59 F. 295 | 7th Cir. | 1894
Upon questions already considered, the court is content with its opinion. The petition for a rehearing treats mainly of a proposition which was not presented either to this court or the court below7. Indeed, it was not directly in issue, and, being of the nature of matter in abatement, perhaps could have been made an issue only by a special plea. It is claimed now that the question is before us because of the statement made by the court in its opinion, in respect to the question of infringement, that “the first claim of the Sperry patent, and other claims not quoted, are essentially the same as the first and second claims of the patent in suit.” By this expression of a fact, which was obvious upon the face of the two patents, it is said this court has decided, and made it to appear for the first time, that “these are conflicting patents;” and, that being so, it is insisted that the holder of the patent last
“In the ordinary case of a bill for infringement filed by the holder of a senior patent against the holder of a junior patent, the claims whereof conflict, it is no defense that the defendant is acting under a patent. The reason of the rule, as I apprehend, is that by the grant of. the first letters the government exhausts its power to grant to another person a monopoly of the same invention. Hence, the holder of the prior patent is at liberty to treat the subsequent patent as utterly void, in so far as it conflicts with the earlier grant. Rob. Pat. § 370. But there is an obvious distinction between such a case and one where the defendant proceeded against holds the prior grant, and is operating thereunder in good faith. Ordinarily, a prior grantee of a right, privilege, or estate cannot be proceeded against as a trespasser by a subsequent grantee of the same grantor, even though the prior grant is for some reason voidable, until the proper steps have been taken to have the invalidity of the prior grant judicially ascertained and declared. The principle last referred to seems to be applicable to the case at bar. * * * It has been held that a count for infringement and a count under section 4918 may be joined in the same bill, and I can see no objection to that course of procedure. Leach v. Chandler, 18 Fed. 262; Holliday v. Pickhardt, 29 Fed. 853; Swift v. Jenks, Id. 642.”
We are not able to concur in that view. Tbe analogy between letters patent for inventions and grants of ordinary rights, privileges, or estates is not perfect, and fails, we think, at the turning point of the present question. By an ordinary grant there is a transfer of title or estate or ownership from one to another; and the grantor, having parted with what he had, can give nothing by a second deed. The second deed is therefore necessarily ineffective, at law at least, until the first has been set aside; and the holder of the first deed, having the legal if not equitable title, cannot be a trespasser. But, by granting letters patent for an invention, the government makes no transfer to the patentee of a right, privilege, or estate theretofore vested in itself. The essential right is in the inventor before he obtains a patent. By making one grant, therefore, the government does not lose power to make another. The letters constitute, under the law, simply prima facie evidence of .the patentee’s right to the invention described, as being his own discovery; but whether or not he was in fact the first inventor is left an open question between the patentee and other persons, whether they have patents for the same invention or not. Whether one patentee or the other, when he makes or uses the invention, is an infringer or trespasser depends upon the inquiry whether the one or the other was the first inventor, and not whether he was the first to obtain a patent, and this inquiry may as well be made in the ordinary suit in equity as in the proceeding provided by the statute.
If it be true, as stated, that “the bolder of the prior patent is at liberty to treat the subsequent patent as,utterly void, in so far as It conflicts with the earlier grant,” and for that reason “cannot be proceeded against as a trespasser” until his patent has been canceled, then the cases in which “it has been held that a count for infringement and a count under section 4918 may be joined in the same bill” must be wrong, because the second count of such a bill would refute the charge of trespass or infringement, contained in the first count. It would follow, too, that after an adjudication had been obtained under the statute, establishing the validity of the second patent, the owner of it. could have no remedy for prior infringements, committed when the respondent was protected by bis own patent; and was entitled to treat the complainant’s patent, as void. The only escape from this would seem to be in the proposition that the adjudication under the statute should be deemed to relate back, but (lie rule is familiar that things rightly done will not be made wrongful bv the doctrine of relation.
The statute, in terms, is applicable alike to all parties concerned. “Whenever there are interfering patents, any person interested in any one of them,” it is provided, “may have relief against the interfering patentee, * * * and (he court, oil notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had according to the course of equity, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in whole or in part,” etc. It is conceded that; a junior patentee cannot plead his patent as a, defense. To the holder of the senior patent, therefore, the remedy of the statute is cumulative, and we are able to see no controlling or good reason for saying that to the other party it is exclusive or restrictive.
Rehearing denied.
