151 Wash. 2d 645 | Wash. | 2004
Lead Opinion
Key Bank National Association (Key Bank) challenges a Court of Appeals decision reversing the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in its claim for conversion against J.R. Simplot Co. (Simplot). Key Bank, which held a security interest in potato crops purchased by Simplot, claims that Simplot converted proceeds when it
FACTS
Lynn Olsen is a potato and onion farmer, farming approximately 4,000 acres of land. Key Bank financed Olsen’s farming operation between 1996 and 1998 and had a perfected security interest in Olsen’s assets, including all general crops and proceeds thereof as well as instruments arising out of sales or other disposition of crops. Key Bank’s security interest in crops and the proceeds was perfected by filing a financial statement on April 1, 1996. There were no prior filings. Pursuant to the Food Security Act of 1985, 7 U.S.C. § 1631(e), Key Bank sent a notice to buyer alerting Simplot, with which Olsen contracted for as many potatoes as he had grown, of its security interest in Olsen’s crops in 1996 and 1997. The notice to buyer stated that all proceeds shall be paid jointly to Olsen and Key Bank.
In one of the contracts between Olsen and Simplot, Olsen was to deliver his potatoes to a place designated by Simplot at Olsen’s own expense. However, the contract also provided that Simplot was to give Olsen a hauling allowance, along with payment for the sale of the potatoes, once Olsen completed delivery. After the delivery, Simplot issued a check to Olsen for $160,607.44 representing a hauling allowance, made payable only to Olsen, not to Key Bank.
For reasons unrelated to the issue under consideration here, Simplot sued Key Bank for breach of contract. Key Bank then filed a counterclaim against Simplot for conversion, alleging that Simplot converted money by issuing a check payable only to Olsen. Both Key Bank and Simplot filed motions for summary judgment. Key Bank asserted that Simplot should have designated Key Bank as a copayee of the check because Key Bank’s security interest covered the hauling allowance as proceeds of the potato
Simplot appealed and the Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that there was no conversion because the hauling allowance was not proceeds of the potato crops. W. Farm Serv., Inc. v. Olsen, 114 Wn. App. 508, 522, 59 P.3d 93 (2002), review granted, 150 Wn.2d 1008 (2003).
ANALYSIS
The issue presented here is whether a payment for hauling potatoes, made pursuant to a contract for the sale of potatoes, constitutes crop proceeds that are subject to a security interest in the potato crops. Key Bank claims that Simplot converted proceeds when it failed to name Key Bank as a joint payee on the check it paid Olsen for hauling potatoes.
The legislature has defined the term “proceeds” broadly. Former RCW 62A.9-306(1) (1995) provided that proceeds include “whatever is received upon the sale, exchange, collection or other disposition of collateral or proceeds.” Key Bank argues that the trial court correctly applied the statute and relevant case law when it held that the hauling allowance paid to Olsen constituted proceeds. We agree.
As this court has noted, the broad statutory definition of proceeds is intended to ensure that the term will be all-encompassing and will be given “ ‘a flexible and broad content.’ ” Rainier Nat’l Bank v. Bachmann 111 Wn.2d 298, 302, 757 P.2d 979 (1988) (quoting In re Munger, 495 F.2d 511, 513 (9th Cir. 1974)). In Rainier National Bank, the bank held a security interest in the debtors’ collateral,
We employed an expansive reading of proceeds again in Central Washington Bank v. Mendelson-Zeller, Inc., 113 Wn.2d 346, 779 P.2d 697 (1989). In that case, the bank financed the debtor’s expenses for their crops. 113 Wn.2d at 349. As collateral, the bank retained a perfected security interest in the apple crops and the proceeds. Id. Pursuant to the bank’s requirements, the debtors contracted with Premium Packing and Storage, Inc. (Premium) to operate as a commission merchant. Id. at 349-50. In turn, Premium had a sales agent agreement with Mendelson-Zeller to perform marketing functions for a commission. Id. at 350. Mendelson-Zeller sold the apples and advanced funds to Premium for picking, hauling, and packing expenses. Id. Premium retained the packing advances and distributed the picking and hauling expenses to the debtors and other growers. Id. When Mendelson-Zeller sold the debtors’ crops, it retained a part of the gross proceeds as sales commission and brokerage fees and repayment of advances made to Premium, remitting the remaining proceeds to Premium. Id. In turn, Premium deducted its commission and forwarded the remaining amount to the bank. Id. The bank brought a conversion action against Premium and
The Johanson case, quoted in Central Washington Bank, is particularly germane. There, Wells Fargo and Rich Pik’d Rite had a security interest in strawberries and proceeds grown by a farmer. 164 Cal. App. 3d at 586. Johanson Transportation Service (Johanson) advanced freight charges to the farmer, who failed to repay. Id. at 587-88. The freight charges were included in the sale price to the fruit buyer. Id. at 587. The farmer deposited all the checks he received for the sale of the strawberries in the deposit account at Wells Fargo. Id. Johanson sued Wells Fargo and Rich Pik’d Rite for conversion and unjust enrichment. Id. at 588. Johanson claimed that the freight charges were not
Simplot, however, urges that Johanson is distinguishable and that the court should instead follow Thompson v. Danner, 507 N.W.2d 550 (N.D. 1993). In Thompson, a bank had a security interest in potato crops grown by growers Thompson and Danner. 507 N.W.2d at 553. The growers sold their potato crops to Simplot. Id. The potatoes-sales contracts between Simplot and Danner contained a section for storage payments to Danner because those contracts called for delayed deliveries of Danner’s potatoes to Simplot. Id. at 558. The bank claimed that the storage payments were included within proceeds of the potato crops, which Simplot protested. Id. at 557. On review, the court held that the storage payments were not included within proceeds, noting that the storage payment was received as an additional compensation for a service provided by Danner to Simplot rather than in consequence of the disposition of the crops. Id. at 558.
In contrast to Johanson, Simplot points out that here, as in Thompson, there is a separate contract section providing payment for hauling potatoes. However, the decision in Thompson stems from the court’s view that the nature of storage payments is significantly different from a hauling allowance. The court noted that the term “proceeds” includes whatever is received upon disposition of collateral. It then reasoned that Danner received storage payments because the disposition of his crops was delayed and the storage payments were additional compensation for the storage service. The court concluded the storage payments fell outside the scope of the term “proceeds” even though the crops were subject to a security interest. Thompson, 507 N.W.2d at 558; see also In re Connelly, 41 B.R. 217, 220 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1984); In re Sumner, 69 B.R. 758, 762-63 (Bankr. D. Or. 1986). In contrast, a hauling allowance, including the allowance in this case, is a payment received
Simplot also urges a more flexible approach to defining proceeds that looks to the language of the sales contracts between the parties. Simplot points out the hauling allowance is provided in a separate contract clause and this indicates that the parties did not intend the allowance to be a part of the sales price of the potatoes. However, if we conclude that the hauling allowance is not proceeds in this case because it is mentioned in a separate clause, brokers and carriers will be encouraged to create contract sections for freight allowances, commissions, or brokerage fees and the like, separate from the main sales section, lowering the value of the collateral. By doing so, the contracting parties can effectively undermine the interest of a secured party and could allow a creditor with subordinate rights to defeat a secured interest in collateral. This is exactly the court’s concern in Cashmere Valley Bank. Simplot’s position is contrary to our determination that the term “proceeds” includes all economic components that go into the total amount received for the product. Cashmere Valley Bank, 198 Wash, at 369-70; Cent. Wash. Bank, 113 Wn.2d at 361 (quoting Johanson, 164 Cal. App. 3d at 592).
Additionally, Simplot would not prevail under the approach it suggests. Here, the hauling allowance was an integral part of the potato-sales contract between Olsen and Simplot. According to the contract, Olsen was required to deliver his potatoes to a place designated by Simplot at Olsen’s own expense. Although he was entitled to the hauling allowance along with the payment for potatoes, Olsen could collect these sums only after the potatoes were delivered. Plainly, these sums were “received upon the sale, exchange, collection or other disposition” of Olsen’s potatoes
We hold that the hauling allowance in this case constitutes proceeds of the potato crops and that Key Bank’s security interest covers the check Simplot gave to Olsen for that purpose.
Simplot next argues that there can be no conversion where there is a benefit to the owner. Simplot claims that Key Bank incurred no damages or at most only mitigated damages even if Key Bank’s security interest covers the check for hauling. Essentially, Simplot argues that the hauling allowance would have been used to pay Olsen’s farming expenses in 1998 regardless of whether Key Bank or Olsen received the check from Simplot. In support of the argument, Simplot relies on three out-of-state cases in which the courts stated that the damages are mitigated if the victim receives benefits from the conversion. United States v. Keeling, 131 F. Supp. 304, 307 (W.D. Ark. 1955); Burke County v. First Nat’l Bank of Birmingham, 73 F.2d 783, 785 (5th Cir. 1934); Ballenger v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 266 Ala. 407, 412, 96 So. 2d 728 (1957).
No Washington case has adopted the approach urged by Simplot, and Simplot points to no evidence sufficient to create an issue of material fact on whether Key Bank benefited from the proceeds of the check.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the hauling allowance paid as a part of the sale of crops is proceeds as defined in former RCW 62A.9--306(1). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting a motion for summary judgment in Key Bank’s favor. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the trial court’s summary judgment.
Alexander, C.J., and Johnson, Bridge, Owens, and Fairhurst, JJ., concur.
“ ‘A conversion is a willful interference with a chattel without lawful justification, whereby a person entitled thereto is deprived of the possession of it.’ ” Paris Am. Corp. v. McCausland, 52 Wn. App. 434, 443, 759 P.2d 1210 (1988) (quoting Olin v. Goehler, 39 Wn. App. 688, 693, 694 P.2d 1129, review denied, 103 Wn.2d 1036 (1985)). When a debtor transfers collateral subject to a perfected security interest, the secured party may commence an action against the purchaser for conversion. See, e.g., Wash. State Bank v. Medalia Healthcare, L.L.C., 96 Wn. App. 547, 550-52, 984 P.2d 1041 (1999).
Premium did not appeal the order of summary judgment in favor of the bank. Cent. Wash. Bank v. Mendelson-Zeller, Inc., 113 Wn.2d 346, 350, 779 P.2d 697 (1989).
Although Thompson can be factually distinguished, we also find the rationale of Thompson questionable. The court relied on two cases that held that storage payments received in connection with participation in a government grain set-aside program are not “proceeds” of the grain placed in storage. 507 N.W.2d at 558. This view appears inconsistent with our holding in Rainier National Bank v. Bachmann, 111 Wn.2d 298, 757 P.2d 979 (1988).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — J.R. Simplot Co. contracted with farmer Lynn Olsen to buy potatoes. The price was
The Company [Simplot] shall pay to the Grower [Olsen] a haul allowance of Sixteen Cents ($.16) per ton mile for all usable potatoes to which the Eighty Dollars ($80.00) base price applies for each mile one way, over eight (8) miles and limited to forty (40) miles (maximum payable mileage thirty-two (32) miles) from the public road nearest the Grower’s field as described in Section II above to the point of delivery designated by the Company. Payments will be made at the same time as the first payment to Grower as set forth in Section VII below.
Id. at 1962, § VI.4. Stated another way, while the cost of shipping the crops up to eight miles was included in the price of crops, Simplot agreed to compensate Olsen in addition to the agreed price for an added service Olsen would provide. Such compensation would increase or decrease depending not on the value of the potatoes delivered but rather on the distance traveled. But despite the parties’ express contract that this hauling allowance was solely payment for a service separate from the price of the goods, the majority broadly holds the payment constitutes “proceeds,” defined by former Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) as adopted in Washington as “whatever is
I. Contract for Services, Not Crops
Thompson v. Danner, 507 N.W.2d 550 (N.D. 1993) is instructive, though the majority attempts to distinguish it. Similar to these facts the creditor bank there held a perfected security interest in the debtor’s potato crops and proceeds thereof. Id. at 553. The debtors received storage payments from Simplot (who was the buyer in that case as well) because the sales contracts called for delayed deliveries of the potatoes. Id. at 558. Simplot would pay the debtors an amount which varied depending on how much time the potatoes were left in storage. Id. The court pointed to two separate bankruptcy cases, In re Sumner, 69 B.R. 758 (Bankr. D. Or. 1986), and In re Connelly, 41 B.R. 217 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1984), both of which held payments received in conjunction with government grain set-aside programs did not constitute proceeds. Sumner, 69 B.R. at 763; Connelly, 41 B.R. at 220. Thompson followed suit to hold the storage payments were not proceeds but rather compensation for an additional service, stating:
Contrary to the Bank’s assertion that these payments are merely “a premium added to the agreed upon price,” the amount of the storage payment is directly related to the length of time the potatoes are held in storage. The payment is not received in consequence of the disposition of the crop, but is additional compensation for a service provided by the Danners to Simplot.
Thompson, 507 N.W.2d at 558 (emphasis added). The same is true here. Olsen was to bear the cost of transporting the potatoes to a site designated by Simplot within eight miles. CP at 1962, § VI.2. However if Simplot instructed the
II. Proceeds Must Be Received for the Collateral, Not Services
The majority disregards the contractual language, holding “a hauling allowance is an integral part of the disposition of the crops.” Majority at 652-52. However I know of no legal principle which states any farmer must, ipso facto, bear the cost of hauling his crops to a remote location without additional compensation for transportation. If that were the rule farmers would sell only to local customers, losing the potential benefits of a national market. For the same reason the secured party would also lose the potential to maximize the price of the collateral.
But rather than hinge my analysis on arbitrary notions of what a black-robed judge might opine is an “integral” part of a sales contract, majority at 651-52,1 direct my attention exactly where a court should: the statutory language and the text of the contract. State v. J.P., 149 Wn.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003); Rainier Nat’l Bank v. Bachmann, 111 Wn.2d 298, 302, 757 P.2d 979 (1988). The statutory language here at issue provides “proceeds” are “whatever is received upon the sale, exchange, collection or other disposition of collateral or proceeds.” Former RCW 62A.9-306(1).
If the statute said nothing more than “whatever is received,” the majority would have a point. But the remain
The revised code does not explicitly define “upon,” thus compelling analysis of the dictionary definition. Am. Legion Post No. 32 v. City of Walla Walla, 116 Wn.2d 1, 8, 802 P.2d 784 (1991); Rainier Nat'l Bank, 111 Wn.2d at 303. Webster’s defines “upon” two separate ways which could be applied to former RCW 62A.9-306(1).
This leaves the alternative definition of “upon,” which means “in answer to [ ] in satisfaction of.” Webster’s, supra, at 2518 (using as example sentence “transcripts are sent [upon] the request of the particular student”). This definition is consistent with the purpose behind extending security interests to the proceeds of collateral, namely to protect the creditor’s ability to secure repayment of the debt owed notwithstanding the debtor’s transfer of the collateral to a third party. Cf. In re H.S.A. II, Inc., 271 B.R. 534, 541 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2002) (recognizing secured party is still protected notwithstanding the transfer of collateral to buyer in ordinary course of business as security interest remains in proceeds of collateral). Property in the debtor’s
Consequently, a payment must be received “in answer to” or “in satisfaction of,” Webster’s, supra, at 2518, the “sale, exchange, collection or other disposition of collateral” to constitute proceeds. Former RCW 62A.9-306(1). The payment must therefore be the bargained-for consideration received by the debtor in direct exchange for the transfer of collateral.
But this hauling allowance was paid in addition to the price of the collateral. It was not merely a reimbursement of included shipping costs, which under the terms of the sales agreement Olsen was to bear, but rather extraordinary shipping costs for which additional compensation would be due. Simplot compensated for a service Olsen provided that was separate and distinct from the sale of the crops. The allowance was not “in answer to” or “in satisfaction of” the sale of the potato crops, Webster’s, supra, at 2518, but rather for a trucking expense unrelated to the value of the potatoes.
III. “Whatever” Must Be Limited to its Facts
The majority claims Rainier National Bank, 111 Wn.2d 298, supports its definitional construction, centering its analysis on the court’s statement, “[T]he expansive statutory definition of ‘proceeds’ [should] be given ‘a flexible and broad content.’ ” Id. at 302 (quoting In re Munger, 495 F.2d
The creditor bank there held a perfected security interest in the debtor’s livestock and all proceeds thereof. Id. at 299. The debtor took advantage of a federal program instituted to maintain milk prices, which required the sale of all livestock for auction or slaughter and an agreement to leave the milk production industry for a period not less than five years. Id. at 299-300. The debtor elected to sell his cattle for slaughter, and in consideration he received over $670,000 from the federal government. Id. at 300. The court quoted the dictionary definition of “whatever,” noting its broad scope includes “ ‘anything . .. everything ... no matter what ... anything at all.’ ” Id. at 303 (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2600 (1976)). Reasoning the sale of the livestock for slaughter under the federal program was within the statutory phrase “or other disposition” and noting the payments were received for such disposition, the court held the government payments constituted proceeds of the livestock. Id. at 303, 308.
But the issue here is not as it was in Rainier National Bank, namely whether the transfer of collateral between Simplot and Olsen was a sale or other disposition covered by former RCW 62A.9-306(1); certainly it was. Rather our issue is whether Simplot’s payment to Olsen for a trucking service additional to the transfer was “received upon” that transaction. Former RCW 62A.9-306(1). The “whatever” component, despite its expansive nature, references the
I further take issue with the majority’s willingness to disregard the language of the actual sales contract because of its fear debtors and third-party buyers might engage in creative contracting to defeat a creditor’s security interest. See majority at 652. Such a fear is unfounded, especially since both the common law and equity supplement the U.C.C. and each gives the creditor a remedy should a debtor and third party act tortiously to defeat the creditor’s property right. See RCW 62A.1-103;
My view is further supported by the far more expansive definition of “proceeds” in the revised secured transactions article adopted by the legislature in 2000. See Laws of 2000, ch. 250, § 9A-102(64), codified at RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(64). In addition to the language of former RCW 62A.9-306(1), see RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(64)(A) (same language as first sentence of former RCW 62A.9-306(1)), now proceeds may also be “[w]hatever is collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral,” RCW 62A.9A-102(a)(64)(B), as well as “[r]ights arising out of collateral,” RCW 62A.9A-102-(a)(64)(C). If former RCW 62A.9-306(1) is as broad as the majority claims, then the legislature needlessly expanded the definition. This cannot be the case as “ ‘[t]he legislature does not engage in unnecessary or meaningless acts, and we presume some significant purpose or objective in every legislative enactment.’ ” Simpson Inv. Co. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 141 Wn.2d 139, 159, 3 P.3d 741 (2000) (quoting John H. Sellen Constr. Co. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 87 Wn.2d 878, 883, 558 P.2d 1342 (1976)).
The cases relied on by the majority are not to the contrary. In Central Washington Bank v. Mendelson-Zeller, Inc., 113 Wn.2d 346, 348-49, 779 P.2d 697 (1989), the creditor bank owned a perfected security interest in the debtor’s apple orchard crops and its proceeds. The creditor bank filed a conversion action against a third party who had performed marketing services on behalf of the debtor and retained a percentage of the gross proceeds from the sale of the apple crop. Id. at 350. At issue was whether the “[b]ank’s security interest extend [ed] to the gross proceeds or only the net proceeds after costs of processing and sale.” Id. at 351. Relying on both Johanson Transportation Service v. Rich Pik’d Rite, Inc., 164 Cal. App. 3d 583, 210 Cal.
Likewise in Johanson Transportation the debtor business had sold its strawberry crops which were subject to a security interest on a “sold delivered” or “delivered price” basis, meaning “the freight charges were included in the total cost to the fruit buyer and not charged separately.” Johanson Transp., 210 Cal. Rptr. at 435. When payment for the strawberries arrived, the debtor deposited the sales revenue in an account controlled by the creditor bank. Id. at 434-35. The debtor failed to repay the transportation broker for funds it advanced to the truckers for shipping the strawberries, inducing the broker to sue the creditors for conversion. Id. at 435. Holding the gross proceeds received by the debtor for the sales were “proceeds” of the strawberries, the California Court of Appeal concluded:
To us it seems illogical to agree that the cost of the seed, fertilizer, other agri-chemicals, water, picking, packaging, etc., are included within the term “proceeds” but the cost of transporting the product to market is not. Such an argument exalts form over substance and should be rejected. “Proceeds” includes all economic components that go into the total amount received for the product.
Id. at 438 (emphasis added). The most one can say about both Central Washington Bank and Johanson Transportation is that a security interest will attach to gross proceeds, not just the net benefit the debtor derives from the sale of collateral, because there the product was sold at its point of destination. It would have been a different case had the buyer arranged to purchase the strawberries in California and then entered into a separate arrangement to truck them to the east coast. The former is an expense absorbed by the farmer, i.e., part of the gross; however the latter is not part of the gross but compensation for an additional service. In sum, neither case displaces the unambiguous
Had Simplot designated a delivery location within an eight mile radius of Olsen’s farm, Olsen would not have been entitled to any additional compensation. The entire sum received by Olsen would have been for the potatoes and the transportation costs subsumed in the gross price, rendering such sum proceeds. But, unlike the situation in Johanson Transportation where there was no additional service provided by the debtor in addition to the sale of the strawberries, Olsen provided Simplot with a supplemental service of delivering the potatoes outside the normal eight mile radius contemplated by the contract. The hauling allowance was not “in answer to” or “in satisfaction of” the sale of potatoes to Simplot. Webster’s, supra, at 2518. It therefore was not “received [by Olsen] upon the sale” of the potato crop and consequently not proceeds. Former ROW 62A.9-306U).
CONCLUSION
Simplot paid Olsen $160,607.44 to transport potato crops, not for the crops themselves. It therefore does not constitute “proceeds” from the sale of the crops and is not subject to the bank’s security interest. To hold otherwise discourages commerce and ultimately works to the disadvantage of all concerned. I would therefore follow the sound reasoning of Thompson and affirm the Court of Appeals.
Ireland and Chambers, JJ., concur with Sanders, J.
Each of the potato growing contracts relevant to this case appears on standardized forms and deviates only with respect to the price per ton and quantity sought. See, e.g., Pl.’s Exs. 89,101. In the interest of simplicity I will cite only to the June 16, 1997 agreement between Olsen and Simplot, on which Key Bank relied in its motion for summary judgment of dismissal. See Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1959-64.
Other definitions include “in a high position on” or “in or into close proximity or contact with by way of or as if by way of attack.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2517 (1993). These are plainly inapposite.
Of course the security interest remains attached to the original collateral and its proceeds if the debtor fails to obtain the creditor’s authorization to transfer the collateral free of the security interest, thereby protecting the creditor even further. Former RCW 62A.9-306(2); RCW 62A.9A-315(a)(l)-(2).
I pause to note the court which coined the phrase “flexible and broad content” on which the majority so heavily relies, In re Munger, 495 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1974), quoted in Rainier Nat’l Bank, 111 Wn.2d at 302, did so while construing a temporal definition of proceeds which was never adopted in Washington. See In re Munger, 495 F.2d at 513 (quoting former Cal. Com. Code § 9306(1) (1974)) (defining proceeds as “ ‘whatever is received when collateral or proceeds is sold, exchanged, collected or otherwise disposed of.’ ” (emphasis added)).
As such I am even less persuaded by the majority’s rejection of Thompson as contrary to Rainier National Bank, 111 Wn.2d 298. See majority at 652 n.3.
That section provides in relevant part, “Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this Title, the principles of law and equity, including .. . fraud, misrepresentation,... or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.” RCW 62A.1-103.
At least one other contract between Olsen and Simplot utilized a $71 base price. See Def.’s Ex. 101, § III.l.