, I cannot accept that the “notations” at issue are “entirely ambiguous.” I attach a copy of the relevant police notation. See Appendix, infra. The notation clearly refers to this case, not to some other ease. It sets forth the file number of this investigation, the investigators of this crime, the victims of this murder, and the potential witnesses of these events. It does not refer specifically to any other robbery. The notation says that “[a] [pjhoto display was shown to . . . [witnesses in this case],” and it specifies that the “[p]hoto display contained a Lawrence WOODLOCK.” In this context, the words must refer to a display that in­cluded persons potentially involved in this robbery. That being.so, the most natural reading of the statement, “Mr. WOODLOCK is named as co-defendant by Bernard JACK­SON,” is that it too refers to this murder and not to some other crime. Ibid.

For another thing, the Circuit did not “overloo[k] the de­termination of the state courts that the notations were . . . ‘ambiguous.’” Ante, at 524 (quoting the Federal District Court, App. to Pet. for Cert. 34, 36; emphasis added). There were no such state-court “determination^].” Ante, at 524. Rather, the state trial court wrote that the notation was not material for Brady purposes only because “Jackson was com­prehensively impeached” at trial and “it is not reasonable to believe that Jackson’s further inconsistency found only in a police activity sheet and not in any of his statements to police would have caused the jury to discredit him.” Record 228 (emphasis added). As the italicized words make clear, if the trial court expressed any view about ambiguity, it thought that the police notation was not ambiguous.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court did point out that the Commonwealth argued that the document was “‘ambigu­ously worded.’” Commonwealth v. Lambert, 584 Pa. 461, 472, 884 A. 2d 848, 855 (2005). But the court did not adopt this rationale. Rather, it found the document not material with respect to impeachment because “[a]ny additional im­peachment of Jackson arising from a police notation would have been cumulative.” Id., at 473, 884 A. 2d, at 856. The Third Circuit disagreed with the state courts in respect to this last-mentioned holding. But this Court does not take issue with the Third Circuit on this point. The Court points out, instead, that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court used the word ‘“speculative.”’ Ante, at 523. But in context it is clear that the court used that word to refer to Lambert’s claim that the notation showed that he was innocent. With respect to that claim (not at issue here), the court wrote: “[Lambert’s] claim that Jackson’s reference to Woodlock au­tomatically means that someone other than himself com­mitted the shootings and robbery is purely speculative at best.” 584 Pa., at 473, 884 A. 2d, at 855. And it supported the “speculative” nature of the innocence claim by pointing out that Woodlock’s name “is not mentioned anywhere else in the police investigation files.” Ibid. There is no sugges­tion that the notation contained the argued ambiguity.

Finally, the Circuit questioned the strength of the case against Lambert. See Lambert v. Beard, 633 F. 3d 126, 135-136 (CA3 2011). It pointed out that the case against Lambert was largely based on Jackson’s testimony, explain­ing that “without Jackson’s statements to the police, the Commonwealth could not have indicted Lambert on these charges.” Id., at 131. Yet Jackson had made “four prior inconsistent statements to the police about who did what and who said what on the night in question,” and he had admitted that his goal in testifying was “to save himself from a death sentence.” Ibid. The Circuit could not “help but observe that the evidence is very strong that Reese, not Lambert, was the shooter, even assuming that Lambert (and not Jack­son, as two of the barmaids testified) was in the Prince’s Lounge that night.” Id., at 135. The Circuit stated: “One wonders how the Commonwealth could have based this case of first-degree murder on a Bernard Jackson.” Id,., at 131. These statements suggest that the Commonwealth’s case against Lambert was unusually weak. If the Common­wealth was wrong, an innocent man has spent almost 30 years in prison under sentence of death for a crime he did not commit.

We do not normally consider questions of the type pre­sented here, namely, fact-specific questions about whether a lower court properly applied the well-established legal principles that it sets forth in its opinion. See Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U. S. 419, 460 (1995) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (An “intensely fact-specific case in which the court below unquestionably applied the correct rule of law and did not unquestionably err” is “precisely the type of case in which we are most inclined to deny certiorari”). And, for the rea­sons I have stated, I believe the Court is ill advised to grant certiorari in this case.

I would deny the Commonwealth’s petition for a writ of certiorari.

APPENDIX

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