140 N.E.2d 657 | Mass. | 1957
SAMUEL WEISS
vs.
REPUBLIC PIPE & SUPPLY CORP.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
Present: WILKINS, C.J., SPALDING, WILLIAMS, WHITTEMORE, & CUTTER, JJ.
Charles J. Wilkins, for the plaintiff.
David H. Fulton, for the defendant.
CUTTER, J.
This is an action of tort seeking recovery for injuries to the plaintiff alleged to have been caused by the negligence of an employee of the defendant. A jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff. Under leave reserved, the trial judge entered a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff excepted. The case is here on the plaintiff's bill of exceptions.
The plaintiff was employed as a plumber at premises to which the defendant was about to deliver a boiler section, about six feet wide, six and a half feet long, and eight to ten inches thick, and weighing seven hundred fifty pounds. This "had been purchased by" the plaintiff's employer. A vice-president of the defendant called the plaintiff by telephone at about noon on the day of the accident to say that the boiler was coming about 4:30 that afternoon, if the plaintiff "would be there and have a couple of men there." The plaintiff said he would.
The boiler section, "standing on its edge," arrived on a truck operated by one Crawford, an employee of the defendant. Crawford backed the truck up to the sidewalk near a "full-sized" door to the building. The door was about three feet from the curbstone and opened on a platform about three feet wide which led to a stairway, six feet wide, of five steps to the basement. The plaintiff was there with two other men.
The truck driver produced skid boards and the plaintiff's two men and Crawford together laid the boiler section flat, brought it to the rear of the truck and skidded it to the door of the cellarway without touching the sidewalk, with *424 the assistance of a rope threaded through a rack in front of the truck and tied by Crawford to the boiler section by passing the rope through a hole on the top and then through the chimney hole. The rope was used by Crawford as a winch to ease the section down the skids. The boiler section was then tipped on end and pulled through the door by Crawford and the two men.
The plaintiff testified that he did not participate, but "was just standing there, watching them, supervising them," and that he "was instructing them, how to put it in." He assented in substance to the description of himself in a question on cross-examination as the "superintendent of the operation." He was satisfied that the boiler section would go down the stairs all right if "the rope would hold it," and admitted he saw to it that the rope was all right before they started but "had nothing to do with the tying of it."
The plaintiff further testified that Crawford then took a skid from the truck, put it on the cellar stairs, and began to slide the boiler section down the skid, easing the section down the stairs with the rope which was still threaded through the truck rack and tied to the boiler section. When the section was about three feet from the plaintiff, he "saw the knot become untied and the section slid down the stairs" and injured the plaintiff, who was "standing on the next to the last step, on the cellar stairs." There was no evidence of any tying of the knot after Crawford first tied it.
There was no evidence presented by either party as to the terms of the delivery agreement. The defendant's vice-president testified that he knew of no arrangements as to where the boiler was to be delivered. The defendant, he said, was a wholesaler and, on wholesale deliveries, made "tailboard delivery." This term means that where, as in the present case, there is no loading platform, they lower the "little elevator called the tailboard gate up to the sidewalk." The witness further testified that the defendant only delivers "either tailboard or sidewalk, whichever is more convenient for that truck, never in a man's house or a cellar or place."
*425 The evidence relating to the extent of the defendant's responsibility with respect to delivery of the boiler section beyond the sidewalk or the tailboard of the truck is meager.[1] The jury did not have to believe the testimony of the defendant's vice-president that the usual extent of the defendant's obligation on items sold by it as wholesaler was "sidewalk" or "tailboard" delivery. However, this disbelief does not constitute proof of a greater obligation. See Trott v. Yankee Network, Inc., ante, 9, 14. The presence of the plaintiff with two men to assist him and his testimony that he was superintendent of the operation show that some responsibility was assumed, in behalf of the plaintiff's employer, for getting the boiler section off the truck and into the building.
We think, however, that there was sufficient evidence to warrant a finding by the jury that the defendant at least undertook to contribute Crawford, its driver, and the equipment which he had with him for use in the task of unloading. This can be inferred from the noonday telephone call between the plaintiff and the defendant's vice-president, from the active participation of Crawford in the work, and from the fact that he arrived at the premises with, and used, the boards. The jury were warranted also, in the light of the telephone conversation, in concluding that Crawford was acting in normal furtherance of the defendant's business, in selecting the method of unloading which he did, going only slightly beyond the sidewalk or tailboard delivery which the defendant's vice-president had testified was customary. See Collins v. Croteau, 322 Mass. 291, 293-294; Giacomuzzi v. Klein, 324 Mass. 689, 691; Restatement: Agency, §§ 228, 229; Harper and James, Law of Torts (1956 ed.) § 26.7. See also Peay v. Reidy, 321 Mass. 455, 459.
The plaintiff's testimony that he was supervising the operation does not require the conclusion that Crawford became *426 came for the time being the servant of the plaintiff (compare Patterson v. Barnes, 317 Mass. 721, 723-724) or of the plaintiff's employer, but presented a question of fact for the jury. See Morgan v. Smith, 159 Mass. 570; Driscoll v. Towle, 181 Mass. 416, 418-420; Oulighan v. Butler, 189 Mass. 287, 290. Compare Cowan v. Eastern Racing Association, Inc. 330 Mass. 135, 141-147. See also Restatement: Agency, § 476. That testimony could be reasonably interpreted by the jury as showing merely (a) that the plaintiff was directing the group in all matters affecting his employer's interest, as, for example, where to place the boiler and in the route to be followed and (b) that the plaintiff himself was not actually participating in the physical work. It certainly does not require a finding that the plaintiff either could control, or purported to control, Crawford in the details of the unloading process and in the use of the equipment brought with him. The issue of the existence and extent of control was one of fact for the jury. Compare Enga v. Sparks, 315 Mass. 120, 122-123, and cases cited. The jury would be warranted in finding that the plaintiff and his two associates (in behalf of the plaintiff's employer), and Crawford (in behalf of the defendant) were engaged together in the unloading process on a basis in which Crawford owed a duty to exercise ordinary care for the safety of each other member of the group. See Adams v. Dunton, 284 Mass. 63, 66-67.[1a]
The testimony with respect to the plaintiff's authority to supervise the work of Crawford was not so definite as to show that, as a matter of law, he was guilty of contributory negligence in failing to check the knot, with the tying of which, by Crawford, the plaintiff had nothing to do. Different inferences could be drawn from the evidence and it could have been found that the plaintiff's precautions for his own safety were reasonable (see Runnells v. Cassidy, 307 *427 Mass. 128, 129-131). This is not a case where the facts relied on to show that the defendant was negligent (here that the knot became untied) equally tend to show that the plaintiff was negligent. Compare Campbell v. Hagen-Burger, 327 Mass. 159, 162. It cannot be said as a matter of law that the inspection of the knot by the plaintiff would have revealed any defect or that the plaintiff, a plumber, unreasonably relied on Crawford's skill in matters of a type in which the latter might be expected to be more expert. See Abbott v. Link-Belt Co. 324 Mass. 673, 677-678.
There is no direct evidence of any negligence of Crawford, except that which arises from the fact that the knot came loose. However, this is the type of event, the mere occurrence of which constitutes evidence from which negligence may be inferred. As Holmes, J., said in Graham v. Badger, 164 Mass. 42, 47 (failure of splice in rope), "the jury from their experience ... may be warranted in thinking that an accident of this particular kind commonly does not happen except in consequence of negligence." Golden v. Mannex, 214 Mass. 502, 504 (where "the very fact that the cable broke as it did was some evidence that it had become unsound"). Hull v. Berkshire Street Railway, 217 Mass. 361, 362-363 (broken trolley pole). O'Neil v. Toomey, 218 Mass. 242, 244 (slipping of cake of ice carried by iceman). Cleary v. Cavanaugh, 219 Mass. 281, 283 (broken elevator cable). Glaser v. Schroeder, 269 Mass. 337, 339-340 (brakes of parked automobile failed to hold). Bachand v. Vidal, 328 Mass. 97, 99 (parked automobile slipped on hill). See also Doherty v. Booth, 200 Mass. 522, 525. Compare Musolino LoConte Co. v. Boston Consolidated Gas Co. 330 Mass. 161, 163-164 (broken gas mains); Hourigan v. Boston Elevated Railway, 193 Mass. 495, 497-498 (breaking of inadequate rope selected by plaintiff's regular "superintendent"); Long v. Kaplan, ante, 94, 95-96. It was open to the jury to find, on the basis of their knowledge of knots, a matter reasonably within the range of their experience in ordinary life, (a) that it was more probable that the plaintiff was injured because Crawford failed to use due care in tying *428 the knot than that it occurred from any other cause, and (b) that a knot properly tied for a purpose of this character does not easily become untied. See Bachand v. Vidal, supra, at page 99. Cases where there is no evidence of any act which could have constituted negligence, or where the event or injury which occurred was foreseeable, or where there are no facts giving rise to a reasonable inference of negligence, can be distinguished. Compare, for example, Mucha v. Northeastern Crushed Stone Co. Inc. 307 Mass. 592, 594-596. On the testimony, the jury could have found that Crawford had sufficiently exclusive control of the tying of the knot and of the rope and other equipment so that the strong probability was that Crawford was responsible for all matters relating to the rope.[1b] See Couris v. Casco Amusement Corp. 333 Mass. 740, 742; Harper and James, Law of Torts (1956 ed.) § 19.7. Compare Reardon v. Boston Elevated Railway, 247 Mass. 124, 126-127; Wilson v. Colonial Air Transport, Inc. 278 Mass. 420, 425-426. There was no evidence that anyone but Crawford had anything to do with the tying of the knot and the record indicates no interference or likelihood of interference with it by anyone else during the unloading.
Since there was evidence which would warrant the jury in finding that Crawford, acting within the scope of his employment by the defendant, was negligent and that his negligence caused the plaintiff's injury, it was, therefore, error to enter a verdict under leave reserved. The exceptions are sustained and judgment is to be entered on the verdict returned by the jury.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] General Laws (Ter. Ed.) c. 106, § 32 (1), gives no assistance where, as here, it is plain that the defendant had a greater obligation than that statute would have imposed, since the defendant's vice-president plainly undertook to deliver the boiler section at least outside the premises of the plaintiff's employer.
[1a] Even if the jury found that Crawford and the others, directly and in behalf of their respective employers, were acting in a joint enterprise, the negligence of Crawford would not be imputed to the others in an action against a participant in, or party to the enterprise. Alderman v. Noble, 296 Mass. 30, 31-33. Compare Beaucage v. Mercer, 206 Mass. 492, 497-498.
[1b] The ownership of the rope is here wholly immaterial since no defect in it contributed to the accident.