53 N.Y.S. 905 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1898
Harry Weitzman, plaintiff’s intestate, was, on the evening of the 9th day of May, 1897, upon Rockaway avenue, in the city of Brooklyn. He was at that time about five years of age, and was in the act of passing from a candy store, at No. 386, to his home, on the opposite side of the street, where his sister, a
The trial court refused to allow the plaintiff to show by an expert motorman that the car, if equipped with the appliances commonly in use, could have been stopped within a space of 20 feet. While it is not necessary, in view of the conclusion which we have reached upon other points raised by the appellant in this case, it may not be out of place to state that this ruling is not in harmony with the authorities in this state. “It is,” say the court in the case of Costello v. Railroad Co., 65 Barb. 92, “the duty of railroad companies to use upon their trains all improvements in. machinery, or in the construction of cars, etc., commonly used by other companies; and it is negligence if they do not use them, for which they are liable to a person injured, if# the improvement would, in any appreciable degree, have contributed to prevent the injury. * * * We must assume that the plaintiff, if permitted to give the proof, would have shown that, if the patent brake had been used, the train could have been stopped .within the shortest distance,” etc. The railroad company owing the duty to the plaintiff’s intestate, and to the public, to have its cars equipped with the best appliances, it was competent for the plaintiff’s witness to testify as to the distance within which a car properly equipped might have been stopped. An appeal was taken in the case above cited, but was dismissed without opinion. 55 N. Y. 641. “It has been held,” say the court in the case of Smith v. Railroad Co., 19 N. Y. 127, “that railroad companies are bound to avail-themselves of all new inventions and improvements known to them which will contribute materially to the safety of their passengers, whenever the utility of such improvement' has been thoroughly tested and demonstrated. Undoubtedly this rule is to be applied with a reasonable regard to the ability of the company and the nature and cost of such improvements; but, within its appropriate limits, it is a rule of great importance, and one which should be strictly enforced.” This rule, in effect limiting the duty of the railroad to the passenger, was considered in the Costello Case, supra, and the court say:
*907 “Railroad companies are undoubtedly bound to supply their trains with brakes, and if a person is injured on or crossing the track, and the injury could have been avoided by the use of brakes, the omission to have them, or to use them, would be such negligence as would render them liable to the person injured. If they are obliged to have some brake, the public safety requires that it should be the best in use. They cannot use an old brake which will not stop a train in less than 1,000 feet, when running ten miles per hour, when other companies use brakes that will stop a train in 500 feet, moving at the same rate of speed. A company is as much bound to prevent doing injury to a person on its track, by using all the facilities that experience has provided for the purpose, as the person on the track is bound to use all the means in his power to escape the injury, when he is aware that it is impending.”
In the case at bar the offer was to prove that the car might have been stopped by the defendant in time to have avoided the collision. It was shown that the witness was an expert motorman, with a large experience; that he was familiar with the leading systems generally in use in the equipment of electric railroads; and that he was an electrician; and it seems to us that the mere fact that he had not made an examination of the particular apparatus in use by the defendant did not disqualify him from testifying as to the distance within which a car properly equipped might have been stopped. If the car of the defendant, properly equipped, could have been stopped in time to have prevented the accident, after the motorman saw the child approaching the track, the jury were authorized to find that it was negligence on the part of the defendant to have permitted the collision, notwithstanding the negligence of the child in getting into a position of danger, and it was competent for the plaintiff to show by this witness that the car, if properly equipped, might have been stopped within the 20 feet after the motorman testifies that he saw the child approaching. “It is the duty of the carrier,” say the court in the case of Curtis v. Railroad Co., 18 N. Y. 534, “to provide perfect machinery, and, if he has failed in this, it devolves upon him to show the excuse, if any”; and this is, in our opinion, the view which the trial court should have taken of the evidence offered by the plaintiff. He had a right to show that a car equipped with proper machinery, and such as was in common use, might have been stopped in time to have prevented the original contact with the child, and it would then have remained for the defendant to have shown that the car which it was operating was properly equipped. In the case of Hegeman v. Railroad Corp., 13 N. Y. 9, it was held that:
"The evidence of the utility and use of the safety beam was properly admitted. It had been used in New Jersey eleven years before this accident, and upon some of the Albany and Buffalo roads from the latter part of the year 1846, and in 1851 was introduced upon the road of the defendant. Whether the adoption of this improvement, under all the circumstances, was a necessary or proper precaution on the part of the defendant, was correctly submitted to the jury.”
These cases cited discuss the duty of the carrier to his passengers. Of course, the duty of a carrier to his passengers is higher than that to others of the traveling public, the latter being only the use of ordinary care, while as to the former, in many instances, he may owe the highest degree of care that human foresight can provide.
The child was not killed by the original contact, so far as appears from the evidence, but was picked up on the fender, and carried a distance of from 32 to 150 feet, when he rolled off from the fender in front of the still advancing car, and was run over and killed, the car stopping within its own length after the child had fallen. The learned trial court charged the jury that:
“The accident, if it happened, and the damage, if it was occasioned, and the actionable injury, if there is one, came at the time the railroad car struck his person, and no matter what happened afterwards, while that may have increased the injury, it has not increased the liability of the company. * * * The whole charge is negligence, and if the defendant was negligent, and the plaintiff, or the child, was free from negligence, at the time the actual collision occurred, you are not to render a verdict in this case because of another negligence which you may find the motorman committed after the actual collision. Their right of action was made out then, if it was made out at all, and there can be no case here of the picking up of the child upon the fender giving a right of action or a right of action arising by reason of something that occurred afterwards; that would be entirely illegal, and you must dismiss it from your minds.”
In this we are of opinion the trial court was in error. The law does not contemplate that a street-railroad corporation shall become a modern Juggernaut, with its sacrificial car traversing with relentless energy the streets and avenues of our populous cities, running down the aged, the feeble, and the helpless, who may chance to cross its path, or that, having gathered them into its net, it shall carry them along, and offer them as a sacrifice to the cruel wheels, at the pleasure of the motorman. Conceding that the plaintiff’s intestate was sui juris, and that he was, as a matter of law, guilty of contributory negligence in stepping upon the track of the defendant at the same moment that the car arrived at the point of contact, the evidence in the case shows that the child was not killed by the original impact, but that he was picked up on the fender, and carried a considerable distance, when he finally rolled off, and was crushed under the wheels. To say that the defendant owed this child no duty; that it is responsible for no degree of negligence on the part of its servants after it had struck the child, and failed to kill him,—is to utterly mistake the policy and the rules of law. Whatever may have been the duties or obligations of the parties, up to the moment that the child was picked up on the fender, there can be no question as to the obligation of the defendant after that feat had been accomplished; and a failure to discharge that obligation was negligence to which the child, under the circumstances, could not contribute. It was the duty of the defendant, as we have already pointed out, to equip its cars in such a manner as to reduce to a minimum the chances of accident. The duty to equip the cars with fenders carries with it the duty to so operate them as to accomplish the end for which they were designed, and a human being having been gathered into one of these fenders, no matter by what
“Davies had a donkey, which he had ‘hohhled,’ and turned into the high road. Mann’s wagon and horses came along at a smartish pace, knocked down the donkey, and ran over it. In an action by Davies against Mann for the injury done to the donkey, the defendant contended that the plaintiff’s negligence in leaving the donkey hobbled in the highway contributed to the donkey’s death. But the court held that this was no justification, if by driving carefully the defendant could have avoided the donkey, and pulled up in time to let him get out of the way.”
The doctrine of this case was adopted in this state, and in the case of Button v. Railroad Co., 18 N. Y. 248, the court say:
“The verdict of the jury shows that they must have been misled by the charge. "Upon the evidence before them, they could not have said that the deceased was not chargeable with negligence, amounting to utter recklessness, in placing himself in the position in which he was first discovered. If in his senses, as he must be presumed to have been, he courted his own destruction. Under these circumstances, he must be regarded as having co-operated with the defendants to produce his death. Unless the jury could*910 be made to believe that, after deceased was discovered, the defendants, by reasonable care, could have avoided the fatal result, they were not liable.”
In the case of Kenyon v. Railroad Co., 5 Hun, 479, the court say:
“Evidence having been given upon the trial tending to prove that the engine driver might, by the exercise of ordinary care, have stopped the engine, and so have avoided the injury to the plaintiff, the court erred in granting a nonsuit. In such a case, neither thé fact that the plaintiff was wrongfully on the defendant’s railroad, nor the fact that his own negligence, ■or that of his parents, contributed to the injury, constitutes a bar to recovery. Neglect on the part of the person in charge of the engine to use ordinary care to avoid injuring a person on the track is, in contemplation of law, equivalent to intentional mischief. He has no more right to run over a person, lawfully or unlawfully, rightfully or wrongfully, on the track, if he can, by the exercise of ordinary care, avoid doing so, than he has to shoot him. Such a case furnishes a just and well-established exception to the general rule that contributive negligence on the part of the plaintiff will defeat a recovery. * * * In the case before us the court, instead of granting a non-suit, should have submitted to the jury the question whether, considering all the circumstances of the case, there had been an omission on the part of the engine driver of ordinary care to avoid the injury, and to instruct them that, if they should find in the affirmative, the presence of the plaintiff upon the track did not' bar a recovery.”
“The general rule, no doubt, is,” say the court in the case of Green v. Railroad Co., 11 Hun, 333, “that the plaintiff, in an action for negligence, cannot succeed if it is found by the jury that he himself had been guilty of negligence, or want of ordinary care, Which contributed to cause the accident. But this rule, in many cases, is qualified by another one, which is that though the plaintiff may have been guilty of negligence, and although that negligence may in fact have contributed to the accident, if the defendant could in the result, by the exercise of ordinary care and diligence, have avoided the mischief which happened, the plaintiff’s negligence will not excuse him. We think it was a proper question for the jury whether the defendant was not guilty of such gross negligence as was equivalent to intentional mischief.” See, also, Melhado v. Transportation Co., 27 Hun, 99.
“The negligence,” say the court in the case of Austin v. Steamboat Co., 43 N. Y., at page 82, “must be proximate, and not remote. It must be a negligence occurring at the time the accident happened. Notwithstanding the previous negligence of the plaintiff, if, at the time when the injury was committed, it might have been avoided by the defendant, by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence, an action will lie for the injury.”
“The testimony shows,” say the court in the case of Barker v. Savage, 45 N. Y., at page 194, “that the driver not only could, but did in fact, see the plaintiff some fifteen feet distant from her, and from the testimony it is probable he could have seen her at a greater distance. Under these facts, and the other testimony, it was a proper question for the jury whether he could not have stopped his horse in time, or so have guided it as to have avoided running against her. If he could, his negligence, and the consequent liability of the defendant for the injury, so far as this question was concerned, was established.”
“There is,” say the court in the case of Distler v. Railroad Co., 151 N. Y., at page 429, 45 N. E. 938, “another ground upon which we think the judgment should be reversed. Even if it were assumed that the plaintiff was negligent in stepping upon a moving train; yet it cannot be held, as a matter of law, that such negligence, in any proper sense, contributed to his injury. The danger which attended the boarding of a moving train had been passed. The plaintiff was upon the train, and in a situation of safety, unless there was an accident or some mismanagement. His injury can hardly be said to be the proximate result of stepping upon the moving train, or to have been occasioned by his inability to safely reach a seat because the car was in motion. The direct and proximate cause of his injury was the mismanagement of the trijin, causing a sudden jerk or lurch which threw the plaintiff therefrom, or, at least, whether that was the cause was a question of*911 fact for the jury. We are of the opinion that the questions of the defendant’s negligence, and the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence, were, under the evidence, questions of fact, and should have been submitted to the jury.”
In the case of Howell v. Railway Co., 24 App. Div. 502, 49 N. Y. Supp. 17, where plaintiff’s intestate, five years old, was playing upon the street, and in his attempt to cross the track in front of an advancing car the fourth time was struck “by the fender or guard in front of the car, fell upon the same, rolled over two or three times while in that position, was carried along some distance, was finally jolted off, and the forward wheels of the car passed over him,” a verdict in favor of the plaintiff was sustained. In this case it was held not error for the trial court to charge “that, as the motorman saw the child ahead playing in the street, it was his duty to have his car under control until the danger was passed”; and this was clearly the duty of the motorman in the case at bar after he had discovered plaintiff’s intestate.
The rule as it exists in this state was concisely summed up by Mr. Justice Bradley in the case of McKeon v. Railroad Co., 20 App. Div. 601, 47 N. Y. Supp. 374. Here the plaintiff had, by his own negligence, brought his wagon into collision with a car of the defendant, resulting in a runaway of the plaintiff’s horse, throwing him upon the track of the defendant, some 200 feet from the place where the original accident occurred., While lying upon the track in a helpless condition, the plaintiff was struck by another car of .the defendant, and seriously injured. The question whether the collision with the wagon was chargeable solely to the negligence of the defendant, or attributable to any contributory negligence of the plaintiff, was submitted to the jury, and the- court charged them, in effect, that, if any negligence of the plaintiff contributed to that collision, what followed was in like manner affected by such negligence, and he could not recover for his injury suffered by the car running upon him when he was lying upon the track, if he received injury in that manner. Commenting upon this state of facts, the court say:
“In other words, the view of the court was that if the contact of the car with the wagon, which caused the horse to run away, was imputable to any contributory negligence of the plaintiff, the defendant was entitled to a verdict, although the latter accident otherwise might be attributable solely to the negligence of the defendant. It may, in view of the finding of the jury, be assumed that the negligence of the plaintiff placed him in the position where he is said to have been struck by the other car, and that, therefore, the injury there received by him was in some sense the consequence of his negligence. But it does not follow that this gave legal immunity to the defendant to run its car on to him. The negligence of a plaintiff which is effectual to relieve the defendant from liability for the consequences of his negligence must be proximate, in such sense as to contribute concurrently to the result complained of. Although the injury may not have occurred but for the negligence of the former, his antecedent negligence may not be concurrent or simultaneous, in such sense as to relieve the latter from the consequences of his negligence. In other words, when a plaintiff, by his negligence, has placed himself in a dangerous position, the defendant, advised of his situation, is not for that reason legally justified in failing to use reasonable care to not injure him.”
*912 “While there Is some apparent conflict,” continues the court, “in the cases of the different states on the subject of the effect of contributory negligence upon the remedy, the rule about which there is no occasion for serious controversy is that, to deny to a party relief for an injury suffered by him by the culpable negligence of another, his negligence must not only contribute to the happening of the injury, but must contribute to it as a proximate cause. His- negligence as a remote cause, and creating a condition of peril from which he is unable to relieve himself, does not excuse the want of care in another to avoid injuring him. * * * The plaintiff, by his complaint, alleges both -the collision of the car with his. wagon and the running of another car into or over him, and that this was occasioned by the negligence of the defendant. And, although those matters were alleged in a single count only of the complaint, it is not seen that upon the trial the liability for one of the alleged causes of the plaintiff’s injuries could properly be made dependent upon.that for the other of them.”
In many of the states the rule goes one step further, and holds that if the defendant might, in the exercise of reasonable care, have discovered the plaintiff in time to have avoided the accident, he is answerable in damages for a failure to make such discovery. “The admitted test rule,” say the court in the case of Pickett v. Railroad Co. (N. C.) 23 S. E. 267, “to which we have adverted, that he Who has the last clear chance, notwithstanding the negligence of the adverse party, is considered solely responsible, must be applied in contemplation of the law which prescribes and fixes their relative duties. The law, as settled by two lines of authorities here, imposes upon the engineer of a moving train the duty of reasonable care in observing the track; and if, by reason of his omission to look out for cows, horses, and hogs, 'he fails to see a drunken man or a reckless boy asleep on. the track, it cannot be denied that he is guilty of a dereliction of duty. If he is guilty of a breach of duty, we cannot controvert the propositions which necessarily follow from the admission that but for such omission, or if he had taken advantage of the last clear opportunity to perform a duty imposed by law, the train would have been stopped and a life saved.” Justice Ashey, of the North Carolina supreme court, well states the rule in the case of Farmer v. Railroad Co., 88 N. C. 564, where he says that whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence depends upon whether' his act “was a proximate or remote cause. If the act is directly connected, so as to be concurrent with that of the defendant, then his negligence is proximate, and will bar his recovery; but, where the negligent act of the plaintiff precedes in point of time that of the defendant, then it is held to be a remote cause of the injury, and will not bar a recovery, if the injury could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence on the part of the defendant.” To the same effect is the rule as laid down by Judge Cooley in his work on Torts, at pages 70, 71, where he says:
“If the original wrong' only becomes injurious in consequence of the intervention of some distinct wrongful act or omission by another, the injury shall be imputed to the last wrong as the proximate cause, and not to'that which is more remote.”
This is in harmony with the general rule laid down so quaintly by Lord Bacon (Bac. Max. reg. 1), that:
*913 “It were infinite for the law to consider the canse of causes, and their impulsations one of another; therefore it contenteth itself with the immediate cause, and judgeth of acts by that, without looking to any further degree.”
The Maryland court of appeals, in the case of Railroad Co. v. Kean (Md.) 5 Atl. 326, say:
“The governing principle established by the courts may now be clearly and concisely expressed in a very few words. If both parties have been negligent, but want of due care and caution on the part of the plaintiff was the direct cause of the injury,—or, in other words, if the injury could not have been sustained if the plaintiff had not been careless and neglectful in providing for his safety,—there can be no recovery in the action. But if, on the other hand, it is apparent from the evidence that the plaintiff, though negligent, would have suffered no injury had proper care and caution been observed by the defendant, the right of action is maintainable, and the defendant must be held liable for the damages ascertained by the proof in the case.”
The same doctrine, is held in Illinois, and generally throughout the Southern and Western states, and in the modified form in this state; and we are persuaded that the judgment and order appealed from should be reversed, and a new trial granted.
It is urged, however, on the part of the defendant, that it is of no avail that this case should be reversed, because, upon the authority of Albert v. Railway Co., 154 N. Y. 780, 49 N. E. 1093, the custodian of the deceased child was guilty of negligence as a matter of law, and no recovery for the plaintiff could be sustained. The case cited was an affirmance on the opinion in the court below (5 App. Div. 544, 39 N. Y. Supp. 430), and a careful reading of the reasoning affords no ground to believe that there would be any difficulty in sustaining a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, should one be found. The facts are entirely different from those of the case at bar. In the Albert Case plaintiff’s intestate was three years and four months old, and was sent by the mother on an errand across a street in which cars were passing in both directions every few moments, in the care of a child only five years of age. “Both of the children,” say the court in discussing this state of facts, “were of such tender age that neither could be expected to exercise any judgment or care for herself, or appreciate any threatening danger. They were deliberately sent into the neighborhood of a railroad track, where cars run by electricity were, passing as often as once every ten minutes. They were sent on an errand that required them to cross such track. They were in charge of no one, and at liberty to play about that dangerous locality as long as they chose, and in the unrestrained and careless manner that would naturally be expected from children of that age.” It was under such circumstances that the court held that the mother was guilty of contributory negligence, or “gross carelessness,” which was sufficient to defeat a cause of action. The case at bar presents no such difficulty. The child, five years old, was in the charge of his mature sister. He was permitted to cross the street to purchase candy, within sight' of the sister, and it is a question for the jury whether such conduct was in the exercise of reasonable care. Mr. Justice Cullen in the case of Birkett v. Ice Co., 41 Hun, 404, held that where the
The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed, and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event. All concur.
