126 A. 594 | Vt. | 1924
This is a receivership proceeding originally instituted against the Barre Montpelier Traction Power Co., for the sake of brevity referred to as the Traction Company, the Montpelier Barre Light and Power Co., an attaching creditor of the Traction Company, hereinafter referred to as the Power *135 Company, and H.J. Slayton, a deputy sheriff, holding an execution in favor of one Stewart, a judgment creditor of the Traction Company. Subsequently said Stewart and numerous other creditors of the Traction Company became parties to the proceeding. Meanwhile a receiver was appointed who took over the property of the Traction Company and has had the possession and management thereof hitherto.
The Traction Company is a Vermont corporation, and at the time the receiver was appointed was engaged in the operation of an electric railway in the cities of Montpelier and operation of an electric railway in the cities of Montpelier and Barre and the town of Berlin. Since the appointment of the receiver he has continued the operation of the railway under the direction of the court of chancery. See
The questions argued relate principally to the right of the preferred creditors of the Traction Company to priority over the bondholders, though counsel for Stewart insists that his claim should be paid in advance of the claim of the city of Montpelier, while counsel for the Power Company insists that its claim underlies both the Stewart judgment and the city's paving claim. The conflicting claims can best be considered in the order in which they are given priority by the decree.
The franchise under which the paving claim accrued went into effect in 1918, while the original bond mortgage bears date in 1897. It is not claimed, however, that this affects the rights of the parties. It appears that the franchise of 1918 was accepted by the Traction Company and the bondholders in lieu of the original franchise and that a "supplemental indenture" was executed, which in effect adapted the bond mortgage to the situation as it then existed. For present purposes, then, we may treat the franchise as antedating the Trust Company's mortgage. It may be admitted that the relations of the parties are such that the Surety Company would equitably be entitled to subrogation; but manifestly it would not thereby acquire any better standing, at least, than that of the city. Could the latter successfully defend the decree, if its claim had not been paid by the Surety Company? In support of the claim to priority, counsel rely not only upon the claim that the paving expense was properly allowed as a charge of the receivership, but they insist that the obligation of the Traction Company under the franchise was a condition annexed to the grant, and that thereby a charge upon the property of the company was created for the performance of the duty imposed by the franchise. It is recognized that the franchise contains no provision in terms reserving a lien upon the property; but it is urged that such is the result of a condition annexed to the grant, as the power granted can be exercised only upon the conditions specified. It is not questioned, but seems to be tacitly admitted, that to give the city's claim priority over the mortgage something in the nature of a lien attaching to the property prior to the mortgage must be found. Such is the doctrine of the cases that permit an otherwise unsecured claim to displace the mortgage security. See 22 R.C.L. 1121, where it is said, "The creditor must obtain a lien upon the property *138
of the company, or security in some other form, or he will have to take his chances with all other creditors," citing Fogg v.Blair,
In brief, the circumstances attending the granting of the Traction Company's franchise were these: The Traction Company was authorized by its charter to occupy the streets of the city with its railway, "observing and complying with all lawful ordinances and regulations as to the use of streets and of highways." The city council had authority to "fix, demand, impose, and enforce" just and reasonable terms, conditions, and regulations for the use or occupation of any street in the city by the Traction Company, and to prohibit the use thereof until such terms had been complied with. No. 293, Acts of 1912, § 63, par. 38. The franchise recites that the terms, conditions, and regulation thereof "are fixed, demanded and imposed as a full consideration for the permission" given to maintain and operate the street railway in the streets of the city. By the terms of the franchise permission is given the Traction Company, its successors and assigns, to construct, and for a term of years to operate, an electric street railway system in specified streets of the city; and it is stipulated that such railway "shall be maintained and operated in accordance with the following terms and regulations." Among the "terms and regulations" agreed to are the provisions relating to the maintenance of the track area by the Traction Company, including the provision that, if the company should fail to meet the requirement of the franchise in this regard, "the city may do the work necessary therefor, and from time to time, during the progress of said work, charge the reasonable cost thereof to the company, which shall be paid by the company upon the certification thereof by the city treasurer." The Traction Company is required at all times to protect the city by a $10,000 bond, with surety satisfactory to the city council, conditioned upon the faithful performance of its duties and obligations under the franchise, in default of which the city council may declare the franchise forfeited.
In substance, the paving agreement was an executory contract secured primarily by the bond of the Surety Company. While it may be that it was so far a condition of the grant that the right of the Traction Company to continue to occupy the streets of the city would be dependent upon a compliance with the agreement, still something more would be needed to give the *139
claim of the city the priority relied upon. As seen, the franchise carries no provision for a lien on the property, in the absence of which, as a general rule, the court of chancery would have no authority to give the paving claim priority over existing contract or statutory liens. See Pensacola v. Northup, 66 Fed. 689, 14 C.C.A. 59; Toledo, etc. R. v. Hamilton,
It should be remembered that the receiver is "the arm of the court" by which it administers the trust for the benefit of all the creditors. The court receives the property of the insolvent impressed with all existing rights and equities of creditors, and the relative rank of claims and the standing of liens remains unaffected by the receivership. Poland v. Lamoille Valley R.R.Co.,
The decree cannot be affirmed on the theory of an equitable lien on the property to secure the paving agreement. No facts are found tending to support the implication of such a lien. It seems plain from the terms of the franchise that there was no intention to charge the property with a lien. The claim must stand or fall as allowed by the chancellor, viz., as receivership expense, which raises the question how far the court has authority to go in charging the property on which are existing *140
liens with receivership expenditures without the consent of such lien-holders. The effect of ordering the payment of the paving claim as a receivership expense is to give a preference to an unsecured claim, which, in ordinary circumstances, is not permissible. Ellis v. Railway,
Tested by these principles, it must be held that the claim could not properly be given priority as receivership expense. It could in no way be related to the care and preservation of the property. The paving was more in the nature of extraordinary repairs or permanent improvements, of the railway, though, as matter of fact, it was work on the street and not on the property of the Traction Company at all. It is argued that by continuing to operate the railway the receiver adopted the franchise and became bound by the paving agreement in spite of his refusal. Nothing done or omitted by the receiver gives the claim any peculiar equitable standing, in the absence of which, as already seen, the priority awarded cannot be maintained. Recognition of the agreement by the receiver would not affect the priorities of creditors; so, if it were to be held that the receiver was operating the railway under the franchise, it would not *141 follow that the paving expense could be made a prior charge on the mortgaged property. We are unable to discover any equitable ground on which the paving claim is entitled to priority. The cases chiefly relied upon by the Surety Company involve the question of the liability of a receiver for rent of premises held by the insolvent as lessee of which he has taken possession. They serve to show that some peculiar equity is required to sustain a preference such as is sought here, but are not authority in support of the decree.
There can be no doubt that the claim for taxes was properly given priority. The tax was not a franchise tax, but a property tax pure and simple. The difficulty arises from confusion of terms and failure to distinguish between a franchise tax, so-called, and taxing a company's franchise as property. The basis of the taxes in question was the appraisal at its fair and just value of the Traction Company's property "acquired, constructed or used for railroad business or purposes" (G.L. 992), which included by statutory definition "all franchises, rights of way, road-beds, tracks, * * * rolling stock, equipment and all other real and personal property of whatever character used or *142 employed in the operation of a railroad or in conducting its business." G.L. 991. It is of no practical consequence whether the taxes accruing during the receivership should be treated as receivership expense or as preferred claims under the statute.
What is now G.L. 5255 had its origin in a section of No. 26, Acts of 1855, which act related primarily to the appointment of a railroad commissioner and the general supervision of the railroads of the State. It provides: "When the property or person *143 of another is injured through the default of a person or corporation owning or operating a railroad, or the agent or employees thereof, the cars, engines and other property, which at the time of such an injury, are subject to use in the running and management of such road, and which have, at any time, been owned by said person or corporation, shall be held to be the property of the person or corporation, for the purpose of furnishing indemnity for such injury, and may be attached and levied upon as such at the action of the party injured." The effect of this statute is to create a lien on the specified property of a railroad company in favor of a person injured as Stewart was injured; and it would seem that it was intended to give the lien priority over mortgages of the property. However, we do not need to discuss that question, for the provisions of G.L. 5130, which was enacted a year later, takes care of the matter so far as now material. The statute provides how railroad franchises, furniture, cars, engines, and rolling stock may be mortgaged, and concludes: "This section shall not prevent such furniture, cars, engines and rolling stock from being attached by a person having a claim against the corporation owning such property, for an injury sustained on its road by negligence of the corporation or for services rendered, or materials furnished to keep such road in repair or to run the same, * * *; and such property, when so attached, may be taken, held and disposed of as though such property had not been mortgaged."
Manifestly, the statutes relied upon give the Stewart claim priority over the mortgage so far as the property levied upon is concerned, if they are still in force and apply to the Traction Company. Poland v. Lamoille Valley R.R. Co.,
From time to time during some ten years the Power Company advanced money to the Traction Company to furnish necessary capital to carry on its business, pay accrued bills, including interest on bonded indebtedness, and for the general purposes of the company. The sums so advanced aggregated $71,500, which, with interest, was due and unpaid on November 1, 1920, when the Power Company brought suit on its entire claim against the Traction Company and attached real and personal property. The writ was entered in court, but further proceedings were enjoined by the receivership proceedings. The Power Company is dissatisfied with the preference awarded, and insists that the total amount due it should be preferred and given priority over all claims, except taxes and the expenses of the receivership. This position is untenable. Its right to priority is limited to that conferred by G.L. 5130. The chancellor properly classified the Power Company's claim with those for services performed and materials furnished, but erred in conceiving that the case was one for the application of the so-called six months' rule. He was asked to make an order giving priority to claims for services rendered, or materials and supplies furnished to the Traction Company, within such time before the date of the appointment of the receiver as should be determined, upon the theory that the services rendered and materials furnished, represented by the claims presented, were necessary for the maintenance and operation of the business of the Traction Company.
As bearing upon this claim the chancellor made the following findings: "I find that the business of the operation of an electric railway is such that bills for supplies, materials, machinery, and, to some extent, as to services would naturally remain unpaid for some time according to the general custom of the business. I find that without such materials, supplies, etc., being furnished the operation of the electric railway must *146 necessarily have ceased. * * * I find that six months is a reasonable time to allow in connection with this matter, if any time is to be allowed, and, in so far as the Court has power to do so, I order that claims for services rendered, or materials furnished, or supplies furnished, which were necessary for the continued operation of the railway of the Traction Company, shall have priority over the claims of general creditors and also as against the claims of the bondholders." With special reference to the Power Company's claim, the chancellor found that the electric power furnished the Traction Company was for motive power necessary for the operation of the railroad; that the current for lighting was necessary for use at car barns and other places in connection with the operation of the railroad; that the office rent and clerk hire were furnished in connection with the operation and management of the railroad, "which, of course, required some bookkeeping and clerical work"; that the items for express, freight, labor, and supplies were for expressage and freight paid by the Power Company upon supplies necessary for the operation of the railroad, for the sale price of supplies sold by the Power Company to the Traction Company and necessary for the operation of the railroad, and for the actual cost to the Power Company of labor furnished to the Traction Company for repair work necessary for the operation of the railroads, "the laborers being paid direct by the Power Company and the expense thereof being charged to the Transaction Company."
It is quite apparent that the claims embraced in the fourth paragraph of the decree, including the Power Company's claim, were given priority upon the theory that the court had authority to give preference to debts for labor or supplies furnished within six months before the appointment of the receiver on purely equitable grounds. It would not be profitable to undertake any extended review of the cases dealing with the doctrine invoked to sustain this part of the decree. It is a departure from the general rule that a fixed legal right under a mortgage cannot be impaired by any equities subsequently arising, deemed permissible in case of railroad mortgages, owing to their peculiar character and the peculiar interests affected thereby. Though of modern date, the principle that courts of equity may, in certain circumstances, give certain unsecured claims priority of payment over established liens seems thoroughly established in some jurisdictions. It is unnecessary to decide, however, whether, or *147
to what extent, the doctrine should be applied in this State in view of the statute (G.L. 5130). The case at bar does not fall within the class of cases permitting the application of the principle. It will be seen on an examination of the decisions that the right to give priority to claims of this class over prior mortgages stands on the special theory which has been developed in regard to income. It is deemed that every railroad mortgagee, in accepting his security, impliedly agrees that the current debts made in the ordinary course of business shall be paid from the current receipts before he has any claim upon the income. If it appears in the settlement of a receivership that income has been diverted and used, for example, to pay bonded indebtedness or to make permanent improvements, which ought in equity to have been employed to keep down debts for labor, supplies, and the like, it is within the power of the court to use the income of the receivership to discharge obligations which, but for the diversion of funds, would have been paid in the ordinary course of business. There are special circumstances, also, where, owing to such a diversion of income, equity has required the use of the proceeds of the sale of the mortgaged property in the same way. See 22 R.C.L. 1124 et seq.; 23 R.C.L. 110. The doctrine seems to have had its origin in the federal courts. Some of the earlier cases give countenance to the notion that the court of chancery had authority in all cases to give claims for labor or supplies a preference over prior mortgages. However, the matter was set at rest in Gregg v. MetropolitanTrust Co.,
The basis for the decree, if sustainable, is in the statute unaided by any special equities. It specifies the property as to which there may be lien superior to the mortgage, confining it to furniture, cars, engines, and rolling stock, — speaking *148
generally, the personal property of the railroad corporation. So far as now material, it limits the scope of the preference to persons having claims against the corporation owning such property (a) for an injury sustained on its road by negligence of the corporation; (b) for services rendered or materials furnished to keep such road in repair or to run the same. The findings not having been made with special reference to the requirements of the statute, some of the claims at least are left more or less in doubt. Of course it is incumbent upon one who seeks to found a claim upon the statute to prove affirmatively the existence and priority of his lien, in order to have the claim preferred over that of the mortgage bondholders. Hassall v. Wilcox,
In the circumstances, the most we are able to do is to state the general principles governing the matter of preferences under the statute in question. It is held in the Poland case, construing this statute, that general creditors are excluded — that the mortgage is valid against all creditors, except those especially enumerated. It is pointed out that every liability specified in the section grows out of the actual operation of the road. So far as it relates to services rendered, the statute affords protection only to employees for wages. It is said that it was the purpose of the Legislature to protect a class of employees who could not protect themselves; but as the protection afforded was in derogation of the rights of other creditors, it could not be extended by construction beyond the class of creditors specified. The opinion continues: "When, therefore, it (the statute) accords a priority to claims for `services rendered or materials furnished for the purpose of keeping said road in repair or running the same,' *149 it is not to be extended beyond the obvious import of the language used. Services rendered in keeping the road in repair might be construed so as to include the officials of the road, but it was the intent of the Legislature to include only such persons as were engaged in manual labor in making repairs. Services rendered in running the road includes the same class of operatives and employees. The dividing line is between services rendered in the official and executive management and authority over the work of making repairs and running the road, and such laborers and employees as do this work. The employers are excluded, the employees included." With reference to what supplies should be classified as "materials" furnished to keep the road in repair or to run the same, the Poland case has this to say: "The word `materials' has substantially the same meaning when used in connection with the work of repairing that it does in the work of running the road, and means such supplies as are indispensable in making repairs upon the road or its equipment, and are annexed to the property and become part of it, or are consumed by it, in its use, such as iron, ties, lumber, wood, coal, oil, etc."
Tested by these rules, it is quite apparent that the claim of the Power Company for money loaned the Traction Company is not covered by the statute, and was properly classified as an unsecured claim. It is equally clear that the item for office rent, clerk hire, and bookkeeping, under the contract stated in the findings, is not within the statute, and was improperly classified as a preferred claim. The Power Company stands the same as any person furnishing materials to run the road or keep it in repair. It is entitled to preference for such items of this class as are found to have been absolutely necessary to the operation of the road. We see no reason why the electric current for power and lighting is not properly classified as "material furnished" in contemplation of the statute. It stands the same as coal or wood used to generate motive power. The charge for money paid by the Power Company to its employees for work done for the Traction Company is not, we think, within the contemplation of the statute. The preference is given to the person having a claim for services rendered, which necessarily implies the person by whom the service was rendered. The Power Company's claim is not for "services rendered," but for money advanced on account of the Traction Company, as to which it *150 stands as a general creditor. The charges for express and freight would seem to fall in the same class. As already seen, there are no special equities in favor of the Power Company. While it is an independent corporation, its relation to the Traction Company and the management of its affairs was such as to give it a more favorable position to look out for its own interests than the creditors generally. It is urged that this relation should prevent the Power Company from asserting any priority over the mortgage indebtedness, and attention is called to a provision of the mortgage which is said to have the same effect. The provision referred to gives the Traction Company the right to replace certain of the mortgaged property when worn out and to sell the same in effect discharged of the mortgage, "but so that the Traction Company shall not be entitled to create any mortgage or charge in priority to these presents or to impair the value of this security." If this could be deemed an agreement of the Power Company, it cannot be given the construction claimed for it. It cannot be held that the Power Company is estopped to claim such preference as the statute affords. It is also claimed, in effect, that the Power Company defeated any right to priority it might otherwise have had by attaching the property on its entire claim, a part of which was manifestly not within the statute. The argument proceeds upon the theory that the judgment for the entire claim could not be satisfied out of the mortgaged property. But we are not concerned with what would be the situation in the supposed case. Here we are dealing with the equities of the situation created by the receivership proceedings. While the attachment was one step of the procedure at law to enforce the lien on the statute, it was not essential to give the preferred creditor standing in the equity proceedings. This is made clear in the Poland case, as has already appeared. Having assumed the custody of property to which certain creditors had a priority of legal right, it is for the court to give effect to this priority in the administration of the property. The receiver holds such property subject to the right of these creditors to have it made answerable to their claims, which they are entitled to have accomplished in some proper way in the final decree.
Enough has been said to show that the Stewart claim is not entitled to priority over the preferred claims listed in the fourth paragraph of the decree, but is of the same rank and entitled only to equal priority with such claims. It has sufficiently appeared that it was error to give this class of claims priority over the mortgage to the full extent. Such claimants are entitled to no more than the avails of the property on which the statute gave them the right to a lien. As to this, they would have priorities equal among themselves; or, in other words, would share pro rata in the distribution of the fund created thereby.
It is evident that the cause will have to go back for further proceedings below. It will be necessary to ascertain the amount and value of the property coming into the hands of the receiver on which the statute gave the preferred creditors a lien; and, at least so far as the Power Company's claim is concerned, to segregate those items as to which the statute gives the priority. The necessary modifications of the decree do not need to be restated. *152 Decree reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings anddecree in accordance with the views herein expressed. Let theTrust Company pay the costs of the plaintiff and of the State inthis Court; let it recover its costs in this Court from the PowerCompany and the Surety Company on the basis of an equitableapportionment between them.