Wеstfield Golf Practice Center, LLC (Westfield) appeals the final determination of the Indiana Board of Tax Review (Indiana Board) valuing its real property *397 for the 2002 assessment year. Westfield maintains that its assessment violates Article X, Section I of the Indiana Constitution.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Westfield owns approximately fifteen acres of land in Washington Township, Hamilton County, Indiana, on which it operates a commercial driving range. Approximately 11.644 acres of Westfield's land is "landing area" (e., the land upon which golf balls come to rest after being struck from the tees).
For the 2002 assessmеnt, the Hamilton County Property Tax Assessment Board of Appeals valued Westfield's land at $403,800. In arriving at this value, West-field's landing area was classified as "usable undeveloped" and assigned a ratе of $35,100 per acre. Believing the assessment to be too high, Westfield filed a Petition for Review with the Indiana Board (Form 1831) on February 19, 2004.
The Indiana Board held a hearing on Westfield's Form 1831 on November 10, 2004. On May 26, 2005, the Indiana Board issued its final determination in which it denied Westfield's request for relief.
Westfield filed an original tax appeal on July 7, 2005. The Court heard the parties' oral arguments on October 13, 2006. Additional facts will be supplied as necessary.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court gives great deference to final determinations of the Indiana Board when it acts within the seope of its authority. Wittenberg Lutheran Vill Endowmеnt Corp. v. Lake County Prop. Tax Assessment Bd. of Appeals,
(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;
(2) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;
(3) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations;
(4) without observance of procedure required by law; or
(5) unsupported by substantial or reliable evidence.
Ind.Code Ann. § 33-26-6-6(e)(1)-(5) (West 2007).
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Article X, Section 1 of the Indiana Constitution requires "[the General Assembly [to] provide, by law, for a uniform and equal rate of property assessment and taxation and [tо] prescribe regulations to secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both real and personal." Inv. Const. Art. 10, § 1(a). This provision has long been held to require: (1) uniformity and equality in аssessment, (2) uniformity and equality as to the rate of taxation, and (8) a just valuation for taxation of all property. See Indianapolis Historic Partners v. State Bd. of Tax Comm'rs,
Westfield contends thаt its assessment violates Article X, Section 1 because it is not uniform and equal. More specifically, Westfield asserts that its assessment lacks uniformity and equality because its property is assessed differently than other comparable properties located in Hamilton County. (See Oral Argument Tr. at 4-6, 25-26; Pet'r Reply Br. at 1-2.) To support its argument, Westfield submitted the property record сards on five other driving ranges (four of which were located upon *398 golf courses). (See Cert. Admin. R. at 162-97.) Westfield explains that while its landing area was assessed at $35,100 per acre, the landing areas at the other driving ranges were assessed using a golf course rate of $1,050 per acre. 1 (See Cert. Admin. R. at 162-97, 248-54; Pet'r Br. at 3 (footnote added).) Westfield's argument, however, confuses what it means tо be "uniform and equal" under Indiana's current assessment system and, as a result, it has "duffed" the proverbial ball.
Prior to 2002, property in Indiana was assessed on the basis of its "true tax value." Ind.Code Ann. § 6-1.1-31-6(c) (West 2000) (amended 2002). True tax value was determined under Indiana's own assessment regulations and bore no relation to any external, objectively verifiable standard of measure. See id. See alsо Town of St. John v. State Bd. of Tax Comm'rs,
Specifically, under Indiana's pre-2002 regulations, land values were determined through the application of land orders. 50 Inp. Apmin. Cope 2.2-4-2, -6 (1996) (repealed 1998). The land orders were developed by collecting and analyzing comparable sales data for given areas. See A.I.C. § 6-1.1-31-6(a). See also State Bd. of Tax Comm'rs v. Indianapolis Racquet Club, Inc.,
The commercial or industrial land values cоntained within a land order were typically expressed in ranges of "base rates" of four classes of land (ie., primary, secondary, usable undeveloped, unusable undeveloped) that were applied to various geographic areas, subdivisions, or neighborhoods based on distinguishing characteristics or boundaries. See 50 Ind. Admin. Code 2.24-17(a), (b) (1996) (repealed 2002). . Consequently, properties within each geographic area, subdivision, or neighborhood in a land order were presumed to be comparable, both in distinguishing characteristics and in market value. Seе Indianapolis Racquet Club,
Beginning in 2002, however, Indiana's overhauled property tax assessment system incorporatеs an external, objectively verifiable benchmark-market value-in-use. 2 As a result, the new system shifts the focus from examining how the regulations were applied (ie., mere methodology) to examining whether a property's assessed value actually reflects the external benchmark of market value-in-use. See 50 Ind. Admin. Code 2.8-1-1(d) (2002 Supp.). Thus, Indiana's current assessment guidelines explain the аssessment process and provide a starting point for an assessor to determine a property's market value-in-use. See Rear ProprBrty Assessuent GuipeninEs ror 2002-VERSION A (hereinafter Guidelines) (incorporated by reference at 50 Ind. Admin. Code 2.3-1-2 (2002 Supp.)), Books 1 and 2, Book 1 at 1. Indeed, with respect to selecting base rates for land valuation, the Guidelines stress that "the pricing method fоr valuing the neighborhood is of less importance than arriving at the correct value of the land as of the valuation date." Guidelines, Book 1, Chapter 2 at 16 (emphasis added).
In other words, the overarching goal of Indiana's new assessment scheme is to measure a property's value using objectively verifiable data. See Eckerling v. Wayne Twp. Assessor,
CONCLUSION
For the above stated reasons, thе Indiana Board's final determination is AF - FIRMED.
Notes
. Alternatively, Westfield argues that its landing area should have been classified as "secondary" and assessed at $17,500 per acre, similar to another driving rangе that was classified as "secondary" and assessed at $22,000 per acre. (See Cert. Admin. R. at 199-207, 256-57; Pet'r Br. at 3.) Finally, Westfield explains it would also be entitled to a negative twenty-five percent (25%) influence factor reduction to account for its land's size, lack of utilities, and misimprovement (ie., development as a driving range among industrial properties). (See Cert. Admin. R. at 259-61.)
. "[Market value-in-usе) may be thought of as the ask price of property by its owner[.] In markets in which sales are not representative of utilities ... true tax value will not equal value in exchange. In markets where thеre are regular exchanges, so that ask and offer prices converge, true tax value will equal value in exchangel[.]" 2002 Rear Prorperty Assessment Manual (hereinafter, Manual) (incоrporated by reference at 50 Inp. Aomum. Cope 2.3-1-2 (2002 Supp.) at 2. See also Inp.Cope Ann. § 6-1.1-31-6(c) (West 2002).
. Under Indiana's new assessment system, when a taxpayer challenges the uniformity and equality of his or her assessment one approach that he or she may adopt involves the presentation of assessment ratio studies, which compare the assessed values of properties within an assessing jurisdiction with objectively verifiable data, such as sales prices or market value-in-use appraisals. See Manual at 6, 24-26 (emphasis added).