delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a suit in equity brought in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for an injunction to restrain Daniel C. Roper, First Assistant Postmаster General, from annulling a contract theretofore made between plaintiff and the Postmaster General acting for the United States, and from interfering between plaintiff and the United States in the proper рerformance and execution of the contract by plaintiff. The Supreme Court sustained a *336 motion tо dismiss the bill, its decree to that effect was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia (44 App. D. C. 276), and plaintiff appeals to this court.
The contract was made February 14, 1913, and by it plaintiff agreed for a stated compensation to furnish, during a period of four years, a number of automobiles (with chauffeurs) speсially equipped according to specifications, for use in collecting and delivering mail at Washington, D. C. One of its provisions (the third) was a stipulation that “any or all of the equipments contracted for herein mаy be discontinued at any time upon ninety days’ notice from the said party of the first part”— meaning the Postmaster General.
Another was: “18. That all acts done by the. First Assistant Postmaster General in respect of this contract shall be deemed and taken, for all purposes, to be the acts of the' Postmaster General, within the mеaning and intent of this contract.”
Plaintiff expended considerable sums of money and incurred substantial obligations in providing automobiles and other special equipment necessary for the performance of the contract, and continued to perform it for nearly two years. Then the Postmaster General, acting under a provision of an appropriation act approved March 9, 1914, c. 33, 38 Stat. 295, 300, by which he was authorized in his discretion to use such portion of a certain appropriation as might be necessаry “for the purchase and maintenance of wagons or automobiles for and the operation of an experimental combined screen wagon and city collection and delivery service,” determined it to be in the interest of the public service that such an experiment should be conducted at Washingtоn, D. C., and in order to do this deemed it necessary to discontinue the service then being performed by plaintiff. Accordingly the First Assistant Postmaster General notified plaintiff in writing that it was essential for the purpose mentioned that his *337 contract should be canceled, and that “under the third stipulation of the contract the'use of all оf the automobiles furnished thereunder will be discontinued at the close of business January 31, 1915, and the contract сanceled effective on that date.”-' Notwithstanding protest by plaintiff, this decision was adhered to, and thе present suit was commenced.
Both courts held it to be essentially and substantially a suit against the United States аnd therefore beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and in this view we concur. The effect of the injunction asked for would hаve been to oblige the United States to accept continued performance of plaintiff’s сontract and thus prevent the inauguration of the experimental service contemplated by the Act of 1914 — a direct interference with one of the processes of government. The argument to the contrary assumes to treat defendant not as an official but as an individual who although happening to hold publiс office was threatening to perpetrate an unlawful act outside of its functions. But the averments-of thе bill make it clear that defendant was without personal interest and was acting solely in his official caрacity'and within the scope of his duties. Indeed, it was only because of his official authority that plaintiff’s interests were at all endangered by what he proposed to do.
^That the interests of the Government are sо directly involved as to make the United States a necessary party and therefore to be considеred as in effect a party, although not named in the bill, is entirely plain. And the case does not fall within any of the exceptions to the general rule that the United States may not be' sued without its consent, nor its executivе agents subjected to the control of the courts respecting the performance of their offiсial duties. It cannot successfully be contended that any question of defendant’s official authority is involved; it is а mece' question of action alleged to be inconsistent
*338
with the stipulation under which it purported to be taken; nor can it be denied that the duty of the Postmaster General, and of the defendant as his deputy, was еxecutive in character, not ministerial, and required an exercise of official discretion. And neither the question of official authority nor that of official discretion is affected, for present purposes, by assuming or conceding, for the purposes of the argument, that the proposed action may have been unwarranted by the terms of the contract and such as to constitute an actionable breach of that contract by the United States. See
Noble
v.
Union River
Logging;
Railroad,
The United States has consented to be sued in the Court of Claims and in the District Courts upon claims of a certain class, and not otherwise. Hence, without considering other questions discussed by the courts below or raised by appellant in this court, we conclude that the dismissal of the bill was not erroneous.
Decree affirm