63 F. 647 | 5th Cir. | 1894
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts as above). The assignments of error relied upon by the appellant present in different forms practically the same question; i. e. whether the court below erred in not allowing the plaintiff in error (appellant here) a lien on the lands in controversy for the amount of $2,200, represented by the vendor’s lien notes, with interest thereon from April 17, 1891, for the reason that the complainant, at the express instance and request of the defendant Ganzer, and while innocent of any fraudulent taint affecting the notes, advanced the value thereof to pay the same before maturity, and became by contract expressly sub
The evidence establishes tha t on the Kith day of November. 1888, the defendant Ferdinand Ganzer, having applied to J. B. Simpson, who was agent for the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, for a loan of money, offered as security the lots involved in this suit, which were then, and continued to be, a part of the homestead of said Ganzer and his wife, until the loan on which this suit was brought was made. Said Simpson suggested that, as the security formed part of the homestead of the Ganzers, the form of the security offered should be changed; that the Ganzers could convey the property to some trusted friend, who would give vendor’s lien notes, and, after the loan was made, the property could be conveyed back. He further suggested that a. plat of the homestead as an addition to the city of Dallas be made, evidently that a proper showing would appear of record. Ganzer and his wife, being fully informed of the purposes thereof, executed a conveyance of said lands to one John H. Eberhart, reciting a consideration of $5,20(h—$3,000 cash, and two notes for deferred payments, one for $1,200, due at three years, and the other for $1,000, due at five years, with interest; at 10 per cent, per annum, with vendor’s lien retained. Said Eberhart made said notes, and at the same time made a trust deed to Simpson to secure the payment of the same. Simpson recorded both of said instruments, and. taking Ganzer’s indorsement upon the alleged notes, discounted them for the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, and said company advanced the money therefor. Ganzer aud his wife and Eberhart all knew, as well as Simpson, that the colorable sale to Eberhart was for the purpose of perpetrating a fraud upon the company discounting the notes, as well as upon the homestead law of the state of Texas; and in making said conveyance, and executing the deed of trust and the vendor’s lien notes and the plat of Ganzer’s addition to the city of Dallas, the said Ganzer and wife knowingly colluded with the agent of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company for the fraudulent purposes aforesaid.
In the case of Heidenheimer v. Stewart, 65 Tex. 323, it is said:
“The equities between the original parties to a mortgage cannot avail the mortgagor in a suit on the secured negotiable note to foreclose tlie mortgage (Jones Mortg. § 834; Hil. Mortg. 572), even if it results in the incumbrance of the homestead, if tiloso entitled to the exemption have caused the result by their own deliberate fraud (Hurt v. Cooper, 63 Tex. 362). If the owners of the homestead simulate a, transaction in which a negotiable note would be secured by a valid and meritorious lien on the exempt estate, and their artiiieo succeeds in imposing upon an innocent party, they are stopped from denying the truth of their solemn statements, and cannot be permitted.*650 to prove that a lien their acts declared to be valid is void because their acts were false. The constitution prohibits liens on the homestead, except for purchase money or improvements. The lien asserted by appellant was for purchase money, if the transaction was genuine, and appellees are estopped, as against appellant, from proving that it was otherwise.”
In the case of Cunningham v. Holcomb (Tex. Civ. App.) 21 S. W. 125, the court of civil appeals of Texas said:
“It seems to be held that where a third person conspires with an agent to perpetrate a fraud upon the principal, and the rights of innocent third par-' ties have not intervened, the principal is entitled to have a rescission of the contract made between his agent and such third party; or, if he elects not to have it rescinded, to have such other adequate relief as a court of equity may deem proper under the circumstances,”—citing Jleeham, Ag. § 797.
In the case of Hurt v. Cooper, 63 Tex. 362, referred to in Heidenheimer v. Stewart, supra, which was a case where it was claimed that the sale and conveyance of a homestead was not real, but colorable, being resorted to as an expedient to raise money by negotiating the notes for the deferred payment, it was held that if the purchaser of the vendor’s notes had notice that the conveyance was made to the apparent vendee by the owners of the homestead, not on a real consideration, but was accepted by him for their accommodation, and as a means of enabling the owners to procure money, then the deed to the apparent purchaser vested as to him no homestead rights of the original owners; but, if the purchaser had no such notice, he could rely upon the deed from those claiming the homestead as having been sufficient to divest them of all interest to the property; and this, even though the vendors had remained in possession of the property after executing the deed.
From these authorities, it is clear that the validity of the notes purporting to be for the purchase money in the sale from Ganzer to Eberhart, in the hands of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, who discounted them for Ganzer, depends upon whether such company had notice of the colorable character of the transaction. The agent Simpson had full notice, in fact seems to have concocted the arrangement, and probably for the reason assigned by Ganzer, to wit, ‘‘on account of the large commissions allowed him by the company and other considerations of value to him;” but there is no pretense or suggestion that the Scottish-American Mortgage Company had actual notice. In this matter of notice the appellant contends, and the circuit court so held, that the general rule that a principal is bound by the knowledge of his agent is applicable to and controls this case.
The supreme court of the United States says:
“The general rule that a principal is bound by the knowledge of his agent is based upon the principle of law that it is the agent’s duty to communicate ■to his principal the knowledge which he has respecting the subject-matter of negotiation, and the presumption that he will perform that duty. When ■ it is not the agent’s duty to communicate such knowledge, when it would be unlawful for him to do so, as, for example, when it has been acquired confidentially as attorney for another client in a prior transaction, the reason of the rule ceases; and in such a case an agent would not be expected to do that which would involve the betrayal of professional confidence, and his principal ought not to be bound by his agent’s secret and confidential ■information.” Distilled Spirits Case, 11 Wall. 3(>7.
“SI an agent should collude with a third party to defraud the principal, the latter will not ho responsible for knowledge of lho agent in relation to such fraud. While the knowledge of nn agent is ordinarily to be imputed to Hie 'principal, it would appear now to be well established that there is an exception to tile construction or imputation of notice from the agent to the principal in case of such conduct by the agent as raises a clear presumption 'hat he would not communicate the i'act in controversy, as where tho communication of such a fact would necessarily prevent the consummation of & fraudulent scheme which the agent was engaged in perpetrating.”
Prom some of the cases cited in the Encyclopedia, supra, we quote as follows:
“The doctrine of cons trun ive notice depends upon two considerations; I'drst. that certain tilings existing in the relation or the conduct of parties, or in the case between them, beget a presumid ion so strong of actual knowledge that, the law holds tho knowledge to exist, because it is highly improbable it should not. * * * Bostoek was acting as Air. Kirby’s solicitor in the transaction; and although, generally speaking, the knowledge obtained by a man’s attorney or agent fixes himself, if obtained while so employed, and on the same business,—for I do not at all differ from Mountford v. Scott (a), Hiern v. Mill (b), and the other cases,—yet it cannot here be said that Mr. Kirby is fixed wit’ll all which Bosiock knew; for tho fraud practiced by Bostoek upon Air. Kirby himself was. of course, concealed from nirn; and so we may say would certainly be that, other fraud which he had practiced on Airs. Kennedy. Indeed, that was only another part of the same fraud.—another act of the same plot; and therefore I think we cannot, on this account alone, fix his client, Mr. Kirby, any more than his employer, Mrs. Kennedy, with the knowledge of his criminal proceedings. We must lay out of our view all the knowledge, the actual and full knowledge, he had of his own fraud, and are not to hold Air. Kirby as cognizant (I mean, of course, cognizant in law and constructively) of that, merely because his solicitor himself—the contriver, the actor, and llie gainer of the transaction—knew it all well.” Kennedy v. Green, 10 Eng. Ch. 697, 718-724.
(a) 3 Madd. 31. (b) 13 Ves. 114.
“A., to whom B. was indebted, advised G. to lend money to B., on the security of a mortgage of personal property, and acted as O.’s agent in completing tiie transaction. "With the money thus obtained, B. paid A. the debt which he owed him. Both A. and B. acted in fraud of Gen. St. c. 118, §§ 89, 91; but C. had no knowledge, of the fraud. Held, that the knowledge of A. was not in law imputable to 0.” Dillaway v. Butler, 135 Alass. 479.
"Where the same person is an officer of two corporations, and lie transfers securities issued by one to the oilier, with knowledge that the securities are subject to an infirmity which renders them invalid in any hands but those of a bona fide holder for value, his knowledge is not the* knowledge of the transferee.” De Kay v. Water Co., 38 N. J. Eq. 158.
In the light of these authorities, and considering the fact, well established by the evidence, that ¡Simpson and Canzer and wife and Eberhart colluded in the execution of the alleged vendor’s lien notes;, we are constrained to hold that the knowledge of the agent Simpson as to the colorable character of the transaction cannot be imputed to the principal, the Scottish-Anieriean Mortgage Company, tmd the case is thus brought directly within the rule declared In Heidenheimer v. Stewart, supra, and Hurt v. Cooper, supra; and that the vendor’s lien notes in the hands of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company should be treated as against Ganzer and wife as representing a valid, subsisting vendor’s lien upon the property in controversy. This being- the state of the case, the right of the complainant, the Western Mortgage & investment Company, which
We understand it is settled in Texas that, generally, where one advances money to pay off and discharge a vendor’s lien upon a homestead, and the money is so applied, the creditor becomes subrogated to the vendor’s lien so paid off and discharged. Hicks v. Morris, 57 Tex. 658; Pridgen v. Warn, 79 Tex. 588, 15 S. W. 559. In this case there was express subrogation by deed. For these reasons, we are compelled to disagree with the conclusions of the circuit court, and hold that it erred in refusing to recognize the complainant’s lien for the amount of the alleged vendor’s lien notes executed by Eberhart, acquired by the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, and paid off with the moneys obtained from the complainant.
The decree appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded, with instructions to enter a decree in favor of the Western Mortgage & Investment Company, Limited, for the amount of the vendor’s lien notes, principal and interest, executed by J. H. Eberhart, and recognizing the same as a vendor’s lien upon the property described in the complainant’s bill, directing the foreclosure of such lien, and the sale of the property to pay the same.
(October 2, 1894.)
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). At the last term of this court, I had to dissent from the judgment and opinion of the court in a homestead case coming before us from Texas. I have now to again dissent from the judgment and opinion in this case, which is a homestead case coming to us from the same state. I dissent from the views expressed and implied in the statement of the case made by the court in the opening of the opinion, and emphasized as premises for the reasoning of the opinion.. As I said in Ivory v. Kennedy, 6 C. C. A. 371, 57 Fed. 340, in this case there is no question of high equities before us, but a very plain matter of intensely Texas law. From the nature of the case, all homestead questions are local, and domestic to the state where the suit originates. In this case, as in every such case arising in Texas, the issues present mixed questions of law and fact. In considering these, perspective is of vital essence. Our view of the force and right application of the written law, of the credibility of the witnesses, and of the weight of the evidence will take its hue from the medium through which we look. The general principles of the law of evidence, of natural equity, of approved procedure, and the settled canons of construction are to be observed; but it is the Texas law, and not
Judge Bynum said in Duvall v. Rollins, 71 N. C. 221:
“Our laws have long' been so framed as to make fraudulent conveyances void as to creditors, and our habits of thinking run in the same direction; so that it is difficult to realize that another and a now right has been interposed between the creditor and debtor which secures certain of his property, even from his 'own frauds, upon creditors. It is confirmed by the constitution, and is inviolable.”
Mr. Thompson, in his work on Homestead and Exemption- Laws, says these laws “have never been supposed to be founded in principles of equity and justice, but. are supported by reasons of humanity, expediency, and sound policy, and these reasons have secured for them on the part of courts a, liberal interpretation.” Section 339. They are not against equity and justice, but above these, as the substance of saving faith is not against reason, but above it. The genesis of these laws, the every-day life and thought, of the people who live under them, the expression of the popular construction of them in the successive and progressive steps in organic and statutory legislation which mark the trend of the public policy of the stale, the whole line of adjudged cases, the gen - eral voice of the legal profession in the state, the very air of the inns of court, and tin» utterances from the trial bench, furnish efficient helps to a sound construction and right, practical application of the provisions of the written constitution on this subject.
In construing a statute of Massachusetts on the subject of homestead exemption, Mr. Justice Gray, then chief justice of the supreme court of that state, declined to consider the cases in some of the western states cited by the learned counsel in the case of Searle v. Chafman further than to note that they were supported by no reasons, and did not disci-’ -e how far they may have been influenced by local statutes. 121 Mass. 19. In construing her statutes, the courts of Massachusetts did not need to look to some of the western states, or any of the new states, but naturally and wisely looked to the common law, and to the principles and practice of the settled jurisprudence in their own state. In the sense in which those terms are used by Judge Gray, Texas is not a “western state,” nor is she, as to her history and jurisprudence, a “new state.” San Antonio is as old as Philadelphia; and considered, in relation to homestead exemption laws, Texas is the senior stale,—the pioneer. In this light, Virginia and Massachusetts are the new states. When the Anglo-American colonists were admitted into Texas, they found in force there a system of laws as ancient as the English common law, as rich in immemorial tradition, in ethical philosophy, and in fitness for the practical administration of substantial justice as the
“There shall he- reserved to every citizen or head of a family in this republic, free and independent of the power of a writ of fieri facias or other execution issuing from any court of competent jurisdiction whatever, fifty „ acres of land, or one town lot, including his or her homestead and improvements, not exceeding five hundred dollars in value, all household and kitchen furniture (provided it does not exceed in value two hundred dollars), all implements of husbandry (provided they shall not exceed fifty dollars in value), all tools, apparatus and books belonging to the trade or profession of any citizen, five milch cows, one yoke of work oxen or one horse, twenty hogs and one year’s provisions.” 3 Gen. Laws Tex. p. 113.
By a statute which took effect February 25, 1843, it was provided that, on the death of a citizen, such of his property as had been exempted from execution should be set aside by the ordinary for the sole use and benefit of the widow and children of the deceased. 7 Gen. Laws, p. 12.
The first constitution of the state of Texas provided:
“The legislature shall have power to protect by law from forced sale, a certain portion of the property of all heads of families. The homestead of a family not to exceed two hundred acres of land (not included in a town or city) or any town or city lot or lots in value not to exceed two thousand dollars shall not be subject to forced sale, for any debts hereafter contracted; nor shall the owner, if a married man, be at liberty to alienate the same, unless by the consent of the wife, in such manner as the legislature may hereafter point out.” Const. 1845, art. 7, § 22.
The act of May 11, 1846, provided, in reference to the administration of the estates of deceased persons, that all exempt property should be set aside for the sole use and benefit of the Avidow and-
By the act of March 20, 1848, it was provided that the ordinary should make an allowance in money adequate for the support of the widow and children for one year, and that all exempt property, except a year's provision, should be set aside for their sole use and benefit; and, in case there were not all or any of such property belonging to the estate, an allowance in money in lieu thereof should be made; both of these allowances to be a charge on the assets of the estate superior to judgment or mortgage creditors. Hartley, Dig. arts. 1153, 1154; 11 Gen. Laws, p. 235.
The act of February, 1860, provided:
“Thu homestead in a town or city exempt from forced sale is hereby declared to bo the lot or lots occupied or destined as a family residence,, not to exceed in value two thousand dollars at the time of their destination as a homestead: nor shall the subsequent increase in the value of the homestead by reason of improvements or otherwise, subject the homestead to forced sale.” Pasch. Dig. art. 3928; 17 Ben. Lavs, pt. 1, p. 34.
The ad of November ,10, 1866, provided:
“There shall be reserved to ('very citizen, head of a family or householder being a. citizen in this state, free and independent of the power of a writ of fieri facias, or oilier execution, issued from any court of competent jurisdiction whatever, two hundred acres of land, including his or her homestead (not included in a town or city), or any town or city lot or lots in value not to exceed two thousand dollars at the time of their designation as a homestead; nor shall the subsequent increase in the value of the homestead, by reason of improvements or otherwise, subject, the same to forced sale; household and kitchen furniture not to exceed live hundred dollars in value; all implements of husbandry; all tools, apparatus and books belonging to any trade or profession; five milch cows: two yoke of work oxen and two horses; one wagon; twenty hogs; twenty iiead of sheep aud one year’s provision; all saddles, bridles and harness necessary for the use of the family. There shall in like manner he reserved to every citizen not a head of a family * * * one horse, bridle and saddle; all wearing apparel; all tools, hoolcs and apjiaratus belonging to his trade or profession.” 20 Gen. Laws, p. 100.
The constitution of 1869 provided:
"The legislature shall have power and it shall be their duty to protect by law from forced sale, a certain portion of the property of all heads of families. ’The homestead of a family not to exceed two hundred acres of land (not included in a city, town or village) or any city, town or village lot or lots not to exceed five thousand dollars in value at the time of their destination as a homestead and without reference to the value of any improvements thereon shall not be subject to forced sale for debts, except, they be for the purchase money thereof, for the taxes assessed thereon, or for labor and material expended thereon; nor shall the owner, if a married man, be at liberty to alienate The same, unless by the consent of the wife, and in such manner as may be prescribed by law.” Const. 1869, art. 12, § 15.
The constitution now in force provides:
“Sec. 4!). The legislature shall have power, and it shall be its duly to protect by law from forced sale, a certain portion of the personal property of all heads of families, and also of unmarried adults male and female.
“Sec. 50. Tiie homestead of a family shall be, and Is hereby protected from forced sale for tlie payment of all debts, except for the purchase money thereof, or a part of such purchase money, the taxes due thereon, or for*656 work and material used in constructing improvements thereon, and in this last case only when the work and material are contracted for in writing, with the consent of the wife given in the same manner as is required in making a sale and conveyance of the homestead; nor shall the owner, if a married man, sell the homestead without the consent of the wife given in such manner as may be prescribed by law. No mortgage, trust deed or other lien on the homestead shall ever be valid, except for the purchase money thereof or improvements thereon; as hereinbefore provided, whether such mortgage, or trust deed, or other lien shall have been created by the husband alone or together with his wife; and all pretended sales of the homestead involving any condition of defeasance shall be void.
“Sec. 51. The homestead, not in a town or city, shall consist of not more than two hundred acres of land, which may be in one or more parcels, with the improvements thereon; the homestead in a town, city or village shall consist of lot or lots not to exceed in value five thousand dollars at the time of their designation as the homestead, without reference to the value of any improvements thereon; provided that the same shall be used for the purposes of a home, or. as a place to exercise the calling or business of the head of a family; provided also, that any temporary renting of the homestead shall not change the character of the same, when no other homestead has been acquired.
“Sec. 52. On the death of the husband or wife, or both, the homestead shall descend and vest in like manner as other real property of the deceased and shall be governed by the same laws of descent and distribution, but it shall not be partitioned among the heirs of the deceased during the life time of the surviving husband or wife, or so long as the survivor may elect to use or occupy the same as a homestead, or so long as the guardian of the minor children of the deceased may be permitted, under the order of the proper court having the jurisdiction, to use and occupy the same.”
Const. 1S7C, art. 1(5, §§ 10-52.
Excepting the period from 1866 to 1876, the supreme court of the state of Texas has been composed of a chief justice and two associate justices. The first chief justice, Judge John Hemphill, had been reared and received a university training, including his preparation for the bar, in a common-law state. He had acquired an ample knowledge of the Spanish language and of the laws of Spain and Mexico. He was four years chief justice in the republic of Texas. He was a member of the convention that framed the constitution of 1845. He remained chief justice 13 years, at the expiration of which time he resigned, to accept the position of United States senator. Judge, Abner S. Lipscomb, one of the first associate justices, had adorned the supreme bench of Alabama before he. became a citizen of Texas. He, too, was a member of the convention that framed the constitution of 1845. He was a man of force in all the elements of manhood. He was a bold and sound thinker, whose gift and habit it was “to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashed across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of sages.” He continued on the bench till his death, which occurred in December, 1856. The other one of the first associate justices, Judge Koyall T. Wheeler, was bred to the law in a common-law state. He was a man of profound learning and wisdom. He had a genius for judicial work. He was richly endowed with the virtues and graces which support and give a charm to high rank in public and in private life. He became chief justice on the retirement of Judg'd Hemphill. . He continued on the bench till his death, in 1863. To fill the vacancy occasioned
Bunning through 40 years, and through 80 volumes of its official reports, that court has published written opinions in 385 distinctly homestead cases. Beginning with the earliest case, it has profoundly considered, and has often, and sometimes warmly, stated the object: and purpose of, the homestead exemption; so much’ so that 10 years ago the court, speaking through the late chief justice (over whose death the state now mourns), then associate justice, said:
“Tlie object and purpose of The homestead exemption has been, so often slated the t there is no need to repeat now.”
And later, through the present chief justice, then associate justice, the court said:
“The beneficent provisions of our homestead laws have been the occasion of much enthusiastic comment and of not a few rhetorical flourishes in the opinions of this court.”
In one of the later, if not the last, of the opinions delivered by Ohief Justice Moore in a, homestead case, this language occurs:
“Whether the policy of onr legislation regarding the homestead exemplion has been wise or unwise is not for us to say. It is, however, unquestionable that from its first introduction there has been a uniform and steady tendency in the popular mind in favor of its liberalization and enlargement; and, if the courts have not at ail times responded to tlie popular sentiment, upon the subject, they have been constrained to give way to it by more explicit legis*658 lation or constitutional enactments. For example, no sooner was it manifest that the courts were inclined to construe the exemption in the constitution of 1845 as referable both to the lot and its improvements than it was declared the improvements should not be considered in estimating the value of the exempted lots; and, as we think, when it became apparent that this court did not regard the place of business of the head of the family, if entirely distinct and separate from their home, as within the exemption, by reason of its use, there was an enlargement of the homestead exemption, as we find it in the present constitution.” Miller v. Menke, 56 Tex. 550.
From a careful consideration of tlie whole line of Texas decisions on this subject, it appears obvious to me that the provisions of the constitution now in force in Texas are not, in substance, an enlargement of the homestead exemption, bxtt only a more explicit expression of that exemption,—a conclusive organic construction by the people of Texas of the exemption as fixed in the first constitution of the state government. An exhaustive analysis of the respective constitutional provisions and review of the numerous decisions would lead too far, but a few suggestions may be indulged, and will suffice. The first sentence of section 22, art. 7, in the constitution of 1845, as a mere, grant of power, was unnecessary. The legislature had exercised that power, in the absence of such a grant, by the act of 1839, the validity of which has never been questioned. Subject to be withdrawn or modified by the constitution, it was inherent in the legislature. The intent of this sentence, therefore, must have been to charge the legislature with a duty. The specific and exhaustive provision in the next sentence left personal property only on which' the legislative power could act. Both of these necessary implications are now expressed in section 49, art. 16. The self-acting, exclusive character of the homestead provision in the second sentence of section 22, so clearly implied therein, and authoritatively announced by the supreme court in Darst v. Walker, 31 Tex. 681, is literally expressed in the words “and is hereby,” in section 50. The exceptions embraced in this section are clearly constructions of the existing exemption, for the law had and has ever been in Texas that, to the extent of the unpaid purchase money, the vendor of land retains the superior title. The homestead exemption can only attach or rest on what the claimant owns, be it fee simple, equity of redemption, as tenant in common, leasehold, or other right. The homestead, therefore, had never been protected from forced sale for the payment of the purchase money thereof. Where the vendor’s lien covered more than the exempt homestead, it had, in case of sale, to seek satisfaction first out of the excess. It was never supposed or held that the homestead was not liable for the taxes assessed thereon. The supreme court accept the last sentence of section 50 “as a legislative construction of the general policy of our state in this regard.” Black v. Rockmore, 50 Tex. 96. It must have been in Judge Moore’s mind, when he wrote the language above quoted from Miller v. Menke, that section 51 was, as touching the particulars he" was considering, rather a reversal of Williams v. Jenkins, 25 Tex. 279, and of Iken v. Olenick, 42 Tex. 195, than an extension of the exemption. Even the change in the numerical figures used to express the limit of value put on the urban home
This policy of homestead exemption is not a provision by the public for the poor. It has no element of pauperism in it; neither has it any element of bounty in it. It does not collect from the provident and affluent, and bestow its exactions to foster fraud or sloth. It bestows on all alike. It takes from all alike. It takes from all heads of families the right to make so much of their land as they use as a home the basis of credit, and from the married man who owns a homestead the right to sell it, except with the consent of his wife, and in (he manner prescribed by law. It is not the debtor who is protected from his creditor; it is tire homestead of che family that is protected against both. As to the homestead, the owner is not and cannot become a debtor. The land is bound for the charges fixed on it before ihe homestead designation. These charges may be enforced. They .are the debts of the homestead. They underlie its right, and are not ousted or rendered dormant by the homestead use. But no act of the owners or of others can put a charge over the homestead use not within the named exceptions. Homestead in Texas is not: an estate that can be sold and conveyed, or a right that can be waived by deed, or estoppel arising out: of recitations in a deed. Where, in fact, the property is actually in use for homestead purposes, neither tin* declarations of Hue husband or of Hue wife, nor of both, can change' its character. Jacobs v. Hawkins, 63 Tex. 1. The husband and wife cannot: by any character of solemn writing, executed and acknowledged, or even sworn to before a public officer, authorized to take acknowledgments of married women and of other parties, and to administer oaths generally, and placing that paper in the
As already stated, the homestead in Texas has always been held to be subject to forced sale for the payment of the purchase money thereof, but not for the payment of the purchase money of five times as much more, or of any more, of a tract of which it formed a part in the purchase. In Harrison v. Oberthier, 40 Tex. 385, it appears that John Harrison had bought 307 acres of land from T. J. Walling. John Harrison died. His widow resided on the land. On the application of the administrator, 200 acres of the tract were set apart for her as homestead. There still remained due to Walling of the unpaid purchase money of the 307 acres about $600. He asked for and obtained an order of the county court for a sale of all the land for cash,' to satisfy his unpaid purchase money. Oberthier was in possession of the land, as the tenant of the plaintiff (the widow), at the time the sale under‘the order of the probate court was made. He bought at the sale. It was confirmed. The administrator conv
“If this course should be taken, and it should bo found necessary to sell the land to pay the balance of the purchase money, the surplus of one hundred and seven acres in excess of the homestead should he sold first, and the deficit, if any, should be made up by a sale of a sufficient quantity, or the whole, if necessary, of the two hundred acres, if it is not otherwise paid.”
The case of Pridgen v. Warn, 79 Tex. 588, 15 S. W. 559, I have studied with care. To give an adequate analysis of it would involve irksome detail. I insist that it is not authority for the decision of the court in Ivory v. Kennedy. “All pretended sales of the homestead involving any condition of defeasance shall be void,” and “no mortgage, trust deed, or other lien on the homestead shall ever be valid, * * * whether such mortgage or trust deed or other lien shall have been created by the husband alone or together with his wife,”—is the mandate of the constitution. Real sales of the homestead, made in the manner prescribed by law, will, like mortgages on the separate property of-the wife to secure the debts of the husband, be closely scrutinized; and they must he free from symptoms of fraud, coercion, or undue influence, but within the conditions of good faith they are not discouraged.' Where a fraud is practiced on the wife by others whom she trusted, and the purchaser is willfully blind, in order that he may profit by it, he is as guilty as those who perpetrated the fraud. If, before signing and acknowledging the deed, she was made to believe that these acts were a mere matter of form, and not binding on her or on her homo, of which the creditor had knowledge or should have taken notice, the wife will not be bound. Shelby v. Burtis, 18 Tex. 645: Pierce v. Fort, 60 Tex. 464.
In the case of Hurt v. Cooper, 63 Tex. 362, it was claimed in the answers that the lots on which the trust deed was given by Cooper were conveyed hv Catherine and Thomas I). Gilbert and bis wife to Cooper for the sole purpose of procuring a note in the form of a purchase-money note, on which appellant was willing to lepd money, and that in fact Cooper made the note and accepted the deed solely for the accommodation of the Gilberts, who, as between themselves and Cooper, were the real debtors and also the owners of the lots, which, in accordance with the original understanding between them, he soon afterwards recouveved. The evidence showed that, as between the Gilberts and Cooper, such was the real nature of the transaction. The answer further alleged that Hurt had timely notice. The court says:
“If lie had such notice, then he could not rely upon the deed from the Gilberts to Cooper for the divestiture of such homestead rights as the former had iu lot 11, block 143, for he would stand charged with notice that Cooper*662 held the legal title to the lot in trust for the Gilberts; and the trust deed by him, apparently made to seeure the purchase money for the lot, could not have any further effect towards the' divestiture of the homestead right, than would such a deed had it been executed by the Gilberts directly. If, however, Hurt had no notice of the nature or purpose of the conveyance from the Gilberts to Cooper, then he might rely upon that deed for the divestiture of the title to the lot, and the consequent divestiture of any homestead right the Gilberts may have had therein, and it would be subject to sale to satisfy his debt contracted in good faith on what appeared to be the real title of Cooxoer, which would pass through a sale made under the trust deed.”
In the case of Mortgage Co. v. Norton, 71 Tex 683, 10 S. W. 301,, in which the wife had signed the application for the loan, a written designation of homestead, and two mortgages or deeds of trust, and acknowledged them before the proper officer, the supreme court, after reciting the evidence, says:
“It is difficult to attach the term ‘fraudulent’ to her jiassive submission to the series of acts dictated and required to perfect the loan for the husband by the agent of the company.”
And, again, in the same case, the court says:
“As the constitution denounces as invalid all liens upon the homestead save for purchase money or for improvements made thereon, whether created by the husband alone or together with his wife (article 16, § 50), the holder cannot rely upon such mortgage or trust deed attempting to give a lien. The privy acknowledgment of the wife does not cure the invalidity of a trust deed for a loan, upon the homestead. The estoppel, therefore, must be made out by proof of facts outside the instrument itself. It cannot directly or by its recitals bind the homestead.”
The case of Heidenheimer v. Stewart, 65 Tex. 321, is this: The .appellants, as indorsees of one Alexander, brought suit against Stewart to recover the amount due on a negotiable promissory note executed by Stewart, and to foreclose a lien on a certain tract of land retained as security for the note in a deed from Alexander to Stewart for the land. At the time of and for some time before the execution of this note, the land in question was the homestead of Stewart, who was a married man. He was indebted to Alexander on open account. To secure this debt, Stewart and wife conveyed the land by proper deed, with full warranty, to Alexander, who, on the same day, by like deed, reconveyed the land to Stewart, talcing the note sued on, and retaining vendor’s lien to secure the note. All this was done in pursuance of a distinct understanding between the parties, and in order to conceal the true character of the transaction which was to secure the pre-existing debt. The court says:
“If tbe owners of tbe homestead simulate a transaction in wbicli a negotiable note would be secured by a valid and meritorious lien on the exempt estate, and their artifice succeeds in imposing upon an innocent party, they are estopped from denying the truth of their solemn statements, and cannot be permitted to prove that a lien their acts declared to be A-alid is void because their acts were false. The constitution prohibits liens on the homestead except for purchase money and improvements. The lien asserted 'by appellant was for purchase money, if the transaction was genuino, and appellees are estopped as against appellant from proxdng that it Avas otherwise. Appellant had no constructive notice of the fact that the deeds Avere intended to evade the law, for, if the transactions had been as recited, the note Avould have been secured by a valid lien. That there Avas no actual no*663 tico, which might have arisen from the date of the deeds, the consideration, and registration (Gaston v. Dashield, 55 Tex. 508), was stipulated between the parties in the court below.”
In tills connection it may be noticed that in Texas the husband not only has control and exclusive power of disposition of his separate estate, bul:, pending the marriage, has like control and power of disposition of tlie community property and exclusive management of the wife’s separate estate, and, with exceptions not necessary to notice, is a necessary party to all litigation for or against her, which, as a. rule, is prosecuted or defended on her behalf under his direction; hence, doubtless, the'stipulation as to notice which controlled this Heidenheimer Case.
What is the case before us? On February 24, 1893, the appellant exhibited ifs bill in the circuit court of the United States against Ferdinand Ganzer, his wife, Helene Ganzer, and others, not' now material to mention. The bill showed that appellant is a corporation organized under the laws of England, and that the defendants just named are husband and wife, citizens of Texas, and inhabitants of the district where the suit was brought. It charges that Ferdinand Ganzer had on the 9th day of April, 1889, prepared his written application, addressed to the complainant, in which’he solicited a loan oí $4,200 for the term of three years, proffering as security lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, in block 847 of G-anzer’s addition to the city of Dallas, which he represented to be free from incumbrance, except $2,200, which was to be paid out of: this loan. That he occupied no part of the same as his homestead, but occupied lot H in said block as his homestead, which lot 8, with its improvements, was worth $8,000. That on 17th of April, 1889, Ganzer and wife executed and filed for record their designation of their homestead, designating the lot number 8, which was then and there actually occupied by them as their homestead. That on tlie faith of the recitals in the application, and on the faith of this designation of homestead and of their actual occupancy, aud of the recitals in a deed of trust that day given by defendants, complainant made the loan asked, taking the deed of trust and a note tor $4,200, at three years, with six interest coupons to cover semiannual interest. That the principal note and the three last maturing- of the interest coupons are overdue and unpaid. It then declared on this provision in the deed of trust:
“That the herein-described property is not our homestead. That the principal note secured by this deed of trust is given partly for and in lieu of two certain notes executed by J. II. Eborliart to F. Ganzer, hftih dated the 16¡h day of November, 1888, one for the sum of $1,200, due .‘Í years after date, and the other for the sum of $1,000, due 5 years after date, both notes bearing interest at the rate of ten per centum per annum, iriaid notes were given for part of the purchase price of the lands herein conveyed, to secure which notes the vendor’s lien was specially retained. The note secured by this dot'd of trust is intended in part as an extension of said vendor’s lien notes, which, -with interest accrued thereon, have been paid off for me, the said 1 erdinand Ganzer, and at my special instance and request, by tlie Western Mortgage and Investment Company, Limited, with the express understanding- and agreement that said Go. is thereby subrogated to all the rights of the said Ferdinand Ganzer under said vendor’s lien to the extent of the sum so paid by the said Go. for principal and interest of said vendor’s lien*664 notes. Tliat we will pay the said notes and interest thereon as the same becomes due and payable. That we have a good and perfect title in fee simple to the said lands, and have the right to convey the same to the said «Tames B. Simpson, trustee.”
—That the note for $4,200 was' intended in part as an extension of said vendor’s lien notes, which were fully paid off, with the express understanding and agreement that complainant was thereby subrogated to all the lights, legal' and equitable, of said Ganzer. The bill prays subpoena to defendants requiring them to answer (without waiving' oath to the same), for judgment for principal and interest, for foreclosure of the lien" and decree of sale of the premises described in the deed of trust, to satisfy its debt and costs. The defendant Ferdinand Ganzer answered that he was indebted .on the $4,200 nóte, principal and interest. That he is, and was at and long before the time of making said note and deed of trust, a married man. That, at the time and long before the execution of the same, he and his wife owned, occupied, and used the whole pf the premises as their homestead, which the agent of complainant, who negotiated the loan, well knew. That about the 14th of November, 1888, he applied to James B. Simpson for a loan of money; and that Simpson, as agent of complainant, stated that he would make the loan for complainant, but requested respondent to comply with certain forms in relation to his homestead property, which he distinctly stated could not be held as security for the loan, but that as a form only he wished it. He advised that a plat of respondent’s homestead, then actually occupied and used for homestead purposes, be made and recorded as an addition to East Dallas. That this was made on the 14th of November, and filed for record on the 15th November, 1888, dividing the homestead into eight lots, numbered from 1 to 8. The lots from 1 to 7 included respondent’s stable, cow house, chicken house, laundry, and garden, then and ever since in actual use as the homestead of respondent. That Simpson named this “Ganzer’s Addition to the City of East Dallas.” That it was not made with a view to a sale of any part of the property, but a part of the transaction upon which Simpson proposed to proceed as follows: He directed respondent to select some friend to whom a simulated conveyance of lots from 1 to 7 might be made, to be canceled or the lots to be reconveyc-d to respondent’s wife, if desired, as soon as the loan should be obtained. Respondent suggested a laborer boarding with him, named J. H. Eberhart, who had no means to purchase the property, as Simpson well knew. That Simpson prepared a deed to Eberhart for lots from 1 to 7, reciting a consideration of $5,200,—$3,000 cash, and the two notes, one for $1,200, and one for $1,000,' referred to in the bill. That in fact nothing was paid or intended to be paid, and Simpson advised that nothing need ever be paid on account of these formalities. He was willing, as the representative of complainant, to loan the money, and did loan it, on the personal responsibility of respondent; but, to preserve uniformity in his mode of proceeding, desired, as he stated and led respondent to believe, only the form of a conveyance, which should
“The wonder is that the borrower was not required to make, and did not make, a further statement that no agent or officer of appellant had capacity to know that land owned and occupied by a husband with his wife as their sole place of residence was their homestead.” Loan Co. v. Blalock, 76 Tex. 85, 13 S. W. 12.
Some of its features may help us further on. It values lot No. 8, with its improvements, designated as the homestead, at $8,000. It values lots 1 to 7. proposed for security, with improvements thereon, at $11,000. The appellant’s witness Hodge was employed by appellant and paid by appellant to inspect and appraise this proposed security. He did inspect it, for he so testifies, and this application was filled out, he says, “by my partner, Mr. Hoya, under my direction, and Mr. Ganzer. Mr. Ganzer furnished the data for the application, and signed it, and I signed the appraisement attached to the application. This was sent to the complainant at
“Borrower is O. K., and enjoys a very good reputation. Consider security A No. l.„ The statements made in the' foregoing report are made on my honor, and embody my opinions on said property as an expert judge of real property values in the city of Dallas.
“Dated this 12th day of April, 1889.
“[Signed] ' A. L. Hodge, Appraiser.”
Both Ganzer and wife had known Simpson for a number of years; had bought a part of their homestead from him. Ganzer had had several business transactions with Simpson, and alleges in his answer and testifies that Simpson thoroughly knew the property, its continuous use by Ganzer and his wife as their homestead, his business relations and financial condition, and that he had no occasion to make, and did not make, any representations or give any data to Simpson, or to Hodge, who acted in connection with Simpson, in the matter of this loan. Appellant also put in evidence the recorded plat of Ganzer’s addition to the city of East Dallas, as follows:
—Also the recorded designation by Ganzer and wife of their homestead; 1 lie principal note, with three interest coupons attached, for the $1,200 loan; the deed of trust to secure them, the deed
There is not a syllable of proof that the wife, Helene Ganzer, did or said anything in connection with this Eberhart transaction further than the signing and acknowledging her execution of the deed io Eberhart. This she claims to have done under the express understanding that if was not to affect her title to her home, and her claim in this respect seems to be conceded, and appears to be abundantly proved. “If the husband or any really free agent had stated that his signature was merely a matter of form, not intended to be binding, it would have had the effect to give, if possible, additional force to his acts. His statement would be regarded as a confession of fraudulent design. Such imputation cannot, however, be made against the wife, who is supposed to be not well informed of her rights or the effect of her acts” Shelby v. Burtis, supra. It is clear that she is not bound by the act itself (Simpson knowing all the fads), and cannot become bound unless she. and not another, her husband, Eberhart or Simpson, or all three, perpetrated a fraud. Where such an issue is to be found by the jury, the charges should limit the inquiry to the acts of-the wife (Mortgage Co. v. Norton, supra); and the chancellor, sitting in equity, must observe the rule which as a judge, sitting at law, he would give to the jury. It may be permitted to repeat from the case last cited:
“It is difficult to attach tlio term ‘fraudulent’ to her passive submission [even if it had been] to a series of acts dictated and required to perfect the loan for the husband by the agent of the company.”
Moreover, in this case it is not the declaration of the wife that she makes the deed as a matter of form, and is not bound by it, nor is it the declaration of the husband, with whom she joins in making the deed, but ii; is the statement and express agreement of Simpson, the man for whom the deed to Eberhart is being executed and delivered, and to whom Eberhart’s deed of trust is being delivered, and from whom Ganzer is getting the money. May she not plead and testify to and prove this without being charged with conspiracy to commit fraud, with the actual perpetration of fraud, and, when fully proved, as it is, will she be bound? And the subject-matter being homestead, if she is not bound, will the husband be bound? Inge v. Cain, 65 Tex. 79. There is on the Eberhart notes not even a j>encil memorandum to show that these notes were ever Lite property of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company. On their face they are payable to the order of Ferdinand Ganzer, at the office of Simpson & Huffman, Dallas,.Tex. On the back they are indorsed in blank, “Ford. Ganzer;” only this, and nothing more. That company is not mentioned in connection with this simulated
The name of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company is not mentioned in any of the pleadings of the complainant or of the respondents. It is not mentioned in any of the direct or cross interrogatories propounded to the respondents’ witnesses, or in any of the answers in their depositions, which were filed in the court below on October 31, 1893. It is not mentioned in any of the interrogatories or cross interrogatories propounded to the appellant’s' witnesses after the respondents’ answers and their depositions and the depositions of their witnesses were all filed in the court below. It is as clear as the sun that up to this time the connection of the Scottish-American Mortgage Company with these Eberhart notes was utterly unknown to the veteran solicitors of the appellant. In the answer of James B. Simpson, taken 7th December, 1893, to one of the interrogatories propounded by the appellant, appear these words: “I bought them [the Eberhart notes] for the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, Limited, of Edinburgh, Scotland.” In all the pleadings and in ail the evidence there is no other mention of or reference to that company. There is no other proof that such a company exists, or where it has a local habitation, or what relation Simpson then or ever sustained to it, or that it had in Texas or elsewhere any representative, employé, agent, officer, or constituent other than James B. Simpson. 2s ot only so. It is fully proved that Simpson was connected with the appellant from 1884 till 1891; that the money for the $4,200 loan made Ganzer was forwarded to Simpson through the bank of Flippen, Adoue, and Lobit; that Simpson let Ganzer have about $1,800 of that money, and retained the balance, to meet his commissions and charges (for the loan was net to the appellant company), and to pay the Eberhart notes; but there is no whisper of evidence or testimony by or from Simpson, or any other source, that any money on this account—the Eberhart notes—was ever paid to the Scottish-American Mortgage Company, or to any one else, except to James B. Simpson, who knew their simulated character. Ganzer’s written application for the $4,200 is dated and was made April 9, was approved April 15, and the loan was to date from April 17, 1889. The notes and deed of trust given to secure it bear date April 17, 1889. The deed of trust was not acknowledged and delivered till May 6, 1889. The date of its filing for record does not appear. The deed from Eberhart and wife conveying the premises to Helene Ganzer, though dated April 28, was not completed by the taking of the wife’s acknowledgment till May 7, 1889, on which day it was
“Dallas, Texas, May 18lli, 1889.
“Tliis is to certify that the two J. H. Eberhart notes--one for SI,000, dated Nov. 3(itli, 1888, and due 5 years after date, and the other for $1,200, of same dato, and due 8 years after date—hare been paid off and fully satisfied of this date. These notes are in Europe at present, but, when they are returned, 1 agree to hand them over to Mr. Eberhart.
“For .lames I>. Simpson,
“Dick Ritchie.”
This certificate was made, executed, and delivered to Eberhart, in Simpson’s presence, by his direction and dictation. Does it not deserve especial notice that this certificate does not name the Scottish-American Mortgage Company as the holder, to whom payment of these notes had been made, or as tbe party thereby agreeing and bound to hand them over to Mr. Eberhart? It does not even mention Scotland. It does not purport to be given by Simpson for or on behalf of any other person, natural or incorporated, who had been the innocent holder and owner of these notes. It is given by James B. Simpson, purporting ou its face to be only for him and on his own behalf. The fact that Eberhart was willing to receive it, and did receive it, in this shape, shows convincingly that he had no suspicion, as he had no reason to suspect, that Simpson was acting in this matter for an undisclosed principal.
Is the appellant not chargeable with knowledge that the dealing with Eberhart was only a simulated sale? The deed to him stood on the record. His deed of trust to Simpson stood with it. No doed from him to Ganzer, or to Ganzer’s wife, or to any other person, appeared there or had been made when Ganzer, in possession of ihe premises, using all of the same as his homestead, did, in a writing dated and duly signed by him April 9, 1889, with the attached report of A. L. Hodge, dated April .12(.h, forwarded to Paul Philips, the general manager at Kansas City, by James B. Simpson, and examined and approved by the general manager, April 15, 1889, give the express notice in those plainly-printed words: “The title to the above property is vested in fee simple in the undersigned.” If this does not charge the appellant with knowledge, it might be very interesting to learn how notice can be got to the mind of Simpson’s principal. The appellant; nowhere, in its pleadings or in the proof it offers, seeks to charge Simpson with fraud. It is clear that he committed no fraud on the appellant. 1-Ie fell into an error of law,-—an error persisted in by the appellant until the final action
From the pleadings and proof in this case, it is clear that Ferdinand Ganzer did not know, and had not the least ground to suspect, that Simpson was representing two- different mortgage companies in the making of the two loans. It is true that Ganzer knew that Simpson was representing the appellant in loaning money in Dallas, «and he avers and testified that Simpson expressed himself willing, as such representative, to let Ganzer have the first loan on his personal credit, and wished the Eberhart papers for the sake of form; but it is manifest that Ganzer considered that
In this investigation the effort has been to soak the mind with she record, eliminating color. In the opening of this opinion, reference was made to the office and effect of perspeciive. It may now be permitted to suggest that the view- of this case taken by the majority of this court illustrates the power and value of perspective. It is respectfully submitted that the distinction drawn in the opinion of the court by which the corporation claimed to be the principal in the purchase of the Eberhart notes by Simpson is to escape; from being charged with his knowledge finds no support in tin; opinion of (lie supreme court in the Distilled Spirits Case, 11 Wall. 367. „The citations from the American & English Encyclopedia of Law are; not, accessible at this writing, but do not seem to require notice. The distinction drawn by the majority of the court in this case maj rest on a refinement in casuistry fit to have exercised the fancy of the schoolmen, but one which the judgment of a superior court, charged to administer the Texas homestead exemption law, should reject. Much of the money-seeking investment on mortgage security in Texas is owned by aliens or by citizens of other srates. It is now the vogue there, as elsewhere, to effect such investments through mortgage companies. Citizens of that stale desiring to invest money there on such security will have easy opportunity, of which they will not be slow to avail themselves, to make rheir investments through incorporated mortgage companies, created by or under the laws of some foreign country or of some oilier state of this Union. Iff the views expressed in the opinion of the court in this case are to become its settled doctrine, the United