212 F. 696 | 6th Cir. | 1914
The steamer Troy, belonging to the Western Transit Company, was libeled by the Davidson Steamship Company on account of damages suffered by its barge Chieftain, while being towed by its steamer Orinoco. A collision occurred in the Portage river. The Troy was bound for Duluth, and shortly after entering from Take Superior into the lower end of the river channel, and while below “cut No. 1,” gave a port to port meeting signal, and the Orinoco, then coming down the river at a point about a half mile
At the outset, we think it necessary to determine the conflicting question of fact presented by these two theories. It would be useless to discuss all the evidence, but, upon the whole, we are clearly satisfied that the theory of the Troy is correct; and that the collision occurred substantially at the point and in the manner shown by sketch No. 1. If we examine the Chieftain’s claim that she was at the point shown on sketch No. 2, and was successfully making her turn to the starboard, it is not impossible (as at first glance it appears to be) that the 400-foot Troy could have passed through the space between the Orinoco and the Chieftain, and swung around and struck the latter from the other side, inflicting the kind of a blow given and at the spot where received —but though not impossible, this is highly improbable. It is to be noted also that shortly before the collision the Chieftain’s captain had dropped his starboard anchor, thus indicating that his vessel was swinging to port beyond the control of her rudder, or at least that the rudder was insufficient to turn the bow to starboard as desired; and by this fact the improbability of the Chieftain’s claim is increased. Then we have the final, controlling circumstance, by testimony from the Chieftain’s crew, that just before the boats came together they saw a red spar under their port bow. There seems no reason to doubt that this must have been “Red Spar No. 2,” because “Red Spar No. 2A,” though it was shown by the charts which were before the witnesses at the time they were testifying, was in fact not placed until the year after the collision. Any possibility of reconciling the Chieftain’s testimony about the red spar with its present theory that the collision occurred at the point shown by its sketch depends upon a mere guess, supported by no testimony, that there may have been a red spar unknown to the records of the Lake Survey in the same place where No. 2A was afterwards set. Taking the testimony all together, we are clearly satisfied that the collision occurred as shown on sketch No. 1.
Our finding as to the manner and. place of collision leads inevitably to the conclusion that the Chieftain was also in fault. Possibly some unexplained bottom or bank conditions caused her to sheer to port, or, what is practically the same thing, to refuse to mind her helm and come to starboard; perhaps more probably, her steersman, through inattention or misjudgment, did not port until too late. The Chieftain had only to fail to make the turn at exactly the right point, and to continue on her foi'tner course for 300 feet after she should have turned, to get her nearly into the position where we have found she was. Upon either supposition, she does not escape a contributory liability ; her fault is clear enough to satisfy the requirement that, when the primary liability is placed elsewhere, the contributing fault must be very clear. Upton v. Whitaker (C. C. A. 6) 196 Fed. 651, 654, 116 C. C. A. 343. It necessarily follows that the damages must be divided, and the Chieftain must carry one-half of her loss. See The George Presley (C. C. A. 6) 111 Fed. 555, 49 C. C. A. 438.
The district judge seems to have based his allowance of the full sum not so much upon his own consideration of the proofs as upon the fact that there was conflicting evidence, and upon the assumed rule that, if there is evidence amply supporting a commissioner’s finding, that finding should not be disturbed. The rule has sometimes been stated as broadly as this; indeed, in Davis v. Schwartz, 155 U. S. 631, at page 636, 15 Sup. Ct. 237, at page 239 (39 L. Ed. 289), Mr. Justice Brown said: “So far as there is any testimony consistent with the finding, it must be treated as unassailable.” He was speaking in a case involving a master’s report in equity; but the practice of giving effect to a commissioner’s finding in admiralty is based on its analogy to the usual master’s finding (The Cayuga [C. C. A. 6] 59 Fed. 483, 488, 8 C. C. A. 188; The La Bourgogne [C. C. A. 2] 144 Fed. 781, 783, 75 C. C. A. 647); hence the effect should be the same. The conclusion in Davis v. Schwartz, that the finding was “unassailable,” if that conclusion is to be treated as a thing decided, may well depend on the circumstance that the reference to state facts was by consent of parties, thus creating practically an arbitration, like a trial before a United States District judge under R. S. 649. See our discussion of Davis v. Schwartz in Haines v. Bank, 203 Fed. 225, 228, 121 C. C. A. 431. We think in the ordinary case of a reference by the equity court to its master “to take proofs and report his findings of fact and law,” or by the admiralty court to its commissioner (as here) “to take testimony of such damages and to compute and report same,” it has never been' intended to hold that the finding or report should have any greater force than is implied by the criterion, “clearly against the weight of the evidence” (The La Bourgogne, supra, 144 Fed. at page 783, 75 C. C. A. 647; The Elton [C. C. A. 4] 83 Fed. 519, 520, 31 C. C. A. 496), or, “unless error clearly appears” (Tilghman v. Proctor, 125 U. S. 136, 150, 8 Sup. Ct. 894, 31 L. Ed. 664), or our own formula, “a decided preponderance against the judgment” (In re Snodgrass, 209 Fed. 325, 326, 126 C. C. A. 251; Carey v. Donohue, 209 Fed. 328, 333, 126 C. C. A. 254). We think that to carry the authority of the finding beyond these standards would be in effect to deprive the parties of the right to a hearing de novo on appeal; and that, while the master’s or commissioner’s findings on conflicting evidence are presumptively right and should not be lightly disturbed, yet the District Court
Judged in this way, the allowance for more than half of the 30 lay days cannot stand. It is undisputed that the boat was getting.the benefit of a general caulking, which would otherwise have required docking the next season, and that the entire job was done in a deliberate fashion, with a small force. The very persuasive proof that half the work could have been done after floating the vessel outside of th<? dock has nothing definite to dispute it, except Mr. Davidson's final claim that the stem was out of line and had to be held rigidly braced from the sides of the dock until the work was finished. Not only was the twisting of the stem not discovered in the original survey in which this witness participated, but the boat was in fact floated in the dock on one occasion during these lay days. The situation is very similar to that arising in the Second circuit regarding lay days in this very dock. The Bourke (D. C.) 135 Fed. 895; s. c. (C. C. A. 2) 145 Fed. 909, 76 C. C. A. 441.
The finding of damages, as modified and affirmed by the district judge, forms the subject of further complaint in several particulars. We think it unnecessary to recount these in detail. In each of these particulars, under the rule which we have stated as to the force of the master’s .findings and under the analogous rule as to the force to be given- by us to the double findings now existing, they should be affirmed. Constam v. Haley (C. C. A. 6) 206 Fed. 260, 124 C. C. A. 128.
The decree below is reversed, and the case remanded, with instructions to enter a decree in accordance with this opinion. The appellant will recover the costs of this court.