Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
On this appeal, we are asked to answer two questions with
Under certain conditions, CPLR 205 (a) provides an additional six months in which to recommence a prior action that has been dismissed on grounds other than voluntary discontinuance, lack of personal jurisdiction, neglect to prosecute, or a final judgment on the merits. The first question in this case is whether a prior action to foreclose the same mortgage was dismissed for neglect to prosecute, a category of dismissal that renders CPLR 205 (a) inapplicable. We answer this question in the negative, concluding that the prior action was not dismissed for neglect to prosecute.
The second question is more novel. We must determine whether the plaintiff in this mortgage foreclosure action, which was assigned the note and mortgage during the pendency of the prior foreclosure action, is entitled to the savings provision — or grace period — of CPLR 205 (a) even though the prior action was commenced by a prior holder of the note. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that a plaintiff in a mortgage foreclosure action which meets all of the other requirements of the statute is entitled to the benefit of CPLR 205 (a) where, as here, it is the successor in interest as the current holder of the note.
Factual and Procedural Background
On May 20, 2005, the defendant Doron Eitani of Miami, Florida, purchased a residential property located at 2920 Avenue N in Brooklyn. In order to finance the purchase, Eitani executed and delivered an adjustable rate note to Argent Mortgage Company, LLC (hereinafter Argent), wherein Eitani promised to repay the sum of $560,000, with interest. The note was secured by a mortgage on the property.
Just three months after closing on the house, Eitani defaulted on the note and mortgage. By letter dated September 2, 2005, the servicer for the subject loan, Countrywide Home Loans Servicing LP, advised Eitani that the loan was in default and, if the default was not cured by October 7, 2005, “the mortgage payments [would] be accelerated with the full amount remaining accelerated and becoming due and payable in full.” To date, Eitani has failed to cure the default. Thus, the subject mortgage loan has been in default for more than 11 years.
On or about November 16, 2005, Argent commenced a foreclosure action (hereinafter the prior action). On June 6,
During the course of the prior action, and the mortgage foreclosure crisis of 2008, Argent assigned and delivered the subject note and mortgage to Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee, in trust for the registered holders of Park Place Securities, Inc., asset-backed pass-through certificates, series 2005-WCW1 (hereinafter Wells Fargo), as reflected in an assignment dated January 24, 2008, and recorded on February 14, 2008.
On March 23, 2011, while the prior action was still pending, Eitani conveyed by deed the subject property to the defendant-appellant, David Cohan, who then became the owner of record.
On March 2, 2012, Shapiro, DiCaro & Barak, LLP, of Rochester, were substituted for Steven J. Baum, PC., of Amherst, as attorneys for the plaintiff.
On August 1, 2013, the Administrative Judge for Civil Matters in the Supreme Court, Kings County, on a routine clearing of the docket, issued an order directing dismissal of the prior action “as abandoned pursuant to CPLR 3215 (c), without costs or prejudice.” While the handwritten caption of the form dismissal order listed Argent as the plaintiff, at that time Wells Fargo had been the holder of the note and mortgage for well over five years.
Less than four months later, on November 25, 2013, Wells Fargo, the holder of the note and mortgage, commenced the instant foreclosure action in accordance with CPLR 205 (a). Once again, Eitani failed to appear in the action.
David Cohan, the current owner of the property, first appeared in the instant action by moving pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against him on the ground that it was time-barred. Cohan argued that the action was time-barred by the applicable six-year statute of limitations because it was commenced more than eight years after the mortgage was accelerated in 2005.
In opposition, Wells Fargo, which became the holder of the note and mortgage long before the prior action was dismissed, argued that the action is not time-barred because, pursuant to the savings provision of CPLR 205 (a), the instant action was timely “recommenced” within six months of the prior action’s dismissal.
The Supreme Court denied Cohan’s motion, concluding that CPLR 205 (a) was applicable and thus the action was timely commenced within six months of dismissal of the prior action. Cohan appeals.
Discussion
On a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) on the ground that the statute of limitations has expired, the moving defendant must establish, prima facie, that the time in which to commence the action has expired (see Ross v Jamaica Hosp. Med. Ctr.,
However, in opposition to Cohan’s prima facie showing, Wells Fargo established that the action was timely commenced pursuant to the savings provision of CPLR 205 (a).
CPLR 205 (a) provides, in pertinent part, that:
“[i]f an action is timely commenced and is terminated in any other manner than by a voluntary discontinuance, a failure to obtain personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a dismissal of the complaint for neglect to prosecute the action, or a final judgment upon the merits, the plaintiff . . . may commence a new action upon the same transaction or occurrence . . . within six months after the termination provided that the new action would*198 have been timely commenced at the time of commencement of the prior action and that service upon defendant is effected within such six-month period.”
The facts herein meet the requirements of CPLR 205 (a) in that: (1) there is no dispute that this action would have been timely commenced when the prior action was commenced in 2005; (2) the moving defendant, Cohan, was served within the six-month period after the prior action was dismissed; and (3) this action is based on the same occurrence as the prior action, namely the default on the payment obligations under the note and mortgage. Further, it is undisputed that the dismissal of the prior action was not based upon a voluntary discontinuance, lack of personal jurisdiction, or a final judgment on the merits (see CPLR 205 [a]).
Cohan focuses on just two aspects of CPLR 205 (a). He contends that Wells Fargo, the plaintiff in the instant action, is not entitled to the grace period set forth in CPLR 205 (a) because (1) the prior action was dismissed on the basis of “neglect to prosecute,” and (2) Wells Fargo is not the plaintiff that commenced the prior action. In our view, the Supreme Court properly rejected these contentions and denied Cohan’s motion to dismiss the complaint as time-barred.
I. The prior dismissal was not based on a neglect to prosecute
Pursuant to a statutory amendment which took effect in 2008, CPLR 205 (a) provides that: “Where a dismissal is one for neglect to prosecute the action made pursuant to [CPLR 3216] or otherwise, the judge shall set forth on the record the specific conduct constituting the neglect, which conduct shall demonstrate a general pattern of delay in proceeding with the litigation” (see Marrero v Crystal Nails,
II. Wells Fargo, as successor in interest to Argent’s rights under the subject note and mortgage, is entitled to the savings provision of CPLR 205 (a)
Cohan contends that Wells Fargo, the plaintiff in the present action, is not entitled to the benefit of CPLR 205 (a) because it was not the plaintiff in the prior action. However, this argument overlooks the fact that when Argent transferred the note and mortgage to Wells Fargo on January 24, 2008, and recorded the assignment on February 14, 2008, Wells Fargo became Argent’s successor in interest with respect to the right to foreclose under the note and mortgage (see generally YMJ Meserole, LLC v 98 Meserole St., LLC,
“Tracing its roots to seventeenth century England, the remedial concept embodied in CPLR 205 (a) has existed in New York law since at least 1788” (Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp.,
CPLR 205 (a) and its predecessors were “designed to insure to the diligent suitor the right to a hearing in court [until he or she] reaches a judgment on the merits” (Gaines v City of New York,
The Court of Appeals has recently reaffirmed that the statute’s “ ‘broad and liberal purpose is not to be frittered away by any narrow construction’ ” (Malay v City of Syracuse, 25 NY3d at 327, quoting Gaines v City of New York,
In support of his position that CPLR 205 (a) is inapplicable in this action simply because a predecessor in interest holder of the note and mortgage commenced the prior action, Cohan relies heavily on Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp. (
In Reliance, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit asked the New York Court of Appeals a very specific question: Does CPLR 205 (a) permit “a corporation to refile an action originally commenced in the name of a different, related corporate entity and subsequently dismissed for naming the wrong plaintiff[?]” (Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp.,
Contrary to Cohan’s contention, the holding in Reliance does not preclude the application of CPLR 205 (a) in this case, where the successor in interest as the holder of the note and mortgage seeks to recommence a foreclosure action originally commenced by a prior holder of the same note and mortgage, which
Even at first blush, the rationale employed in Reliance does not fit the situation presented here. Although the named plaintiff in the 2005 complaint (Argent) and the named plaintiff in this action (Wells Fargo) are different entities, they each brought suit to enforce the very same right — i.e., to foreclose on the subject property based on the same default on the subject note and mortgage. Stated simply, Wells Fargo became Argent’s successor in interest in 2008, when it became the holder of the subject note and mortgage during the pendency of prior action, and the same rights are “sought to be vindicated” in both actions (Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp.,
Unlike corporate affiliates seeking to enforce different interests (see Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp.,
Further, by affording Wells Fargo the benefit of the six-month grace period, the Supreme Court properly used CPLR 205 (a) for its intended purpose of “preventing] the general statute of limitations from barring recovery because a court has ordered a timely action to be terminated for some technical defect that can be remedied in a new one” (Graziano v Pennell, 371 F2d 761, 763 [2d Cir 1967]; see Chase Manhattan Bank v Wolowitz,
Additionally, as noted above, “an assignee of a mortgage can continue an action in the name of the original mortgagee, even in the absence of a formal substitution” (Central Fed. Sav. v 405 W. 45th St.,
Conclusion
The Supreme Court correctly determined that Wells Fargo is entitled to the savings provision of CPLR 205 (a). Since Wells Fargo commenced the instant foreclosure action within six months of the dismissal of the prior action, the action is not barred by the statute of limitations. The court therefore properly denied Cohan’s motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against him.
Accordingly, the order is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting and voting to reverse the order appealed from, on the law, and grant the motion of the defendant David Cohan pursuant to CPLR 3211 [a] [5] to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against him as time-barred, with the following memorandum). The majority holds that CPLR 205 (a) applies in this case where one party seeks to recommence a foreclosure action originally commenced by a different party. Because I believe that CPLR 205 (a) does not apply here, I respectfully dissent.
Background
By note dated May 20, 2005, the borrower Doron Eitani, in return for a loan received, promised to pay a principal sum plus interest to the lender Argent Mortgage Company, LLC (hereinafter Argent). The note was secured by a mortgage on property Eitani owned in Brooklyn.
By letter dated September 2, 2005, the servicer of the loan, on behalf of the holder of the note, wrote to Eitani. In that letter, the servicer stated that the loan was in default because required payments had not been made. The servicer wrote that if the default was not cured on or before October 7, 2005, the mortgage payments would be accelerated with the full amount remaining accelerated and becoming due and payable in full.
In or about November 2005, Argent commenced an action to foreclose the mortgage. Although Argent obtained an order of
On November 25, 2013, Wells Fargo commenced this action to foreclose the mortgage against, among other defendants, Cohan. Cohan moved pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss, as time-barred, the complaint insofar as asserted against him. Cohan argued that the complaint insofar as asserted against him was time-barred because the six-year statute of limitations began to run once the mortgage debt was accelerated, and Argent accelerated the debt more than eight years prior to Wells Fargo’s filing of this action.
Wells Fargo opposed Cohan’s motion, arguing that this action was not time-barred since CPLR 205 (a) applied and it had commenced this action within six months of the dismissal of the prior action.
Cohan argued, in reply, that CPLR 205 (a) did not apply because the complaint in the prior action was dismissed for neglect to prosecute, and that CPLR 205 (a) also did not apply because Wells Fargo was not the plaintiff in the prior action.
By order dated July 30, 2014, the Supreme Court denied Cohan’s motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss, as time-barred, the complaint insofar as asserted against him. The court determined, in part:
“Under the circumstances of this case the dismissal of the first action was not for a neglect to prosecute, pursuant to CPLR 3216 or otherwise, and, thus, CPLR 205 may be applied (see Marrero v Crystal Nails,114 AD3d 101 , 104 [2013]). Significantly, in the first action, plaintiff obtained a default judgment and Order of Reference on June 6, 2008 (Klein v St. Cyprian Props., Inc.,100 AD3d 711 [2012]; Home Sav. of Am., F.A. v Gkanios,230 AD2d 770 [1996]) and a general pattern of delay in proceed*205 ing with the litigation had not been demonstrated (CPLR 205 [a]).” (2014 NY Slip Op 33820(U) [2014]).
Cohan now appeals.
This Appeal
“On a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) on statute of limitations grounds, the moving defendant must establish, prima facie, that the time in which to commence the action has expired” (Baptiste v Harding-Marin,
A mortgage foreclosure action is subject to a six-year statute of limitations (see CPLR 213 [4]). Once a mortgage debt is accelerated, the entire amount becomes due and the statute of limitations begins to run on the entire debt (see Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v Burke,
Here, Cohan established, prima facie, that the time in which to commence the action had expired. Cohan showed that the statute of limitations began to run when Argent accelerated the debt, and that the acceleration occurred more than six years prior to when Wells Fargo commenced this action on November 25, 2013. Thus, the burden shifted to Wells Fargo to raise a question of fact in opposition.
In opposition, Wells Fargo argued that CPLR 205 (a) applied. On appeal, Cohan argues, as he argued in the Supreme Court, that CPLR 205 (a) does not apply because the complaint in the prior action was dismissed for neglect to prosecute, and, further, that CPLR 205 (a) does not apply because Wells Fargo was not the plaintiff in the prior action.
CPLR 205 (a) provides:
“(a) New action by plaintiff. If an action is timely commenced and is terminated in any other manner than by a voluntary discontinuance, a failure to obtain personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a dismissal of the complaint for neglect to prosecute*206 the action, or a final judgment upon the merits, the plaintiff, or, if the plaintiff dies, and the cause of action survives, his or her executor or administrator, may commence a new action upon the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences within six months after the termination provided that the new action would have been timely commenced at the time of commencement of the prior action and that service upon defendant is effected within such six-month period. Where a dismissal is one for neglect to prosecute the action made pursuant to rule thirty-two hundred sixteen of this chapter or otherwise, the judge shall set forth on the record the specific conduct constituting the neglect, which conduct shall demonstrate a general pattern of delay in proceeding with the litigation.”
Although I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the Supreme Court correctly determined that the order of dismissal was not based on a neglect to prosecute, I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that CPLR 205 (a) applies in this case where Wells Fargo seeks to recommence a foreclosure action originally commenced by Argent.
In Reliance Ins. Co. v PolyVision Corp. (
“Turning first, as we must, to the text of the statute, we note that the benefit provided by the section is explicitly, and exclusively, bestowed on ‘the plaintiff’ who prosecuted the initial action. Only if ‘the plaintiff’ dies, and his or her cause of action survives, may the executor or administrator of a deceased plaintiff’s estate commence a new action based on the same occurrence. Outside of this representative context, we have not read ‘the plaintiff’ to include an individual or entity other than the original plaintiff. In George v Mt. Sinai Hosp. (47 NY2d 170 [1979]), we permitted a suit to proceed under section 205 (a) even though it had*207 been improperly commenced in the decedent’s own name after her death and then properly recommenced in the administratrix’s name after the statute of limitations had expired. We observed, however, that ‘[u]sually, of course, the fact that one party commenced an action which is subsequently dismissed, will not serve to justify application of [CPLR 205 (a)] so as to support a later action by a different claimant’ (id. at 179). Similarly, in Streeter v Graham & Norton Co. (263 NY 39 , 44 [1933]), we noted: ‘To grant the right conferred by [the statute] to a different party plaintiff, representing in part different interests, would require the placing of a construction upon the section plainly beyond its intent and purpose’ ” (id.).
In that action, Reliance Insurance Company (hereinafter RIC), which was the party seeking to apply CPLR 205 (a), was the parent corporation of Reliance Insurance Company of New York (hereinafter RNY), which was the plaintiff in the original action. RIC argued that, as the parent corporation of RNY, it was not an entirely different party than RNY, that the New York Court of Appeals never before had precluded a substitution of corporate plaintiffs, and that CPLR 205 (a) must be read generously to advance its remedial purpose (see id.). For reasons of policy and precedent, the New York Court of Appeals rejected RIC’s conclusion (see id.). The Court explained:
“Pivotal here is that, unlike the scenario in George, RIC is seeking to enforce its own, separate rights, rather than the rights of the plaintiff in the original action. We agree with the conclusion of the District Court that ‘[t]he common thread running through cases applying CPLR 205 in cases where the error in the dismissed action lies only in the “identity” of the plaintiff, is the fact that it is the same person or entity whose rights are sought to be vindicated in both actions’ (390 F Supp 2d 269 , 273 [ED NY 2005] [,] [affd292 Fed Appx 106 (2008)]). As that court aptly stated, ‘the plaintiff in the new lawsuit may appear in a different capacity, such as a duly appointed administrator, but the identity of the individual on whose behalf redress is sought, [must] remain[ ] the same’ (id.). That is the situation the Legislature addressed in CPLR 205 (a), but that is not the case here. RIC is not RNY in a different capacity.
*208 “To allow RIC to proceed also would open a new tributary in the law, presumably available to individuals as well as corporations, and breathe life into otherwise stale claims — some, like this one, going back nearly 20 years” (id. at 57-58).
In the case at bar, the identity of the entity on whose behalf redress is sought has not remained the same. Wells Fargo is not Argent in a different capacity. Following the holding in Reliance, then, CPLR 205 (a) does not apply here.
In an effort to distinguish Reliance from this case, the majority concludes that Argent and Wells Fargo, though different entities, each sued to enforce the same right in that each sought to foreclose on the subject property based on the alleged default on the note and mortgage. However, while Wells Fargo seeks the same relief that Argent sought, namely, to foreclose on the mortgage, Wells Fargo seeks not to vindicate Argent’s rights but to vindicate Wells Fargo’s rights.
The majority notes that, even absent a formal substitution, an assignee of a mortgage can continue an action in the name of the original mortgagee (see Brighton BK, LLC v Kurbatsky,
This Court is constrained to interpret CPLR 205 (a) in accordance with how it was written by the Legislature and how it has been interpreted by the Court of Appeals. The majority’s interpretation of CPLR 205 (a) permits that statute to support later actions by different claimants. For instance, the majority’s rationale would appear to allow an insurer to apply CPLR 205 (a) to toll the statute of limitations where the insurer seeks subrogation; after all, the insurer and its insured both seek to recover based on the same act of wrongdoing against the insured, just as Argent and Wells Fargo both seek to foreclose
Since I believe that CPLR 205 (a) does not apply here, I conclude that Wells Fargo failed to raise a question of fact as to whether the statute of limitations was tolled or otherwise was inapplicable. Accordingly, in my view the Supreme Court should have granted Cohan’s motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (5) to dismiss, as time-barred, the complaint insofar as asserted against him.
Ordered that the order is affirmed, with costs.