Allston and Kathleen Weller filed a complaint against Richard and Tina Blake for damages arising from smoke emanating from the Blakes’ outdoor fireplace. The Wellers appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the Blakes in several enumerations of error. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.
In order to prevail on a motion for summary judgment under OCGA § 9-11-56, the moving party must show that there exists no genuine issue of material fact, and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, demand judgment as a matter of law. Moreover, on appeal from the denial or grant of summary judgmеnt^] the appellate court is to conduct a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact, and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law. 1
So viewed, the record shows that the Blakes and the Wellers live next door to each other in a subdivision in Cobb County. In or around June 2008, the Blakes built an outdoor fireplace in their backyard. The fireplace’s stone chimney is approximately ten feet high and located about thirty feet from the Wellers’ closest window; photographs contained in the record show that the top of the chimney is roughly level with the main floor of the Wellers’ adjacent house, which sits on a basement. The Blakes received approval for the fireplace from the subdivision homeowners’ association before beginning construction, and although they did not havе a permit at the time they constructed the fireplace, they later obtained one.
According to the Wellers, wood smoke fills their yard and house when the Blakes use their outdoor fireplace. 2 The smoke is visible and has a strong, offensive odor. The Wellers deposed that the smoke makes them and thеir three young daughters “very uncomfortable,” and it causes them to cough and have itchy, red eyes; headaches; scratchy throats; and difficulty breathing. When the smoke enters their home, the Wellers close their windows and the garage door, and on occasion, they move the children to a different part of the house or the basement or leave the house altogether to avoid it. Two of the Wellers’ three young children have medical conditions, including allergies and croup, that are exacerbated by smoke inhalation, and the children’s pediatrician told the Wellers that wood smoke “is not good fоr children.” The Wellers concede, however, that they have never had to administer medicine to the children or seek medical attention for them as a result of smoke inhalation from the Blakes’ fireplace.
Allston testified that the Blakes used the fireplace to burn wood approximately twenty tо thirty times in the three-year period preceding his deposition. The Blakes initially burned pine and other soft woods, but after the Wellers complained, the Blakes used other types of dry hardwoods and Duraflame logs, and they built smaller fires in an attempt to mitigate the smoke. They also planted fast-growing trees, minimized thе frequency and duration of the fires, reduced the amount of kindling used in the fires, and made efforts to limit use of the fireplace to those days when the wind was blowing away from the Wellers’ house. Richard further testified that an inspector from the Cobb County Fire Department inspected the fireplace following a complaint to the county by the Wellers, and the inspector concluded that the fireplace was suitable for burning and authorized him as a registered burner in Cobb County, which designation permitted him to burn hardwoods 24 hours a day. At the request of a Cobb County Building Inspector, Richard had the fireplace inspected by a structural еngineer, who concluded that the fireplace “was sound and properly constructed.”
The Wellers filed suit against the Blakes, alleging claims for nuisance, negligence, punitive damages, and attorney fees and expenses pursuant to OCGA § 13-6-11. The Blakes moved for summary judgment, and the trial court granted the motion following oral argument. This appeal followed.
In Georgia, a nuisance is “anything that causes hurt, inconvenience, or damage to another[,] and the fact that the act done may otherwise be lawful shall not keep it from being a nuisance. The inconvenience complained of shall not be fanciful, or such as would affect only one of fastidious taste, but it shall be such as would affect an ordinary, reasonable man.” 3
If a nuisance is found to exist although there has been only de minimis damage to the property interest, appellants] may seek damages for annoyance and discomfort caused by such nuisance as a result of the maintenance of the nuisance. Damages for discomfort and annoyance are separate and distinct damages from any damage to realty. The measure of damages for discomfort, unhappiness, and annoyance is in the enlightened conscience of the jury. 4
Here, the fact that the Wellers and their children may have had certain unrelated medical conditions that are exacerbated by smoke inhalation is irrelevant because “[t]he determining factor in an alleged nuisance is not its effect upon persons who are invalids, afflicted with disease, bodily ills, or abnormal physical conditions, or who are of nervous temperament, or peculiarly sensitive to annoyances or disturbances of the character complained of.” 5 Instead, the issue is whether the smoke that emanated from the Blakes’ outdoor fireplace would cause hurt or damage to an ordinary, reasonable person. 6
The Supreme Court of Georgia reviewed a claim for nuisance based on smoke in Holman v. Athens Empire Laundry Co., 7 in which the owner оf a building containing offices, factories, and a café filed suit against a neighboring laundry company, alleging that the defendant’s burning of soft coal created “a very black, dense smoke, which smoke is a nuisance----” 8 The burning of the soft coal created “dense volumes of black smoke,” which were blown directly intо Holman’s building, creating “inconvenience and discomfort” and depositing soot into the building, permanently damaging furniture and other contents. 9 Holman sought to enjoin the defendant from burning soft coal, arguing that the defendant had a non-objectionable alternative fuel. 10 The Supreme Court held that whether the defendant’s actions created a nuisance was a jury question, explaining that for smoke to constitute a nuisance,
it must be such as to produce a visible, tangible, and appreciable injury to property, or such as to render it specially uncomfortable or inconvenient, or to materially interfere with the ordinary comfort of human existence. With respect to dwelling houses, . . . [t]he rule is that the comfortable enjoyment of the premises must be sensibly diminished, either by actual, tangible injury to the property itself, or by the promotion of such physical discomfort as detracts sensibly from the ordinary enjoyment of life. 11
2. Negligence. The Wellers also contend that the trial court erred by granting the Blakes’ motion for summary judgment as to their negligence claim.
The elements of a negligence cause of action are: (1) a legal duty to conform to a standard of conduct raised by the law for the protection of others against unreasonable risks of harm\ (2) a breach of this standard; (3) a causal connection between the conduct and the injury; and (4) damages from the breach of duty. This legal duty may arise frоm the general duty one owes to all the world not to subject them to an unreasonable risk of harm. Negligence is conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against this risk. 15
Viewed in favor of the Wellers, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to create a jury quеstion as to negligence. Thus, the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on this claim.
3. The Wellers also argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on their claims for punitive damages and attorney fees and expenses of litigation. We agree.
(a) Punitive damages. OCGA§ 51-12-5.1 (b) provides:
Punitive damages may be awarded only in such tort actions in which it is proven by сlear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s actions showed willful misconduct, malice, fraud, wantonness, oppression, or that entire want of care which would raise the presumption of conscious indifference to consequences.
Whether the tort was sufficiently aggravating to authorize punitive damages is generally a jury question, and a jury may award punitive damages even where the clear and convincing evidence оnly creates an inference of the defendant [s’] conscious indifference to the consequences of [their] acts. 18
“[P]unitive damages maybe awarded even when actual damages are small.” 19 And, “even where the defendant did not act with conscious indifference in creating the problem that led tо the damage, punitive damages may be justified if the defendant acted with such conscious indifference in failing to correct that problem.” 20
Here, although there is .evidence that the Blakes took steps to reduce the adverse impact of the smoke emanating from their fireplace, the reсord shows that they continued to use the fireplace after the Wellers notified them that it caused smoke to enter their home, resulting in physical discomfort to the Wellers and interfering with their use and enjoyment of their home to the extent that they were required to move to another room or to leave thе house entirely. Under these circumstances, we conclude that there is some evidence of acts by the Blakes “which could allow a jury to consider a claim for punitive damages.” 21
(b) Attorney fees. The Wellers sought attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11, which provides:
The expenses of litigation generally shall not be allowed as a part of the damages; but where the plaintiff has specially pleaded and has made prayer therefor and where the defendant has acted in bad faith, has been stubbornly litigious, or has caused the plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense, the jury may allow them.
“Whether there was bad faith is generally for the jury to determine from its consideration of the facts and circumstances in the case. . . . Bad faith warranting an award of attorney fees must have arisen out of how the defendant [s] acted in dealing with the plaintiff [s].” 22 The Supreme Court of Georgia and this Court have determined that some evidence of bad faith existed in nuisance cases in which the defendant was aware of the plaintiffs complaints and yet failed to alleviate or remedy the nuisance. 23
In the instant case, as stated in Division 3 (a), supra, there was evidence to suggest that although the Blakes took steps to limit the quantity of smoke emanating from their fireрlace, they knew that the smoke was still infiltrating the Wellers’ home and, nevertheless, proceeded to burn wood in their outdoor fireplace. At this stage of the proceeding, “[w]e find this evidence ... sufficient
4. Our holdings in Divisions 1-3 render the Wellers’ remaining enumеration moot.
Judgment reversed.
Notes
(Citation omitted.)
Benton v.
Benton,
Allston Weller testified that "we have seen a visible haze before in our house and would say that’s probably happened two or three times. Usually, though, it is just the odor or it’s predominately the odor. Sometimes it takes the visible portion of it more time to get in, no question, but the odor is a hundred percent of the time.”
OCGA §41-1-1.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Hammond v. City of Warner Robins,
(Punctuation omitted.)
Warren Co. v. Dickson,
See id.
(Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 346.
Id. at 347.
See id. at 347.
(Punctuation and emphasis omitted.) Id. at 351.
See
Davis,
Although the Wellers imply that the Blakes have violated multiple regulations and rules, citing to various documents indicating that the Blakes are required to comply with all аpplicable rules, regulations, and covenants while burning in their fireplace, they have failed to provide any affirmative evidence indicating that any regulatory body or agency has concluded that the Blakes’ use of their fireplace does in fact violate a rule, regulation, or covenant.
See
Warren Co.,
(Punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.)
Lowry v. Cochran,
See
Tyler v. Lincoln,
Baumann v. Snider,
Tookes v. Murray,
Tyler,
Wildcat Cliffs Builders, LLC v. Hagwood,
Tyler,
City of Atlanta v. Landmark Environmental Indus.,
See
Tyler,
Nichols,