233 Pa. Super. 311 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1975
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
This appeal raises four issues, all of which concern the Commercial Paper
Appellant, West Penn Administration, Inc., (“West Penn”), a non-profit corporation,
A verdict in favor of West Penn and against UNB was entered on October 11, 1972, requiring UNB to deliver to West Penn all the assets which UNB recovered from the forger, John F. Miller, or others, and all increments thereto as a result of investment or sale. The verdict was not in the form of a fixed dollar amount.
Following the denial of post-trial motions, West Penn filed this appeal, seeking an amendment of the judgment to permit a recovery of its entire loss from UNB. Appellant contends that the lower court erred in finding that PNB was the payee of the checks; that PNB and West Penn substantially contributed to the forged indorsements by their negligence; that UNB acted in a commercially reasonable manner in accepting the checks for collection; and that PNB was estopped from denying the unauthorized indorsements by reason of its payment of the checks.
The facts, as found by the lower court, follow:
Certain employers engaged in the construction industry entered into a collective bargaining agreement with union representatives of their employees. The agreement required the employers to contribute money to trustees of certain pension and welfare trusts, created for the benefit of their employees. It also required the trustees to invest the contributions and to pay the increments from investments, less administrative expenses, into the trust corpus. In accordance with the trust agreements, the trustees later dispersed funds from the trust to eligible employees.
West Penn was created by the employers and the unions for the purposes of receiving and processing the Employers’ Contribution Reports and accompanying checks, and of managing the trust funds. West Penn also verifies the correctness of each Employer Contribution Report by field audits and pursues employers who fail to pay sums of money found to be due.
Pursuant to its authority as manager of the trust funds, West Penn established four employer contribution accounts with PNB in 1964, by trades. They are: Laborers Contribution Account, Carpenters Contribution Account, Teamsters Contribution Account and Operating Engineers Contribution Account.
West Penn deposited all checks it received from the employers with PNB for credit to one of these four accounts, after having processed the checks at the West Penn offices. The procedure employed by West Penn in handling the checks follows:
Employer Contribution Reports and accompanying checks are received by West Penn’s mailroom employees,
Some Employer Contribution Reports received by West Penn are not accompanied by checks. Each of these reports is stamped “Report Without Payment” by an account auditor before it is delivered to the keypunch clerks. Again, the clerks prepare computer input cards, but these cards indicate the amount due by the employer, and when fed into the computer, generate an account receivable. West Penn then pursues the delinquent employer to collect the sum due, and when it is received, creates a “Journal Voucher” indicating the amount paid. When this information is put into the computer, the former accounts receivable stored in the data banks are erased.
The system employed by West Penn enabled one of its employees, an account auditor and experienced bookkeeper named John F. Miller, to divert employer contribution checks to his own use. He devised the following scheme:
When mailroom employees sent Employer Contribution Reports with accompanying checks to Mr. Miller, he embezzled the checks and stamped on the reports: “Report Without Payment.” As to each report so stamped, a false account receivable was generated and stored in the computer. Later, he completed a journal voucher indicating that a check for the amount due, as shown on the Report marked “Report Without Payment,” had been received by West Penn. Miller then delivered that journal voucher to the keypunchers, who prepared an input card
The employer contribution checks were drawn to the order of “Pittsburgh National Bank Carpenters
Miller fell ill shortly after he began to forge the in-dorsements, and did not work for three months. During that time, a chief officer at West Penn learned of the apparent discrepancy in the employer account for which Miller had made the first false journal voucher. The fictitious voucher was located and examined, but no investigation was conducted to find the cause of the discrepancy. Thus, West Penn had the opportunity to prevent the next 121 forgeries, but failed to do so.
Approximately eight months after Miller deposited the first check, West Penn inadvertently discovered the fraud while investigating an employer account which was not related to Miller’s transactions. Miller was not suspected, but thought he was, and fled to Oklahoma. Shortly thereafter, he surrendered himself to the FBI and subsequently pled guilty to criminal charges.
Upon receipt of notice of Miller’s frauds, UNB successfully garnished Miller’s assets held by banks in the
I
We are first asked to determine whether the lower court correctly found PNB to be the payee of checks deposited in the four contribution accounts established by West Penn at PNB. Appellant contends that the trustees of the money in the accounts were the payees, and thus the real parties in interest. UNB asserts that PNB, the depositary bank, was the payee and, therefore, the real party in interest.
The conflict in viewpoints centers around the lower court’s application of §3-117
The dispute concerns the words “Carpenters Contribution Account” which are written after the words “Pittsburgh National Bank” on the space provided for naming the payee of the instrument. UNB contends that the account name is mere description under §3-117 and, therefore, of no significance in identifying the payee. In response, West Penn contends that the account name specifies a fund under §3-110(1) (e). The lower court agreed with UNB, and stated: “Under UCC §3-117(c), supra, once the ‘named person’ to whom a check is made payable has been identified, words describing the payee’s relationship to others or indicating disposition by the payee of the proceeds of a check (e.g., ‘Carpenters Contribution Account’) are ‘without effect on subsequent parties,’ e.g., endorsees or depositary, collecting or payor banks.”
In furtherance of its argument, appellant asserts that all parties to the transaction which established the contribution accounts intended the payees to be trustees of the funds in the accounts. Consequently, appellant maintains that making checks payable to “Pittsburgh National Bank Carpenters Contribution Account” both complied with Section 3-110 (1) (e) and carried forth the intention of the parties. Appellant’s argument, however, is not consistent with the language of the agreement which established the accounts, and is contrary to prior cases which have dealt with questions of title to instruments sent to banks for collection.
The relevant portions of the agreement
1 116435, monies, checks, drafts, notes, acceptances or other evidences of indebtedness payable to this organization in its name or under some variation thereof or to the above identified account, which may now be in or may hereafter from time to time come into, its possession. “RESOLVED, that the bank until otherwise ordered in writing is authorized dnd directed to make payments periodically from the funds on deposit with it in the above identified account up'cin the written distribution orders drawn by WEST PENlk ADMINISTRATION INC., when signed by any one of'tke following officers of said corporation. . . .” [Emphasis added] [NT 1542a]
The agreement which established the accounts clearly created a creditor-debtor relationship between the trustees of the account funds and PNB, the depositary bank. Testimony established that pursuant to the agreement and consistent with the creditor-debtor status, PNB took the check, draft or other negotiable instrument and credited it to the appropriate contribution account. Later, upon receipt of a written order from West Penn, PNB distributed the accumulated proceeds of the funds by affixing its signature to the checks. In practice and at the direction of West Penn,, the contribution accounts’ indorsement stamps were kept at PNB and affixed to the checks by PNB’s employees along with PNB’s indorsement. However, indorsement by the account was not necessary to further negotiation of the checks. In addition, appellant’s own three expert witnesses testified that in their opinions, PNB was the payee of the checks.
The finding of the lower court that PNB is the payee and that the words “Carpenters Contribution Account” are merely words of description under §3-117(c) is sup
The case law in Pennsylvania also supports the position taken by the trial court. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has stated: “. . . ‘The rule supported by the very decided weight of authority is that a deposit of a check, draft or other commercial paper in the ordinary course of business, whereby the depositor receives a credit as cash against which he may draw, prima facie operates to transfer the title to the bank, in the absence of a usage or custom, or of an agreement that the effect of the transaction shall be otherwise, or proof of circumstances from which such an agreement may be inferred.’ ” Badler v. L. Gillarde Sons Company, 387 Pa. 266, 270, 127 A.2d 680, 683 (1956),
As the payee of the checks, and consistent with Rule 2002 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, PNB is the real party in interest entitled to bring suit. Rule 2002 provides in pertinent part: “(a) Except as otherwise provided in clauses (b), and (c) and (d) of this rule, all actions shall be prosecuted by and in the name of the real party in interest, without distinction between contracts under seal and parol contracts, (b) A plaintiff may sue in his own name without joining as plaintiff or
In the instant case, PNB is the “person with whom a contract [agreement] has been made for the benefit of another [the trustees of the contribution accounts and union members entitled to a distribution].” Although the trustees of the accounts have a beneficial interest in the proceeds of the checks, that interest is not sufficient to entitle them to maintain an action against UNB in their own names. See Spires v. Hanover Fire Insurance Company, 364 Pa. 52, 70 A.2d 828 (1950), wherein the court noted that the real party in interest is the person who has control over an action brought to enforce rights, and not necessarily the person who may ultimately be entitled to the benefit of any recovery obtained, nor the person beneficially interested in the outcome.
The lower court correctly required West Penn to obtain an assignment of PNB’s interests in order to prosecute this action. The court was also correct in stating at note 17 of its opinion: “However, they [trustees and beneficiaries of the trusts and accounts] may, under the Union contracts, have a right to demand payment from the Employers, who, upon payment, may have rights against their drawee banks.” The rights of those beneficially interested in the account funds are, therefore, adequately protected.
II
We are next asked to consider whether the lower court erred in finding that West Penn, as assignee of PNB, was precluded from asserting the Miller forgeries against UNB. The lower court held that PNB and West Penn, through negligence, substantially contributed to the mak
Section 3-404 provides: “ (1) Any unauthorized signature is wholly inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed unless he ratifies it or is precluded from denying it; but it operates as the signature of the unauthorized signer in favor of any person who in good faith pays the instrument or takes it for value. (2) Any unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this Article. Such ratification does not of itself affect any rights of the person ratifying against the actual signer.”
Comment 4 to §3-404 states that the words “or is precluded from denying it” are retained in §3-404 (1) "... to recognize the negligence which precludes a denial of the signature.” Such negligence is the subject matter of §3-406:
Comment 7 to §3-406 indicates that the section applies to situations in which “. . . the party has notice that forgeries of his signature have occurred and is negligent in failing to prevent further forgeries by the same person. It extends to negligence which contributes to a
In 1964, officers of PNB and West Penn established procedures for receiving and processing employer contributions. The plan as adopted, required employers to make their contributions by checks payable to PNB. However, the checks were to be delivered to West Penn— not to PNB, the payee. This system was chosen despite West Penn’s admission that it was aware of the availability of a “lock-box” system, in which checks would be delivered to a locked post office box. The box would be opened by PNB, whose employees would process the checks and send the reports accompanying the checks to West Penn for data processing. A finding that both PNB and West Penn were negligent in failing to use the lock-box system is amply supported in this record.
Furthermore, the procedure employed by West Penn upon receipt of the checks was negligently enforced. The envelopes containing the checks and reports were received in the mailroom of West Penn. The envelopes were opened by mailroom clerks, but no record of the contents was kept. Instead, the contents were delivered to the Reports Department, where clerks separated the checks from the reports, and entered the amounts of the checks on an adding machine tape. However, no list of the employers or their contributions was kept. The checks were then sent to PNB, and the reports to West Penn’s
West Penn may have been able to avoid the problem which arose in this case by employing a sophisticated accounting system. However, West Penn used a single entry accounting system to record its cash even though its chief administrative officer, a certified public accountant, knew that this was an inferior control procedure. No record was maintained, nor was any comparison made, of the total contributions reported by employers or of the dollar amounts actually received by West Penn and forwarded to PNB for deposit to the contribution accounts.
Other evidence of negligence is found in the use of the journal vouchers described previously. West Penn’s monthly account receivable reports were affected by non-cash entries fed into the computers as adjustments, by means of journal vouchers. Vouchers were photocopied in West Penn’s offices. They were unnumbered and accessible to any employee. West Penn neither created nor maintained any record of credits entered by journal vouchers and, therefore, had no method to cross-check the accuracy or validity of the credits.
West Penn’s office procedure manual required that vouchers be initiated only by the office manager. The manual also required the manager to review completed voucher forms and to sign them prior to further processing. The evidence indicates not even occasional compliance with these mandated procedures, and consequently, that the office managers failed to review the entries to determine their validity.
Shortly after the embezzlement of the first check by Miller, the fraudulent voucher, which Miller had inserted into the computer system to cancel the account receivable and conceal the fraud, was discovered by other West Penn employees. A cursory investigation produced no satisfactory explanation for that particular voucher
PNB was also negligent in its handling of checks to be deposited in the contribution accounts. As the payee of all employers’ checks, PNB should have required the installation of the lock-box system. Failing that, PNB should have demanded that the checks be delivered to its offices. Instead, when checks were inadvertently sent to PNB, employees of PNB delivered the checks to West Penn for processing. Appellant’s brief, at 30, indicates how West Penn obtained possession of checks delivered to PNB: “It was the custom of West Penn employees to stop in the Allegheny Center Branch of PNB (where all of the PNB-West Penn business was transacted) to inquire routinely whether or not the bank had received any checks belonging to West Penn.”
Testimony revealed that Miller obtained possession of approximately ten per cent of the stolen checks from PNB’s office. If a lock-box system had been used, Miller would not have had access to the checks, nor would he have been able to steal them.
Of the 122 checks involved in this action, 21 were drawn on and made payable to PNB. On 21 separate occasions commencing in October, 1969, a PNB signature verification clerk looked at the PNB signature Miller placed on the checks and did not question its propriety. With a moment’s reflection, the clerk would have realized that the check should never have been outside PNB because PNB was both the payee and the drawee of the check. Yet each check bore evidence that it had been transferred from UNB; and this fact, in the absence of negligence, should have prompted further inquiry. PNB’s
The course of conduct evidenced by PNB and West Penn was more than sufficient to support the lower court’s finding of gross negligence.
The lower court also held appellant estopped from asserting the forgeries against UNB. This finding is now disputed. West Penn argues that, as assignee of PNB, it was entitled to rely on UNB’s prior indorsement guaranteed stamp. However, as all questions of warranty were removed from the case by agreement, this issue is not properly before us. Moreover, the lower court was correct in its finding that PNB impliedly ratified the forged in-dorsements by reason of its payment of the checks bearing the indorsements and through its failure to notify UNB of the forgeries and, therefore, was estopped from asserting the forgeries.
The law of estoppel in Pennsylvania is summarized in Restatement (Second) of Agency §8B (1958), as follows:
Comment (c) indicates that silence may give rise to an estoppel: “In many situations one may be deprived of a right of action, be subject to an action or even lose his property by failing to reveal the truth if he knows that another is acting or will act under a misapprehension .. . There may even be liability based on a failure to speak, as where one knows that another is purporting or has purported to contract as his agent or to receive money on a forged instrument, and fails to reveal the facts.”
In Pennsylvania, a bank is charged with knowing and recognizing the signatures of its drawer-depositors. Price v. Neal, 3 Burr. 1354 (1762). We believe that a bank must also be held to know its own indorsement. See Trudal v. Western Pennsylvania National Bank, 121 P.L.J. 421 (1973), in which the court stated that a loss caused by criminal activity (forging drawer’s signature) of a third party should fall on the bank best able to detect the fraud in first instance; i.e., the drawee bank, which is charged with knowing the signature of its depositor.
PNB, through its paying clerks, had imputed knowledge that its own indorsements had been forged on 21 items drawn on PNB and 101 items payable to PNB; that the forged indorsements directed payment to a third-party account; and that UNB as depositary bank, guaranteed those indorsements as PNB’s genuine signature. Despite this knowledge, PNB paid 21 checks on which its name appeared as drawee and thereby represented that its signature was valid. See Funds for
Having failed in its duty to recognize the fraudulent indorsement of its signature, PNB was correctly held to have acted without due care in its capacity as drawee. Banks and bankers are not exempt from the rules of estoppel in the Commonwealth. Therefore, PNB was estopped from denying the authenticity of its signature, and could not recover from UNB.
As assignee, West Penn’s rights in this action rose no higher than those of its assignor, PNB. Robert Howarth’s Sons, Inc. v. Boortsales, 134 Pa. Superior Ct. 320, 3 A.2d 992 (1939). Cf. Hennebont Company v. Kroger Company, 221 Pa. Superior Ct. 65, 289 A.2d 229 (1972). Therefore, West Penn is likewise estopped from asserting the forgeries against UNB.
Ill
Finally, we are asked to determine whether the trial court correctly found that UNB acted in accordance with reasonable commercial business standards under §3-406, when it accepted the forged checks for collection. It is not disputed that all the checks were regular on the face and bore the purported indorsement of the named payee. However, West Penn contends that UNB should have demanded a holographic signature of one of PNB’s officers and written evidence of the officer’s authority to indorse, before accepting the checks for collection and
This argument does not consider §3-401 (2),
Comment 2 to §3-401 defines the method in which a signature may be made: “A signature may be handwritten, typed, printed or made in any other manner. It need not be subscribed. ... It may be made by mark, or even by thumbprint. ...” See also §1-201 (39).
Section 3-402
Moreover, a formal indorsement was not mandated on these 122 instruments. Section 4-206,
The lower court’s finding that UNB acted in a commercially reasonable manner is also supported by the evidence. An expert witness, Dr. Oscar R. Goodman, testified that in his opinion, based on studies conducted in various American cities including Pittsburgh, the UNB tellers who accepted the forged checks acted reasonably, and in fact did even more than could be expected of an average teller.
Dr. Goodman’s conclusions were convincingly supported by the results of a test conducted under his supervision, and introduced at trial to impeach the opinions of West Penn’s experts. In conducting the test, eight checks were drawn payable to UNB. Three of the checks were payable to UNB without further description, and five contained descriptive language of an account, like that on the stolen checks, following the payee’s name (e.g., “Employees Contribution Account”). The checks were duly indorsed by UNB with a typewritten signature such as Miller used in this case. Like the forged indorse-ments, these indorsements were restrictive, and directed the deposit of the funds into the account of a party other than the payee. At least one of these checks and a deposit slip of the non-payee party was delivered to tellers in each of the three largest banks in Pittsburgh, one of which was PNB. The results of the test showed that PNB’s tellers acted in exactly the same manner as did UNB’s in accepting the forged checks. For example, PNB’s Oliver Building Office took a check drawn to the
Similar results were obtained at other banks. For example, checks drawn to the order of “The Union National Bank of Pittsburgh — Employee Contribution Account” were deposited into the account of “Murray Homecraft of Pennsylvania, Inc.” by Mellon National Bank. In no case was any check rejected by any bank.
The experiment indicated that the three largest banks in Pittsburgh act in the same manner when presented with a typewritten indorsement in the name of another bank. All three banks accept the check, stamp it “prior indorsement guaranteed” and deposit it in accordance with the directions (restrictive indorsement) beneath the indorsement. This evidence clearly established a routine practice which is commercially reasonable in the banking field. It also indicated that UNB conformed its operations to the standard practice, and thus, that UNB’s acceptance of the forged checks for collection and deposit was commercially reasonable.
A determination of which actions are “commercially reasonable” must be made by the lower court as it resolves conflicting testimony. This court will not overturn findings related to credibility unless there is a clear abuse of discretion involved. Mamallis v. Millbourne Borough, 401 Pa. 375, 164 A.2d 209 (1960). We find no abuse in the instant case.
IV
In holding that UNB was liable to West Penn in conversion to the extent of the cash and other assets UNB had recovered as a result of its fraudulent debtors attachment action, the lower court took into consideration the equities of this case. In view of negligence which substantially contributed to the making of the forged in-dorsements and its failure to prevent the loss despite its
The verdict, which reflected principles of equity and is analogous to allocation of loss under the “unjust enrichment” doctrine,
Judgment affirmed.
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-101, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-101) et seq.
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §4-101, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §4, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §4-101) et seq.
. West Penn Administration, Inc., manages trust funds payable under certain collective bargaining agreements. Its functions include collecting and managing contributions from employers due under the agreements. West Penn acts on behalf of some 32 separate pension and welfare trusts and unincorporated labor associations, including those named as plaintiffs in the Second Amended Complaint.
. The case was tried before the Honorable Robert A. Doyle and a jury. However, following the close of the evidence, the parties agreed to submit the issues to Judge Doyle without a jury. In accordance with a pre-trial order, all questions of warranty were removed from the case.
. To date, UNB has recovered and delivered to West Penn or its bonding agent $390,187.20 in cash and other interests.
. For example, an employer who sends the report to West Penn but neglects to enclose the check in the aggregate sum due, is contacted and requested to make payment.
. Neither PNB, the intended depositary bank, nor the trustees of the trust funds would notice changes in the contributions, because the amounts due fluctuated in direct ratio with the volume of business in the construction industry. No employer would suspect Miller’s deception since West Penn’s auditors would not learn of an amount due (the computer memory having been erased) and consequently would not request payment from him.
. The checks were deposited to one of .four accounts at UNB, established by Miller’s part-time employer. Miller obtained the use of these accounts by advising his employer that he was the beneficiary of the estate of a deceased wealthy benefactor, that he had no bank account, and that he desired to process through the accounts checks which he would be receiving from time to time from the executors of that fictitious decedent’s estate. His employer, ignorant of Miller’s scheme, acquiesced and permitted Miller to use his pre-printed deposit slips bearing the account numbers, and bank checks bearing the holographic signature of an agent authorized to draw funds from the accounts at the UNB Branch Bank at Aspinwall.
. “Carpenters” is used throughout this Opinion to refer to any or all four unions involved in this litigation. The others are Laborers, Operating Engineers and Teamsters.
. The lower cóurt found this difference in drafting the checks immaterial to its determination that PNB was the payee of the checks and that the Trustees of the trusts represented by these four accounts were not the payees.
. See Note 7, supra.
. Miller is now employed by the Commonwealth in the Department of Welfare.
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-117, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P.L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-117).
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-110, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted October 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff, Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. 3-110(1) (e)).
. Identical agreements, but bearing different account numbers, were entered into to establish each of the other three accounts previously described.
. Section 4-201 (1) which raises the rebuttable presumption that the collecting bank is the agent of the owner [payee] of an item until final settlement is made has no import in this case. Settlement was finally made when the forged checks cleared the collection process and were returned to their makers. See §4-213 and §3-418.
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-404, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-404).
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-406, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-406).
. Judge Doyle noted that the finding of “gross negligence” was in compliance with Commonwealth v. National Bank & Trust Company of Central Pennsylvania, 9 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 358, 305 A. 2d 769 (1973). We agree with the Dissenting Opinion in that case. We do not believe that this Commonwealth has adopted comparative negligence as a state doctrine, and consequently, that there are no degrees of negligence in Pennsylvania. The evidence in the case before us is sufficient, however, to establish a breach of the duty of due care, and indicates negligence which substantially contributed to the making of the forged instrument. See Restatement (Second) of Torts §284 and §431 (1965). Cf. Land Title Bank & Trust Company v. Cheltenham National Bank, 362 Pa. 30, 66 A.2d 768 (1949).
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-401, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-401 (2)).
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §3-401, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P. L. 1023, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §3-402).
. Act of April 6, 1953, P. L. 3, §4-206, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P.L. 1023, §4, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §4-206).
. In the event of a conflict, the provisions of Article 4 govern those of Article 3. See §4-102 (1).
. The restitutionary theory of recovery is designed to force “the defendant [UNB] to disgorge benefits [use of the proceeds of the embezzled checks] that it would be unjust for him to keep” and not to compensate the plaintiff. Dan B. Dobbs, Handbook on the Law of Remedies (1973), §4.1 at 224.
. Act of April 6, 1953, P.L. 3, §1-103, eff. July 1, 1954. Reenacted Oct. 2, 1959, P.L. 1023, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1960 (12A P.S. §1-103).
Concurrence Opinion
Concurring Opinion by
I agree that PNB was the payee of the checks deposited in the four contribution accounts established by West Penn, and that the negligence of both PNB and West Penn substantially contributed to the making of the unauthorized signatures. I would not base the resolution of the case upon §1-103 and principles of equity, however, because section 3-419 (3) expressly mandates the result reached in this case. “Subject to the provisions of this Act concerning restrictive indorsements a representative, including a depositary or collecting bank, who has in good faith and in accordance with the reasonable commercial standards applicable to the business of such representative dealt with an instrument or its proceeds on behalf of one who was not the true owner is not liable
Cercone, J., joins in this concurring opinion.
.Act of April 6, 1953, P.L. 3, §3-419 (3) as reenacted, 12A P.S. §3-419 (3) (1970).