175 Ind. 319 | Ind. | 1911
Appellant, a corporation organized under the laws of this State governing the incorporation of manufacturing and mining companies, brought this proceeding to condemn a right of way for a lateral railroad over and upon the lands of appellees, under the provisions of §§929— 940, 5398-5404 Burns 1908, Acts 1905 p. 59, Acts 1907 p. 306, §§3987-3993 R. S. 1881.
It appears from appellant’s complaint, which is in one paragraph, among other things, that it is a corporation engaged in quarrying and selling stone to the public generally; that it is the owner of certain described real estate on which are located two quarries, known as the Magee Stone Quarry and the Hollensbe Stone Quarry; that appellees own the land between said quarries, and that a railroad, owned and operated by appellant, connects the Hollensbe Stone Quarry with the tracks of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Company; that appellant desires
Each appellee filed twenty-nine objections to said complaint, fourteen of which were sustained, the others being overruled. Appellant refused to plead further, and final judgment was rendered in favor of appellees.
The assignment of errors calls in question the action of the court in sustaining said objections.
A part of the objections sustained by the court assert that appellant, being a corporation organized and existing under the manufacturing and mining laws as a stone company, has no right to exercise the power of eminent domain to condemn appellees’ lands, for the reason that the quarrying and transporting of stone is not a public, but a private use, and that therefore the act of 1869 (Acts 1869 [s. s.j p. 97, §§3987-3993 R. S. 1881, §§5398-5404 Burns 1908) is void because it violates the provisions of the state Constitution and the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
The other objections sustained by the court assert that appellant, being a corporation organized under the manufacturing and mining laws, has no authority to engage in the business of a common carrier.
It is said in 3 Thompson, Corporations (2d ed.) §2743: “ Conceding the rule that property can only be taken for a public use, the difficulty encountered is usually in the determination of what constitutes a public use. The term itself is difficult of exact definition, but it is conceded that public benefit is one of the essential characteristics of a public use. The opinions of the courts have undoubtedly been tempered by harmonizing public use with public benefit and public utility, as well as the general welfare of the state. Indeed, the determination of the question may depend somewhat on the nature of the wants of the community for the time being. However, it is settled that instrumentalities which tend to promote the manufacturing industries of the state, to develop and utilize its natural resources and advantages, to create the need of markets for its products, and to furnish labor for its mechanics, are of great public benefit, and may constitute the required public use. These general principles are supported by many cases showing a great variety in their application.” Citing many cases.
It has been held by this court that the test as to whether a use is a public or a private one is not simply how many
The fact that the construction of such a lateral railroad may or will subserve a private interest does not change the character of the use from a public use to a private one. As has been said, “ the mere fact that the primary purpose of a lateral railroad is to accommodate a particular private enterprise is not a controlling test. The character of the use whether public or private is to be determined by the extent of the right of the public to use it and not by the extent to which the right is or will be used.” 15 Cyc. 590, 591, and cases cited; South Chicago R. Co. v. Dix (1883), 109 Ill. 237, 17 Am. and Eng. R. Cas. 157; St. Louis, etc., R. Co. v. Petty (1893), 57 Ark. 359, 21 S. W. 884, 20 L. R. A. 434; Greasy Creek Min. Co. v. Ely Jellico Coal Co. (1909), 132 Ky. 692, 116 S. W. 1189; Chesapeake Stone Co. v. Moreland (1907), 126. Ky. 656, 104 S. W. 762, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 479; Butte, etc., R. Co. v. Montana, etc., R. Co. (1895), 16 Mont. 504, 41 Pac. 232, 50 Am. St. 508, 31 L. R. A. 298; Phillips v. Watson, supra; Morrison v. Thistle Coal Co. (1903), 119 Iowa 705, 94 N. W. 507; New Central Coal Co. v. George’s Creek Coal, etc., Co. (1873), 37 Md. 537; New York Min. Co. v. Midland Min. Co. (1904), 99 Md. 506, 58 Atl. 217; Deitrich v. Murdock (1868), 42 Mo. 279; DeCamp v. Hibernia, etc., R. Co. (1885), 47 N. J. L. 43; Hays v. Risher (1858), 32 Pa. St. 169; Boyd v. Negley (1861), 40 Pa. St. 377; Brown v. Corey (1862), 43 Pa. St. 495; Ulmer v. Lime Rock R. Co. (1904), 98 Me. 579, 57 Atl. 1001, 66 L. R. A. 387, and cases cited; Farnsworth v. Lime Rock R. Co. (1891), 83 Me. 440, 22 Atl. 373; Zircle v. Southern R. Co. (1903), 102 Va. 17,
It is not a question whether appellant is a private or a public corporation, but whether the use is a public one. If it is to be so used, the right of condemnation can be bestowed upon any private corporation, but if not to be so used it cannot be conferred upon either a private or a public corporation. 1 Lewis, Eminent Domain (3d ed.) §§253, 274; Butte, etc., R. Co. v. Montana, etc., R. Co., supra; F. W. Cook, etc., Co. v. Evansville, etc., Railway (1910), ante, 3.
In the case last cited the court said: “ It is held in the case of County of Randolph v. Post (1876), 93 U. S. 502, 23 L. Ed. 957, that a corporation with authority to ‘ construct, complete, and operate a railroad ’ is not the less a railroad company because it is also a coal, or a mining, Or a furnace, or a manufacturing company. Seymour v. City of Tacoma (1893) , 6 Wash. 147, 32 Pac. 1077. * * * It is well to note that in considering the right to exercise the power of eminent domain, the charter, or statute under which it was granted, or the charter of the corporation — whether private, or gzzasi-public — is not important. The prime and exclusive test may be said to be: Is the proposed use a public one? If the use is calculated to promote the public welfare, the
Sections 5398-5404, supra, authorize the construction of lateral railroads, and grant the power of eminent domain. Said §5398 provides that “ it shall be lawful for any owner or owners, or their lessees, of lands, mills, blast-furnaces, quarries, iron ore, coal mines, or other minerals or other real estate, or for any company of persons who shall desire to construct a lateral railroad, not exceeding ten miles in length, to locate and construct the same to any other railroad,” etc. Said section also gives the power of eminent domain, and prescribes the procedure. The procedure is now governed by §§929-940.
Appellees contend that, notwithstanding these allegations, said lateral railroad will be only a private way, and will be used by appellant exclusively for transporting stone from its own quarries. When appellant accepts and exercises the
The statement in appellant’s complaint, therefore, that said lateral railroad is to be used “ for the purpose of transporting stone and other property and freight for the public generally * * * and to act as a common carrier for hire for the public generally,” was nothing more than the law would have implied, if it had not been stated therein. A lateral railroad built under said sections comes under and is governed by the general laws concerning the powers, rights, duties and obligations of railroads so far as applicable, and is subject to governmental regulation and control. It follows that the lateral railroad, being open to the public upon equal terms as of right, is a public use for which land may be condemned under the power of eminent domain, even though the number who require its use may be small. Phillips v. Watson, supra; Morrison v. Thistle Coal Co., supra; Hayes v. Riser, supra; Brown v. Corey, supra; DeCamp v. Hibernia, etc., R. Co., supra.
Statutes authorizing the owners of coal mines, mills and quarry companies to build railroads from such places to
Appellees cite the cases of Wild v. Deig (1873), 43 Ind. 455, 13 Am. Rep. 399, and Logan v. Stogsdale (1890), 123 Ind. 372, 8 L. R. A. 58, and other decisions of this court holding the private road law of this State unconstitutional, because it authorized the taking of private property for private ways, which was a private and not a public use. This was on the ground that such private roads were in fact what their name imports, and if established would belong to and be the property of the applicant, from which he could exclude the public, and which the public would have no right to use. Note (2) to Zircle v. Southern R. Co. (1903), 102 Am. St. 805, 826-828. These cases are not, therefore, in point here.
It may be admitted that such are the powers of the corporation, as shown by its articles of incorporation, and that a corporation can exercise no powers nor engage in any business not authorized by its charter. But it is well settled that the charter of a corporation, formed under a general law, consists of its articles of incorporation and the laws governing such corporation. Bent v. Underdown (1901), 156 Ind. 516, 519; State, ex rel., v. Anderson (1903), 31 Ind. App. 34, 42; 1 Cook, Corporations (6th ed.) §2; 1 Thompson, Corporations (2d ed.) §172.
This in effect constitutes, if it is not already so, said spur- or side-track already constructed from the Hollensbe Stone Quarry to tracks of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railway, a lateral railroad to be used by the public generally, and the continuation sought to be added to said spur- or side-track would make the whole one continuous lateral railroad less than ten miles in length.
The statute that governs the case provides that persons seeking to condemn land shall set forth certain facts in the complaint. §930, supra.
To this the defendant may file objections, and “ such
Said section eight (§936 Burns 1908) provides for the filing of exceptions to the report of the appraisers, and need not therefore be considered..
Such objections must be specific, not general, and, if they challenge the sufficiency of the complaint, perform the office of a special demurrer, and tender issues of law for the decision of the court upon the face of the pleadings. Westport Stone Co. v. Thomas (1908), 170 Ind. 91, 93, and cases cited. When, however, an objection sets up matter not apparent on the face of the complaint, it does not perform the office of a special demurrer, but of an answer, and tenders an issue of fact to be tried by the judge. Morrison v. Indianapolis, etc., R. Co. (1906), 166 Ind. 511, 526.
Did the general denial filed by appellees as one of their objections present any issue of fact? This is a special statutory proceeding, and it is well settled that before any one can avail himself of said statute he must, by the allegations of his complaint, bring himself within the provisions of the statute, and the proof at the hearing must sustain the essential facts alleged. Morrison v. Indianapolis, etc., R. Co. supra.
It is evident, therefore, in this case that appellant is required to prove the essential allegations of its complaint, which are set forth in §930, supra, before it is entitled to the appointment of appraisers, even if no objections are filed by the defendant. Morrison v. Indianapolis, etc., R. Co., supra; Castle v. Bell (1896), 145 Ind. 8, 10.
The general denial is not therefore a proper objection in such a proceeding, and it raised no issue of fact or law, and should have been overruled.
Judgment reversed, with instructions to overrule each objection to the complaint, and for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.