Western Turf Assn. v. Greenberg

Feb 25, 1907
189
Versions:204 U.S. 359
27 S. Ct. 384
51 L. Ed. 520
1907 U.S. LEXIS 1465
Mr. Justice Harlan

delivered the opinion of the court.

The plaintiff in error is a corporation of California, and the lessee, in possession, of a race-course kept as a place of public entertainment and amusement, and to which it was accustomed to issue tickets of admission'. The defendant- Greem berg purchased one of such tickets, and was admitted to the race-course. After being admitted he was ejected from the premises against his will by police officers, acting, it was alleged in the complaint, by .the direction of the plaintiff. The defendant denied responsibility for the acts of those officers.

It was sued by Greenberg in one of the courts of California, and thеre was a verdict and judgment against the Association for the sum ‍​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​​‍of one thousand dollars. The case was taken to the Supremе Court of the State and the judgment was affirmed. 148 California, 126.

At the trial a question was raised as to the applicability to this case of a statute of California relating to the admission of persons holding tickets of admission to places of public entertainment and amusement. That statute is as follows: “It shall be unlawful for.any corporation, person or association, or the proprietor, lessee, of the agents of éither, of any opera house, theatre, melodeon, museum,- circus, caravan, -race-course, fair, or other place of public amusement or entertainment, to refuse admittance to any persоn over the age of twehty-one years who presents a ticket, of admission acquired by -purchase, and who demandsadmission tо such place, provided ‍​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​​‍that any.person under the influence of liquor, dr who is guilty of boisterous conduct, or any person of lеwd or immoral character, niay be excluded from any such place of amusement. Sec. 2.-. Any person who is refused admission to. any place of amusement, contrary to the proyisjons of this act, is entitled to recover from the proprietors, lessees or their agents, or from any person,. association, corporation, or the directors thereof, his actual, dаmage and $100 in addition thereto.”

.1. The record'sufficiently shows that iñ the' Supreme Court .of the State' the defendant questioned the validity, оf the statute in question under the Fourteenth Amendment, in that it “seeks to abridge the privileges and immunities ,of citizens of the United States, and to dеprive them of. liberty and property'-without .due process of law, and to deny to them, being within-its- jurisdiction, the equal protection of the laws.” By the judgment below the validity of the statute- was sustained/ the court holding that it was a legitimate exertion of the police рower of the. State: The contention, that this court is without .jurisdiction to review that judgment is, therefore, overruled.

2. The Supreme Court оf the State in ‍​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​​‍a previous decision between the same parties—Greenberg v. Western Turf Association, 140 California, 357, 360—held the statute to be.constitutional as a valid regulation imposed by the State in itexercise ..of. police-power. That'decision, we assume, from the opinion of the court, had refеrence only to the constitution oCalifornia t But this court can only pass upon- the validity of the statute with reference to the Constitution of • the United States. We percеive no reason for holding it to be invalid under that instrument. The contention that it is unconstitutional as denying to the defendant the equal protection of the laws is without merit, for the statute is applicable alike to all persons, corporations or assoсiations conducting places of public amusement ‍​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​​‍or entertainment. Of still less merit is the suggestion that the statute abridges the rights and privileges of citizens'; for a corporation cannot be deemed a citizen within the-meaning .of the clause of the Constitution оf the United States which protects the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States against being' abridged or impaired by the law оf á State.

The same, observation may be -made as to the contention that the statute deprives the defendant of its 'liberty without duе process of law-; for, the liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment against deprivation without due process of law is the liberty of'natural, not artificial, persons. Northwestern Life Insurance Co. v. Riggs, 203 U. S. 243. D.oes the statute deprive the defendant of any property right without-due process оf law? We answer this question- in the negative. Decisions of this, court, familiar to all, and which need not be cited, recognize the pоssession, by each State, of powers never surrendered to the' General Government; which powers the State, exceрt as restrained by its own constitution- or the Constitution of the United States,’may exert not only for the public health, the public morals and the public safety, but for the general or common good, ‍​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​​​​‌​​‍for the well-being, comfort and good order of the people, Thе enactments of a State, when exerting its power for such purposes, must be respected by this court, if they do not violate rights granted or secured by the Supreme Law of the land, ' In view of these settled principles, the defendant is not justified in invoking the Constitution of the United • States. . The statute is only 'a regulation of places of public entertainment and amusement upon terms-of equal and еxact justice to every one holding a ticket of ad mission, and who is not at the time under the influence of liquor, or boisterous in cоnduct, or of lewd and immoral character. In short, as applied to the plaintiff in error, it is only a regulation compelling it to perform its own contract as evidenced by tickets of admission issued and sold to parties wishing to attend its race-course. Such a regulation, in itself just, is'likewise promotive of peace and good order among those who attend places of public entertainment or amusement. It is neither an arbitrary exertion of the State’s inherent or governmental power, ñor a violation of any right secured by the Constitution of the United States. -The race-course in question being held out as a place of public еntertainment and amusement is, by the act of the defendant, so 'far affected with a public interest that the State may, in the interest of good order and fair dealing, require defendant- to perform its engagement to the public, and recognize its own tickets of .admission in the hands'of persons entitled to claim the benefits of the statute. That such a regulation violates any right of property secured by the Constitution of the United States canriotj for a moment, be admitted. The case requires nothing further to be said. The judgment is

Affirmed.