187 Pa. Super. 391 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1958
Opinion by
This appeal by Westinghonse Electric Corporation is from a decision of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review allowing benefits to employes at its East Pittsburgh Works and its Homewood Works in and about Pittsburgh.
The labor dispute arose when the company, after notice to the union and its employes, began a survey of work performed by day workers in the plant in East Pittsburgh. The union objected to the survey on the ground that the company had no right to make such survey under the terms of the existing collective bargaining agreement.
The claimants are members of Local 601 of the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, CIO (IUE), which is the bargaining agent for approximately nine thousand five hundred produc
In the latter part of July, the company determined that the information gathered by the survey was inadequate for its purposes; it then decided to make another test using different methods. On August 1, 1955, a representative of a department of the company began a study, with the aid of a watch, of the individual performance of one of the day workers. This worker was
On August 1, 1955, the day the second survey began, the company rejected a proposal that the survey be postponed for thirty days pending negotiations. Thereafter, on or about August 8, 1955, the union distributed leaflets stating that on August 7, 1955, the day workers had voted to strike and urged support of their strike by all of the membership. As a result about two thousand one hundred day workers stopped work; this was substantially all of such workers. Beginning August 8, 1955, the non-striking incentive workers were progressively furloughed because of their inability to work without the services normally provided by the day workers. On or about September 13, 1955, the work stoppage began in all the plants represented by the IUE. On September 15, 1955, the company and the union agreed that studies by the industrial engineering department would be limited to day workers in one section, and that there would be no changes in method, or in job classification, or decreases in personnel made as a result of such studies during the next sixty days; the dispute was thereby settled. Operations began to be resumed on that day, and on or about September 23, 1955, normal operations were in effect.
The bureau and the referee determined that the day workers and incentive workers were disqualified for
Section 402 (d) of the Law, 43 PS §802 (d) provides: “An employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week— ... (d) In which his unemployment is due to a stoppage of work, which exists because of a labor dispute (other than a lock-out) at the factory, establishment or other premises at which he is or was last employed: . . .” This labor dispute re? suited from an alleged breach of the existing collective bargaining agreement by the company in making a study or survey of the day workers. To sustain claims for benefits it must appear that the employes were “unemployed through no fault of their own.” Section 3 of the Law, 43 PS §752.
Employes who cease work because of an alleged breach of contract by the employer are not entitled to compensation where the collective bargaining agreement provides a grievance procedure for settlement of such disputes (Glen Alden Coal Company v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 168 Pa. Superior Ct. 534, 536, 79 A. 2d 796), or where there are legal or equitable remedies available (Arbechesky Unemployment Compensation Case, 174 Pa. Superior Ct. 217, 222, 100 A. 2d 396; Byerly Unemployment Compensation Case, 171 Pa. Superior Ct. 303, 90 A. 2d 322; Morris Unemployment Compensation Case, 169 Pa. Superior Ct. 564, 569, 83 A. 2d 394; Cassell Unemploy
The employes here chose to strike before fully exhausting the grievance procedure and without resorting to the remedies provided by law or in equity. The union may not have been required under the contract to carry the grievance beyond the stage of management’s final reply to the original grievance, but that does not excuse the failure to exhaust the grievance procedure as outlined in the contract in an effort to settle the dispute without any cessation of work. The fact that the contract did not require the exhaustion of such remedy cannot be binding upon the unemployment compensation authorities who are charged with the duty of administering the Law and determining whether the employes are unemployed through no fault of their own.
The board was of the opinion that the work stoppage was precipitated by the fact that the company changed the terms and conditions of employment and refused to rescind that change pending a settlement of the dispute. The board stated: “We believe that the refusal of the company to maintain the status quo for a short period of time and its interjection of a change in the working conditions precipitated the work stoppage and was the final cause thereof. Under these circumstances we believe that the work stoppage must be classed as a lockout.” The board relied on the McGinnis Unemployment Compensation Case, 184 Pa. Superior Ct. 95, 132 A. 2d 749; and, although it did not specifically so state, it, in effect, although erroneously, applied the holding of this Court in the Leto Unemployment Compensation Case, 176 Pa. Superior Ct. 9, 106 A. 2d 652. In the McGinnis and Leto cases we reiterated that the inquiry in a work stoppage case must relate to the final cause and responsibility or fault for the work stoppage. The McGinnis case is inapplicable to the present situation. There the employer actually closed the plant in purported anticipation of a strike which was not actually impending; we affirmed the board’s conclusion that it was a lockout. In the Leto case an employer refused to permit his employes to continue working at the expiration of a collective bargaining agreement unless they abided by major changes in the terms and conditions of employment. We there held that it was a lockout because it was unreasonable for the employer to refuse to permit the employes to continue working under the pre-existing terms and conditions of employment for a reasonable time pending settlement of the labor dispute resulting from negotiation of a new contract. The error
The duty of the compensation authorities, as we have repeatedly said, is to determine whether the employes are unemployed through no fault of their own. If the employes have acted consistently with the desire to remain employed, they are entitled to compensation under the Law to alleviate the economic burdens commensurate with unemployment. In the Leto case the employer refused to permit the terms and conditions of the expiring contract to remain in effect for a reasonable time pending negotiation of a new contract; in fact, the employer withheld work from the employes for the sole purpose of gaining a concession from them. But, where a contract is in existence and the dispute concerns merely a breach of that contract by the employer, there are remedies available in the contract or in the courts for settlement of the dispute without any cessation of employment. Generally, none of these is available where the contract has expired and the dispute is in the negotiation of a new contract. In the former situation, although the employer may not be entirely without fault, there is fault attributable to the employes in failing to take advantage of the available remedies rather than create a status of unemployment. “The Unemployment Compensation Law was
It is argued on behalf of claimants that the remedies available in the contract under the grievance procedure, as well as the available legal remedies, were not reasonably adequate because the time involved in following any of the procedures might have been too lengthy to prevent the company from completing the disputed survey. The obvious answer to this is that the board did not find that the available remedies were inadequate; in fact, the board did not consider the effect of the available remedies since it placed its decision solely upon the basis of the company’s refusal to maintain the status quo, under its erroneous interpretation of the Leto case. However, while the grievance procedure may. or may not have been adequate from the standpoint of the time involved, it is certain that if the grievance procedure had been followed to a conclusion in favor of the employes the survey whether complete or incomplete would have been a nullity under the contract. If the making of the survey was to ignore the contract and would have resulted in irreparable harm to the employes, as it is contended, there was available a remedy in equity. General Building
It is contended, however, that the Pennsylvania courts could give no relief because the purported breach of contract was an unfair labor practice cognizable only under the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.A. §141 et seq., by the National Labor Relations Board, 29 U.S.C.A. §151 et seq., citing Garner v. Teamsters, Chauffeurs and Helpers Local Union No. 776, 346 U.S. 485, 74 S. Ct. 161, 98 L. Ed. 228; and Elisco v. Rockwell Manufacturing Company, 387 Pa. 274, 128 A. 2d 32. The Garner and Elisco cases do not deprive the state courts of jurisdiction over the enforcement, interpretation, and preservation of the contractual rights of the company and the union; these cases hold only that, where a charge of unfair labor practices has been lodged with, or an appropriate remedy therefor is afforded through, the National Labor Relations Board, the Pennsylvania courts have no jurisdiction to grant relief with respect to the alleged unfair labor practice. Elisco v. Rockwell Manufacturing Company, supra, 387 Pa. 274, 276, 128 A. 2d 32.
Although the strike initially involved only the day workers who objected to the survey, the work stoppage by these employes resulted in the furloughing of the incentive workers. The board found: “Beginning August 8, 1955 non-striking incentive workers were progressively furloughed because of their inability to work without the services normally provided by the day workers.” The incentive workers as well as the day workers are ineligible for compensation because they were all members of the same labor union which was participating in, or directly interested in, the labor dispute which caused the work stoppage. Section 402 (d), 43 PS §802 (d) ; Byerly Unemployment Compensation Case, supra, 171 Pa. Superior Ct. 303, 311, 90 A. 2d 322; Curcio Unemployment Compensation Case, 165 Pa. Superior Ct. 385, 391, 68 A. 2d 393; Stahlman Unemployment Compensation Case, 187 Pa. Superior Ct. 246, 144 A. 2d 670.
The decision is reversed.
The following appeals from decisions of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Iteview, involving the Westinghonse Electric Corporation as appellant or intervening appellee, were argued before this Court on June 13, 1958: Nos. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, April Term, 1958, and No. 93, October Term, 1958. We have considered and decided the issues in four opinions filed concurrently as follows :
Westinghonse Electric Corporation v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Iteview (No. 1), No. 35, April Term, 1958. Claim of Accurti.
Westinghonse Electric Corporation v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (No. 2), Nos. 34 and 38, April Term, 1958. Claim of McCracken.
Westingliouse Electric Corporation v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (No. 3), No. 36, April Term, 1958, No. 93, October Term, 1958. Claim of Allman.
Westinghonse Electric Corporation v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (No. 4), No. 37, April Term, 1958. Claim of Gray.
See Gagliardi Unemployment Compensation Case, 186 Pa. Superior Ct. 142, 151, 141 A. 2d 410.