147 N.E. 797 | Ill. | 1925
Lead Opinion
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *134 Max Weksler, a resident of the city of Chicago and engaged in operating a taxicab for hire, filed his bill of complaint in the superior court of Cook county against Morgan G. Collins, superintendent of police of the city of *135 Chicago, William E. Dever, mayor of that city, Robert E. Crowe, State's attorney of Cook county, Edward J. Brundage, Attorney General, and Louis L. Emmerson, Secretary of State, to enjoin them from enforcing sections 42a, 42b, 42c and 42d of the Motor Vehicle law approved June 21, 1923. (Laws of 1923, p. 542.) Demurrers to the bill were filed by the superintendent of police, the mayor, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State. The State's attorney filed an appearance but did not demur to or answer the bill. A temporary injunction was issued. Thereafter, upon leave granted, complainant added an allegation to his bill that he also filed it on behalf of two hundred members of the Independent Taxi Owners' Association, and the demurrers were ordered to stand to the bill as amended. Upon a hearing the several demurrers were sustained and the bill as amended was dismissed for want of equity at complainant's costs. He prosecutes this appeal on the ground that the validity of the act in question is involved.
Section 42a (Laws of 1923, p. 543,) makes it unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to operate any motor vehicle upon any public street in any city of 100,000 or more inhabitants for the carriage of passengers for hire, indiscriminatingly accepting and discharging all such persons as may offer themselves for transportation, unless there is on file with the Secretary of State while such motor vehicle is operated, either
(1) A bond of its owner with a responsible surety company authorized to do business in this State as surety, or a bond of such owner with one or more personal sureties owning real estate in this State of the value of $5000 above all encumbrances, accompanied by affidavits of such sureties stating, among other things, the location, legal description, market value, nature and amount, with encumbrances, if any. Either bond is required to be in the sum of $2500 for each motor vehicle so operated, and shall be conditioned that the owner of the vehicle will pay all final judgments *136 recovered against him for any injury to or death of any person resulting from the negligence of the owner or his agent in the operation of the vehicle, and shall by its terms inure to the benefit of the person recovering any such judgment, and provide that he may sue thereon, "and such bond, for the full amount thereof shall, by its terms, be a lien for the benefit of the beneficiaries of said bond on such real estate so scheduled, and shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in each county in which such real estate is located." Any surety may withdraw from such bond by serving ten days' written notice upon the owner and the Secretary of State, either personally or by registered mail, in which event the owner shall file another bond or insurance policy as required by the act. Upon the expiration of the ten-day period the Secretary of State shall mark the bond "withdrawn," with the date the withdrawal became effective, and the liability of the sureties thereon, so far as any injury or damage sustained thereafter is concerned, shall cease. If at any time for any good cause, in the judgment of the Secretary of State, the bond is insufficient he may require the owner to replace it with another or with an insurance policy, as provided by the act, and upon such substitution the liability of the sureties on the prior bond as to any subsequent injury or damage shall terminate; or
(2) A policy of insurance in a responsible company authorized to do business in this State, insuring the owner of the motor vehicle against liability for any injury to or death of any person resulting from the negligence of such owner or his agent in the operation of the vehicle. The policy shall insure the owner for $2500 for each motor vehicle covered, but where it includes more than one vehicle the liability thereon may be limited to a maximum of $2500 for each vehicle. The policy shall provide for payment of any final judgment rendered against the owner of such vehicle for such injury or death and that suit may be *137 brought thereon by the owner of any such judgment. The policy shall contain a description of each vehicle, giving the manufacturer's name and number and State license number. If at any time the policy be canceled by the issuing company or its authority to do business in this State be revoked, the Secretary of State shall require the owner either to furnish a bond or to replace the policy with another in accordance with the act. The policy shall also contain a provision that it cannot be canceled by the issuing company without giving ten days' notice, in writing, of such cancellation to the owner and Secretary of State, either personally or by registered mail. The provisions with reference to requiring a bond or a new policy in the event of the cancellation of an existing policy, the termination of liability upon the cancellation of that policy so far as subsequent injury and damage are concerned, and the power of the Secretary of State if in his judgment, for any good cause, the existing insurance policy is insufficient, to require the owner of the vehicle to substitute a bond or another insurance policy, and the effect of such substitution, are the same as the provisions in sub-section 1 concerning the withdrawal of sureties from bonds and the power of the Secretary of State with reference to an insufficient bond.
Section 42b provides for the filing with the Secretary of State of an application for his approval of the bond or insurance policy tendered under the provisions of the act, and if the Secretary of State shall determine that such bond or policy complies with the act he shall accept the bond or policy and issue to the applicant a certificate stating that he has, in respect to the vehicle described therein, complied with the provisions of the act.
Section 42c provides that if any bond or policy so filed shall for any reason become inoperative it shall be unlawful to operate such motor vehicle until a bond or insurance policy complying with the act shall have been filed with the Secretary of State. *138
By section 42d any violation of any provision of the three preceding sections, or any failure to comply with any order of the Secretary of State, is made a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than ten days nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Appellant's first contention is that the act contravenes the equal protection and due process clauses of the fourteenth amendment to the Federal constitution and section 2 of article 2 of the State constitution, that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The equality clause of the fourteenth amendment does not deprive a State of its power to pass laws for the protection of the public health, safety and morals and the promotion of the general welfare. The General Assembly has a wide discretion in the enactment of such laws, and in pursuance of objects within the scope of its powers may enact laws of limited or particular application so far as persons and property affected are concerned. Such a statute is valid when it applies equally and uniformly to all persons similarly situated, but it is in contravention of the equality clause where the classification or discrimination made by it is unreasonable or has no substantial relation to the object of the act. A statute which applies to one city, only, does not deny the equal protection of the laws where it is based on some real distinction between the particular city and the other territory of the State. (New York Tenement House Department v. Moeschen,
But it is asserted that the act under review is arbitrarily discriminatory because it singles out taxicabs, and the classification is not based upon any substantial difference, either in construction or operation, from the vast majority of other motor vehicles. Taxicabs are operated for gain, and hence are in service during longer periods of the day and night over all streets, and usually at higher rates of speed than motor vehicles devoted solely to private pursuits, whether of business or pleasure. Motor trucks are operated principally in daylight, over fewer streets and at lower speeds than taxicabs. The presence of taxicabs in the congested streets of large cities increases the probability of accidents and consequently of personal injuries. The legislature is vested with a broad discretion in making classifications in the interest of the public safety. The question of classification is primarily legislative and only becomes judicial when the legislative action is clearly unreasonable. (Heartt v. Village of DownersGrove,
In support of the contention that the act deprives appellant of his property without due process of law, it is argued that its requirements are so oppressive as to amount to confiscation. The owner of a motor vehicle who transports passengers for hire in the manner and upon the streets of a city as defined in the act may file with the Secretary of State an insurance policy or a bond, either with a corporate or individual surety. These forms of indemnity are usually most readily given, and the act permits the owner of the vehicle to make his election. One who asserts that a statute is unreasonable or oppressive must show affirmatively that as applied to him it is so. (Biffer v. City of Chicago,
Appellant further contends that the act is in conflict with section 22 of article 4 of the constitution, which prohibits the granting to any corporation, association or individual of any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. The act grants no special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise to anyone. Laws regulating the operation of vehicles for hire are not enumerated in that section of the constitution and are not included in its prohibition against passing local or special laws. The act is not, therefore, subject to the objection urged. Maulding v. Skillet ForkDrainage District,
It is also asserted that the act is an unwarranted extension of the police power of the State, and unreasonable, because it insures the collection of judgments recovered for personal injuries. The condition of the bond or policy is, that the owner of the motor vehicle pay all final judgments rendered against him for any injury or death resulting from the negligence of himself or his agent in the operation of the vehicle. If he pays such judgments there can be no recovery on the bond or policy. The requirement of a bond with a personal or corporate surety, or an insurance policy, is a provision for the protection of the public. The owner of the motor vehicle is not restricted in his choice, for he may elect which of these forms of security he will give. The measure of the reasonableness of a police reglation is not necessarily what is best, but what is fairly appropriate *142
to the purpose of the act under all circumstances. (Sligh v. Kirkwood,
Another of appellant's contentions is, that the act is arbitrarily discriminatory and unreasonable because it does not provide for the deposit of money or public securities as an alternative for the required bond or policy of insurance. The legislature has the power to specify the kinds as well as the amount of security which shall be furnished by the person who seeks to transport passengers for hire by a motor vehicle on the streets of a city, and if its requirements are not unreasonable they will be sustained. (In re Cardinal, supra.) Statutes require the execution of bonds in various judicial proceedings without providing that money or securities may be deposited in lieu of such bonds, yet such statutes have not been held for that reason to be arbitrary or discriminatory. Ordinarily.a bond or insurance policy, as prescribed by the act in question, can be given with greater facility and by many more persons than are able to deposit money or securities of a value equal to the indemnity required. The legislature in the enactment of *143 the statute considered the usual or ordinary situation, and the act is not, in the respect claimed, either arbitrary or unreasonable.
Appellant asserts that the act makes the sureties upon the bond liable for injuries which may result from the operation of the taxicab solely for private purposes and not for hire, and that the act is for that reason unreasonable and arbitrarily discriminatory. Section 42a limits the provisions of the act to a motor vehicle operated upon any public street of a city of the requisite population for the transportation of passengers for hire. Sub-section 1 of the same section provides that the bond shall be in the sum of $2500 "for each such motor vehicle so operated." Nothing in the act makes it unlawful for the owner of a motor vehicle to operate it for his private purposes without giving a bond or insurance policy. One or the other, only, is required when he operates his car for the purpose mentioned in the act, and only when injury to or death of any person results from the negligence of the owner or his agent in such operation can any liability upon the bond or policy arise.
Appellant also contends that the power granted to the Secretary of State to require a new bond or insurance policy if in his judgment, for any good cause, the existing bond or policy is insufficient, is arbitrary and provides no standard or reasonable guide for his direction. The act fixes the sum and prescribes the conditions of the bond or insurance policy, whichever the owner of the motor vehicle elects to give. These essentials were determined by the law-making power and were not left to the discretion of any administrative or ministerial officer. But the General Assembly could not, in the nature of things, pass upon the qualifications of the sureties upon bonds or the responsibility of insurance companies issuing policies tendered in compliance with the act. Bonds or policies once sufficient might by the lapse of time for various reasons become insufficient. The determination of these questions is an administrative *144
function and must necessarily be left to an administrative officer. All public officers exercise some discretion in the discharge of their duties. The power to determine the sufficiency of bonds has always been recognized in this State as a ministerial power. (Milstead v. Boone,
Appellant further contends that the act is arbitrarily discriminatory and unreasonable because it makes the personal surety bond a lien upon the real estate scheduled without any provision for the discharge of the lien, which in the case of accrued liability to infants or incompetents may continue indefinitely, and that in consequence it is practically impossible to obtain personal sureties. Section 42a of the act, with reference to the bond, provides, "and such bond, for the full amount thereof shall, by its terms, be a lien for the benefit of the beneficiaries of said bond on such real estate so scheduled, and shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in each county in which such real estate is located." While a surety may withdraw from such a bond by serving the written notice prescribed by the act, yet any liability which accrued prior to the time of such withdrawal is not thereby released. The liability may have accrued in favor of an infant or incompetent person whose incapacity may arrest the running of the Statute of Limitations for many years. Meanwhile no method is provided by which the real property scheduled can be discharged from the lien. The effect of this provision not only makes the title to such real estate unmarketable for an indefinite period, but it makes it extremely difficult, if not impossible, *145 for the owner of a motor vehicle to obtain personal sureties upon the bond required by the act. The bonds given by executors, administrators, guardians, conservators and others acting in a fiduciary capacity need not be recorded, nor are they made liens upon the real property owned by the sureties, yet the principals in such bonds often have possession of large sums of money and securities of considerable value. Prior to July 1, 1917, recognizances taken in criminal cases were not made liens upon the sureties' property. By an enactment then effective, (Laws of 1917, p. 339,) such a recognizance became a lien upon the scheduled property, but it was expressly provided that the lien should cease immediately upon final disposition of the case, the surrender of the defendant to the proper authorities, or the entry of an order striking the case from the docket, with leave to the State's attorney to re-instate. The provision remained in effect only two years, for on July 1, 1919, a subsequent amendment came into force (Laws of 1919, p. 421,) which restored the statute as it stood prior to July 1, 1917, and terminated the lien of every such recognizance except in cases where they had been reduced to judgment. The liability upon such recognizances was definite, usually for short periods, only, and the lien could be easily discharged, yet at the next session succeeding its enactment the General Assembly repealed the provision which made recognizances liens upon the real estate scheduled. If bonds and recognizances of the kinds mentioned, and upon which there is often an actual and not merely a potential liability, are not made liens upon the real property of the sureties, it is difficult to discern upon what rational basis the personal surety bond, under the act in question, is made such a lien. No reason is perceived why that bond should be set apart from other bonds upon which the surety's undertaking may involve him in much greater financial losses. The inducement to convey the scheduled property is certainly not peculiar to the surety upon the taxicab owner's *146 bond. That part of sub-section 1 of section 42a of the act under review which reads, "and such bond, for the full amount thereof shall, by its terms, be a lien for the benefit of the beneficiaries of said bond on such real estate so scheduled, and shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in each county in which such real estate is located," is an arbitrary discrimination and unreasonable and is therefore void.
There remains for determination the question whether the invalidity of the provision for recording the personal surety bond and making it a lien necessitates the destruction of the entire act. The fact that a part of an act is unconstitutional does not require that the remainder shall be held void unless all the provisions are so connected as to depend upon each other. The valid and invalid provisions may even be contained in the same sentence and yet be perfectly distinct and separable, so that the former may stand though the latter fall. If, when the unconstitutional portion is stricken out, that which remains is complete in itself and capable of being executed wholly independently of that which is rejected, it must be sustained. (People v. Long,
The decree of the superior court of Cook county is affirmed.
Decree affirmed. *147
Concurrence Opinion
While I concur in the affirmance of the decree, I do not agree with that portion of the opinion which holds that that part of sub-section 1 of section 42a of the act under review which reads, "and such bond, for the full amount thereof shall, by its terms, be a lien for the benefit of the beneficiaries of said bond on such real estate so scheduled, and shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in each county in which such real estate is located," is an arbitrary discrimination and unreasonable and is therefore void. In my opinion the reasons assigned for such holding are reasons which might properly be urged upon the legislature rather than the court.
Mr. JUSTICE THOMPSON, dissenting.