25 Mo. App. 41 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1887
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff brought an attachment suit against the defendant to collect a merchant’s account for $176.75. The grounds of his attachment were: “That the defendant has fraudulently conveyed or assigned his property or effects, so as to hinder or delay his creditors ; that the defendant has fraudulently concealed, removed, or disposed of his property or effects, so as to hinder or. delay his creditors that the defendant is about fraudulently to convey or assign his property or effects, so as to hinder or delay his creditors ; that the defendant is about fraudulently to conceal, remove, or dispose of his property or effects, so as to hinder or delay his creditors ; that the debt sued for was fraudulently contracted on the part of the debtor; that the defendant is about to remove his property or effects out of this state, with the intent to defraud, hinder, or delay his creditors ; that the defendant is about to remove out of this state with the intent to change his domicile.” An affidavit making these charges was sworn to by the plaintiff. The defendant filed a plea of abatement. The issue thus made was tried before a jury, and the trial resulted in a verdict for the defendant, and a judgment that the attachment abate. From this judgment the plaintiff prosecutes this appeal under the statute.
There was no evidence at the trial tending to support any of the allegations of the affidavit, except the
The defendant conducted a clothing, furnishing goods, and boot and shoe business on Franklin ávenue, in St. Louis. In the month of December, 1885, he was indebted to various creditors in a sum exceeding sixteen thousand dollars. His assets, at their appraised value, amounted to less than half "this sum. His creditors began to press him with bills incurred in the purchase of goods, which he was unable to meet. On the thirteenth of December, a fire had broken out in his store, and his goods had been damaged to some extent by fire and water, for which he had collected about three hundred dollars of insurance money. The plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that, for a few days prior to the levy of the attachment, the defendant was urging his clerks to sell goods at a sacrifice, although the defendant’s own testimony explained this by showing that it was only the damaged goods that he was trying to work off, at less than their cost value. For several days prior to the attachment, he deposited no money in the bank, although on one day his sales had amounted to about three hundred and fifty dollars. He claims to have paid out all the money which he took in during these days, except about nineteen dollars (which was on hand when he made the assignment for the benefit of his creditors, which will be hereafter spoken of) in the payment of various small debts, and in the settlement of bills incurred on his family account, and he admits giving money to his wife and daughter. The pages in his sales-book, which should have contained the entries of sales made during the five days preceding the attachment,
I.- This transaction concerning the note brings us to certain rulings of the court upon the admissibility of evidence. The plaintiff endeavored to show that Brennan took this note, and, having engaged his uncle to go on an attachment bond for him, went to two different lawyers, one of whom represented the plaintiff in this action, for the purpose of seeing about making it the foundation of a suit by attachment against the defendant. The court in the first instance ruled out this testimony, and also the declarations of Brennan made to these lawyers, on the ground that a conspiracy between Brennan and the defendant had not been proved. In this there was no error. In order to make the acts or declarations of a conspirator, made in furtherance of the common design, evidence against his co-conspirator, it must, regularly, first be made to appear that a conspiracy existed, and that the acts and declarations were made in furtherance of the conspiracy which was formed, and while it was in fieri. While there is authority to the effect that the trial court may, in the exercise of a sound discretion, allow evidence of the acts and declarations of a supposed conspirator to go to the jury, before
II. But, after the fact of the giving of the note by the defendant to Brennan, and of the indebtedness of the defendant to Brennan, had been shown, and after the excuses of the defendant and Brennan had been made, the court still persisted in the ruling that the plaintiff could not be allowed to show that Brennan had gone with his uncle to a lawyer’s office, and had taken counsel on the subject of suing out an attachment upon this note against the defendant. In this we are clear that the court erred (Page v. Parker, 40 N. H. 62, and 43 N. H. 363), unless the ruling of the court can be-justified upon another ground, which will now be stated.
III. This ground was, that the evidence called for the narration of a privileged communication between attorney and client. In this we also think the learned judge committed error. The rule which excludes privileged communications between an attorney and his client applies only where it is sought to elicit the communication from the attorney, without the consent of his client, and then it is a privilege — not of the attorney, but of the client, which the client may waive. In this case, one of the attorneys testified as a witness, and, so far as the court ruled that he could not testify as to any communication made to him by Brennan when consulting him in a professional capacity, since it was not made to appear that any third person was present, the court may have been correct, and we do not understand
IY. The plaintiff offered to prove the same declarations by Hugh Brennan, the uncle of Bart. J. Brennan, but the court, on the objection of the defendant, ruled out this evidence. If this evidence was ruled out on the ground that it was an effort to develop confidential communications between an attorney and client, the-
Y. Throughout the trial the court appears to have ruled against the plaintiff on questions of evidence with considerable stringency. We think that .the record fairly calls for an observation which this court and" the supreme court have made in former cases; that, in actions where fraud is the subject of the inquiry, greater-latitude is to be allowed in respect of what is to be deemed a part of the res gestae than in ordinary cases. The State to use v. Excelsior Distilling Co., 20 Mo. App. 21; Field v. Liverman, 17 Mo. 218; Smalley v. Hale, 37 Mo. 102; Lane v. Kingsberry, 11 Mo. 402, 410.
YI. Complaint is made that the court refused the following instruction offered by the plaintiff:
££9. The jury are instructed, that if they find by any number or variety of circumstances testified to in this case, although the same are trivial and unimpor*50 tant, that the defendant, prior to the levying of the attachment, had fraudulently concealed, removed, or disposed of his property or effects, or any part thereof, so as to hinder or delay his creditors, or that he had fraudulently conveyed or assigned his property or effects, so as to hinder or delay his creditors, they will find for the plaintiff.”
We are clear that the court committed no error in this ruling. The first part of the instruction is drawn from the dictum of Sherwood, J., in Burgert v. Borchert (59 Mo. 83), and although quite true and quite appropriate in a judicial opinion, it is not appropriate in an instruction given to a jury. The reason is, that it is in the nature of an instruction upon the weight of evidence, and that its language might have misled them into the conclusion that they were at liberty to find, from trivial and unimportant circumstances, that the defendant had fraudulently concealed, removed, or disposed of his property prior to the levy of the attachment. There are many cases where the dicta of text writers and of judges in their opinions, although correct in point of law, would be misleading if embodied in instructions given to juries.
The court, at the request of the defendant, instructed the jury among other things, that, “fraud is not to be presumed in any case, but must be proved, and that the burden of proving the fraud charged in this case is upon the plaintiff.” This instruction was correct in point of law and was properly given. But it would have been better, as suggested by Sherwood, J., in Burgert v. Borchert (supra), if the instruction had gone further and informed the jury that the requisite proof of fraud need not be of a direct or positive character, but that the conclusion of fraud might be gathered from the surrounding circumstances indicative of a design to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors.
VII. The court refused to give the following instruction tendered by the plaintiff;
*51 “10. The court instructs the jury, that if they believe from the evidence that at the time the -attachment was sued out in this case, the defendant had formed a purpose in his own mind to conceal, remove, or dispose of, or cover up his money or property, or any of it, with the intent to prevent the plaintiff, or any of the other creditors of the defendant, from reaching it, or applying it to the payment of their just claims against the defendant, and that such purpose was about to be carried out by him when the attachment was sued out, the jury will find for the plaintiff against the defendant.”
We do not see that this instruction was covered by any instruction given by the court, in so far as it told the jury to find for the plaintiff if they should find that the defendant had formed the purpose to conceal, remove, dispose of, or cover up a part of his money or property, and that such purpose was about to be carried out by him when the attachment was sued out. The law is, that the effects of a debtor will be subject to attachment if he convey or conceal, or if he is about to convey or conceal, any part of his property, with the fraudulent intent of hindering or delaying his creditors. Taylor v. Meyers, 34 Mo. 81. In the state of the evidence in this case, an instruction upon this point of law was very material. Aside from the uses which the defendant may have made of the- moneys which he had taken in through the sale of goods during, say five* days, preceding the attachment, and aside from the giving of the six hundred dollar note to Brennan, there was nothing developed in the evidence casting any imputation upon his doings, in respect of his property, prior to the assign-' ment, which he made for the benefit of his creditors on December 22, the same day on which the plaintiff’s attachment was levied. It is true that, just before the assignment, Brennan was allowed to surrender the six hundred dollar note, which was thereupon destroyed, and to take out of the store, in full payment of his claim,
It is proper to notice another ruling, which, although not a ground of exception on this record, may become important on another trial. A witness examined for the plaintiff testified that he was present and heard the defendant give his deposition, which was taken down by a stenographer. He was then asked what the defendant testified to on certain points. Upon the defendant’s objection, the court refused to permit him so to state, until the stenographer had been called and had testified that the shorthand notes of the testimony had been destroyed. This was error. In the absence of a statute attaching some special value to the testimony of a shorthand writer, there is ho rule of evidence which makes such evidence of what a witness has testified to the best evidence, in the sense which will exclude the oral testimony of another witness to the same fact. The ordinary presumption would, indeed, be that the notes of the short-hand writer would furnish a more accurate recital of the testimony ; but, of course, this would depend upon the accuracy of the stenographer; and there are certain cases within common experience in which the recollection of a witness of good understanding and memory, as to what the previous witness has testified to, would be more worthy of credit than the notes furnished by some who endeavor to discharge the duties of court and notarial stenographers. It is, however, sufficient to suggest that there is no rule of evidence which excludes the testimony of one witness, from memory, to a fact, merely because some other persons may be supposed to have preserved a written memorandum of the fact. Austin v. Boyd, 23 Mo. App. 317. The stenographer’s notes were not a deposition, subscribed and sworn to by the witness.
For the reasons above given, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded. It is so ordered.