80 Ark. 554 | Ark. | 1906
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts.) 1. Appellant contends that appellee is barred from recovery by failing to comply with the condition requiring presentation of claim for damages within sixty days.
This stipulation has been held to be valid by this court in Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Dougherty, 54 Ark. 221, and is generally upheld as reasonable by ¡the courts of the country.
We have said in Western Union Tel. Co. v. Ford, 77 Ark. 531, and Arkansas & La. Ry. Co. v. Lee, 79 Ark. 448, that suits against telegraph companies in this State to recover for mental anguish caused by negligence in failing to receive, transmit or deliver messages are not dependent upon contract, but that the right of action is conferred by the statutes of this State. This does not mean, however, that the service in transmitting and delivering the message rendered by the telegraph company is not performed under contract, and that the contract may not contain reasonable stipulations which will bind the sender and also the addressee for whose benefit it is sent. On the contrary, we hold that the stipulation, which is reasonable, applies to claims under the statute for damages for mental angulish.
The stipulation does not, however, require the amount of the.damages claimed to be asserted in the notice to the company. A reasonable interpretation of the stipulation is that it requires only notice to the company of the negligence of its servants in failing to receive, transmit or deliver the message. Its object is to require notice of the negligent act to be given so that the company may have an opportunity to investigate and ascertain whether or not its servants have been negligent, as claimed.
As was said by the Supreme Court of North Carolina in Sherrill v. Telegraph Co., 109 N. C. 527: “It is a reasonable requirement, enabling the company to inquire into the nature and circumstances of a mistake in or of the delay or non-delivery of the message while the matter is still within the memory of the witnesses. In view of the number of telegrams constantly passing .over the wires, some such stipulation is absolutely necessary to protect the company from imposition. It is not a statute of limitations restricting the time within which action may be brought.”
This is' the interpretation placed by this court upon a similar stipulation in a railroad bill of lading. Kansas & A. V. Rd. Co. v. Ayers, 63 Ark. 331. The notice given by appellee fully apprised the company of the alleged negligence and asserted a claim for damages. He did not then claim damages for mental anguish for the reason, as he states, that he did not know that the law allowed such damages. This omission did not preclude him from thereafter claiming such damages.
2. It is -urged by appellant that damages can not be recovered for mental anguish concerning those not related by ties of blood, unless at the time of sending the message notice was given to the company, in the face of the message or otherwise, of the existence of s.uch relationship as would give rise to mental suffering in the event of delay in the delivery of the message. Counsel argue that this principle must follow from an application of the rule in Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 354, which is held by this court to apply to contracts for transmission and delivery of telegraphic messages. W. U. Tel. Co. v. Short, 53 Ark. 434. Cases are brought to our attention holding that, even though ^the message gives notice on its face that it concerned sickness or death of another and contains'a summons to the addressee, still there can be no recovery for mental anguish by one not related by blood unless the company was notified of the relationship which would give rise to the mental anguish. This is the doctrine of the Texas courts. W. U. Tel. Co. v. Coffin, 88 Tex. 94. That court has also held that an uncle could not recover for mental anguish caused by failure to promptly deliver a telegram containing information of the illness of his niece and summoning hiim to attend, because there was no notice to the company that the relationship was such as might cause mental suffering on account of delay in delivering the message. W. U. Tel. Co. v. Wilson, 75 S. W. 482. The doctrine announced by those cases does not commend itself to our aproval. The rule in Hadley v. Baxendale can not be extended further, in this class of cases, than to hold that, before the company can be made to respond in damages for mental anguish inflicted by negligent delay in transmission or delivery of a message, it must have notice of the facts from which it may reasonably be inferred that such damages may result from delay. Where the message upon its face gives notice of a state of facts, as of physical injury, illness or death, from which the company may fairly infer that mental anguish will result to the sender or addressee from delay in its transmission or delivery, then the company will be liable for negligent delay. Special notice that the relationship between the parties is such that delay will cause mental anguish is unnecessary. Cashion v. Telegraph Co., 124 N. C. 459. In Lyne v. Telegraph Co., 123 N. C. 129, it was held that where a telegram relates to sickness or death it is not necessary to disclose to the company the relation of the parties, as there is a common sense suggestion that it is important, and that mental •suffering to some one w|ill result from delay.
The fact that a- message is sent relating to death or illness is sufficient to reasonably indicate that the addressee is interested by ties of affection in the person about whom the message relates. The message in the case at bar evidently relates to the physical condition of plaintiff’s father-in-law, and contains the admonition, “You had better come at once.”' Taking a common sense view of its language, no other interpretation could have been put upon the message than that it meant to convey the information that Mr. Robertson’s physical condition remained unchanged since the last communication, and that the plaintiff was interested in him by ties of affection, and should go to him at once. The message could hardly be understood to mean anything élse.
3. Appellant also contends that, because the plaintiff reached the bedside of his father-in-law before the death or loss of consciousness of the latter, there can be no recovery. The question was properly submitted to the jury to determine whether or not the plaintiff sustained mental anguish on account of the delay. He and his wife were in Little Rock awaiting a summons to the bedside of her father, Mr. Robertson, who was ill in Cairo, 111. He communicated with his brother-in-law, Staehle, in Cairo at night, and ascertain the critical condition of Mr. Robertson, and that four physicians were then consulting as to his condition. Staehle promised to telegraph him early the next morning as to Mr. Robertson’s condition and advise him whether or not to go.. He'awaited the message anxiously all the next day, and made repeated inquiries at the telegraph office. He says that he spent a day of extreme- worry and anxiety on account of failing to get the message, and was delayed twelve hours in getting to the bedside of the sick. It is true that he reached there before death occurred, and returned to Little Rock, after some days, before death occurred, but he suffered, nevertheless, during the period of the delay in delivering the message and the delay in reaching the bedside of the slick with his wife. How much he suffered, was a question for the jury. We can not say that $300 was too much to allow.
Judgment affirmed.
Rehearing
ON REHEARING.
Opinion delivered November 19, 1906.
A majority of us have concluded that the motion to rehear in this case should be sustained. As stated in the former opinion, the telegram in this case was sent on the following condition:
“The company will not be liable for damages or statutory penalties in any case where the claim is not presented in writing within sixty days after the message is filed with the company for transmission.”
The court in the former opinion salid that this was a valid stipulation, binding on both the sender of the telegram and the person to whom it was addressed. The question was whether it had been complied with. The facts in short are that the telegraph company was guilty of negligence in faliling to deliver the telegram, and the plaintiff wrote the company a letter in reference to this negligence, which letter is set out in the státement of facts. On the former hearing we held that this letter was a sufficient presentation of the claim of plaintiff. Mr. Justice McCulloch, who delivered the opinion of the court, said that the stipulation does not require the amount of the damages claimed to be inserted in the notice to the company, and that “a reasonable interpretation of the contract is that it requires only notice to the company of the negligence of its servants in failing to receive, transmit or deliver the message.” Under that vliew of the matter the letter written by the plaintiff was sufficient, for it gives ample and specific notice of the negligence of the defendant’s.employees. I concurred in that conclusion, but after further consideration of the matter I think that this conclusion was not correct, and that this stipulation requires something more than a notice of negligence.
The language of the stipulation is, not that notice of negligence shall be given, nor even that notice of the claim shall be given, but that the company will not be liable in any case “where the claim is not presented within sixty days.” It will be observed that not notice but the presentment of the claim is required.
It seems clear that the meaning of this is that the'plaintiff shall present his claim for damages within the time named, or .the company will not be liable therefor, and the courts so hold. Manier v. Western Union Tel. Co., 94 Tenn. 448; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Murray, 68 S. W. 549. As to the reasons on which such stipulations are based, see Express Co. v. Caldwell, 21 Wall. 64. There is a clear distinction between a notice of negligence and a claim for damages. It is no doubt often the case that notice is given to this company concerning the negligence of its employees in transmitting and delivering telegrams and complaint made thereof without any thought of making a claim for damages.
A mere notice to the company that its employees have been negligent, with the circumstances thereof, is a very different thing from a presentment of a claim for damages based on such negligence, and to hold that a stipulation which requires a presentment of the claim for damages in writing is satisfied by a notice of negligence on which the claim is based would do violence to the language used, and be in effect making a different contract between these parties. It may be that notice of the negligence would be as beneficial to the company as a presentment of the claim, but the parties have contracted for the one and not the other, and we have no right to say that the company must be satisfied with something other than a presentment of the plaintiff’s claim because we think the other could subserve the same purpose. The company has the right to stand on its contract. The contract stipulates that the defendant shall not be liable for damages unless a claim therefor was presented in writing within sixty days after the message was filed, and plaintiff’s case fails unless he shows • such presentment.
Now, a reference to the letter addressed by plaintiff to the manager of the defendant company will show that, after calling attention to the non-delivery of the telegram with the circumstances thereof, and the suspense and worry it caused him, he requests that the manager investigate and ascertain and advise plaintiff who is at fault. He then proceeds as follows: “In addition to locating the trouble, will say that I shall also expect to have the cost of the message refunded, as well as the amount expended for long-distance conversation.” The language quoted contains the only claim for damages made in the letter, and, so far as it goes, complies with the stipulation in the contract that the claim must be presented in writing. But it does not go far enough to include a claim for mental suffering, for the claim is expressly limited to the cost of the message and “the amount expended for long-distance conversation.”
The decision in Kansas & A. V. Rd. Co. v. Ayers, 63 Ark. 331, is not in conflict with our decision in this case, for in that case there was a notice given of a claim for damages, though the amount of the damages claimed was not stated, while in this case not only was no claim for damages presented, but no notice was given that plaintiff would claim damages for anything beyond the cost of the message and the telephone charges. Besides, the stipulation in the contract and the other circumstances in that case were, we think, different from those before us in this case.
The majority of us'are of the opinion that the only claim presented by plaintiff to defendant within the sixty days was expressly limited to the items above referred to, and that the defendant company under its contract is not liable for damages beyond, those items. We therefore conclude that the evidence does not sustain the judgment. As this disposes of the case, we need not 'notice the other points made.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for a new trial.