488 F.3d 1202 | 9th Cir. | 2007
COVELLO, District Judge:
This is an appeal of the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of an action for damages brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“section 1983”). [1] The pro se plaintiffs, Daro [1] “Every person who, under color of [law] . . . , subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights . . . secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. W EILBURG v. S HAPIRO Weilburg and Maria Weilburg (“Weilburgs”), allege that the State of Arizona and various officials in Yavapai County, Ari- zona, extradited Daro Weilburg from Arizona to Illinois in violation of state and federal statutes, thereby violating Daro Weilburg’s right to procedural due process.
The issue presented is whether the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 (1994), bars prospective plaintiffs, who have not otherwise success- fully challenged their underlying convictions, from bringing section 1983 actions that are based upon a violation of extra- dition law.
For the reasons set forth hereinafter, we vacate the judg- ment of the district court, and order the case remanded to the United States District Court for the District of Arizona for fur- ther proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTS
Unless otherwise indicated, an examination of the com- plaint, as well as the exhibits attached thereto, discloses the following.
In 1999, an Illinois state court convicted the plaintiff, Daro Weilburg, of felony theft. Weilburg failed to appear at his sentencing hearing. The court sentenced him, in absentia, to a term of imprisonment of seven years. Subsequently, an Illi- nois grand jury indicted Weilburg for violating a bail bond, also a felony. On the basis of this indictment, authorities issued an arrest warrant for Weilburg.
On June 26, 2003, during a traffic stop in Arizona, police officers arrested Weilburg pursuant to that outstanding war- rant. After a series of extradition proceedings in Arizona superior court, authorities returned Weilburg to Illinois.
On January 4, 2005, Weilburg and his wife, Maria Weil- burg, proceeding pro se , filed an action for damages in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, pursu- ant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint alleges numerous irregularities in connection with the procedures pursuant to which authorities extradited Daro Weilburg to Illinois. [2]
On February 14, 2005, before the defendants appeared in this case, the district court dismissed the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. [3] The court concluded that the “Plaintiff’s claims are based upon a belief that Mr. Weilburg was wrong- fully arrested, extradited and incarcerated to serve his sen- tence for theft and to be prosecuted for the bond violation” and as such, the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Relying on Heck v. Humphrey , the district court held that in order to bring a section 1983 action alleging unlawful conviction or imprisonment, a “plaintiff must prove the [original underlying] conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal . . . , or called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas cor- pus.” The district court concluded that because the Weilburgs “have not done so, their § 1983 action is premature.”
On February 25, 2005, the Weilburgs moved for reconsid- eration of the order of dismissal. They asserted that the dis- trict court’s reliance on Heck v. Humphrey was misplaced, as they had “not sought damages for an unconstitutional convic- tion or imprisonment.” Rather, they argued that the “gist of [2] Additionally, the complaint appears to assert that Daro Weilburg was not a fugitive when extradited, because the statute of limitations allegedly had run with respect to his bail violation charge. [3] “The court shall review . . . a complaint in a civil action in which a prisoner seeks redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity . . . . On review, the court shall identify cogniza- ble claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion of the complaint, if the complaint . . . fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted . . . .” 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(a), (b). W EILBURG v. S HAPIRO the plaintiffs’ complaint hinges on violations of procedural due process protected by the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act,” Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3841 et seq. , and the federal extra- dition procedures statute, 18 U.S.C. § 3182. On March 9, 2005, the district court denied the motion for reconsideration, maintaining that “this type of challenge concerns the legality of [Daro Weilburg’s] detention and must initially be brought in habeas corpus after exhausting available state court reme- dies.”
On March 21, 2005, the Weilburgs filed their notice of appeal of the district court’s dismissal of this action.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We “review[ ] de novo a district court’s dismissal of a com- plaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Resnick v. Hayes , 213 F.3d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 2000). In reviewing a dismissal for failure to state a claim, the court accepts all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Oki Semiconductor Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank , 298 F.3d 768, 772 (9th Cir. 2002). Pro se complaints are to be construed liberally and “may be dismissed for failure to state a claim only where ‘it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.’ ” Franklin v. Murphy , 745 F.2d 1221, 1228, 1230 (9th Cir. 1984) (quoting Haines v. Kerner , 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972)). “Dismissal of a pro se complaint without leave to amend is proper only if it is abso- lutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.” Schucker v. Rockwood , 846 F.2d 1202, 1203-04 (9th Cir. 1988) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
The Weilburgs argue that because their cause of action alleges violations of extradition procedures, this case is not barred by the Supreme Court’s holding in Heck v. Humphrey . Specifically, “[t]he appellant-plaintiffs do not seek damages for reaching the wrong results regarding conviction and sen- tence, they seek damages for refusal by the appellee- defendants to follow procedures.”
The defendants initially did not respond, presumably because none of them had previously appeared in this action. In response to this court’s order to file a brief, however, the State of Arizona filed a two-page letter brief that did not address the applicability of Heck v. Humphrey to the present case, but rather asserted various defenses that the district court did not address below. David Shapiro, Arthur Markham, and the Yavapai County Sheriff, also defendants in this case, like- wise filed a letter brief, raising defenses not considered below. They do, however, address the applicability of Heck , largely echoing the reasoning of the district court, and con- tend generally that those cases that have held that Heck is inapplicable in this context are “inconsistent with Ninth Cir- cuit precedent.”
[1] In Heck v. Humphrey , in a challenge to the validity to his underlying conviction, a prisoner initiated a section 1983 action, alleging that the defendants, police officers and prose- cutors, employed improper investigative techniques, destroyed evidence, and used unlawful identification proce- dures, resulting in the prisoner’s conviction and imprison- ment. Heck , 512 U.S. at 478-79. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the lower court’s dismissal of the action, and held that
in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitu- tional conviction or imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid , a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized W EILBURG v. S HAPIRO to make such determination, or called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas cor- pus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
Id. at 490, 486-87 (internal footnotes omitted) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court directed that “when a state pris- oner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sen- tence.” Id. at 487. “[I]f the district court determines that the plaintiff’s action, even if successful, will not demonstrate the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should be allowed to proceed, in the absence of some other bar to the suit.” Id. (internal footnotes omitted).
[2] We conclude that Heck v. Humphrey is not a bar to the present action. By the very specific language contained therein, Heck v. Humphrey applies only to those cases in which a complaint alleges that a defendant engaged in con- duct “whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sen- tence invalid.” Id. at 486. The holding in Heck applies only where “a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence.” Id. at 487.
[3] Here, the gravamen of the complaint is that the defen- dants returned Weilburg to Illinois in violation of state and federal law, by ignoring established extradition procedures and effectively kidnapping Weilburg. Such allegations, if proven, would not invalidate Weilburg’s incarceration in Illi- nois. To the contrary, “[t]here is nothing in the Constitution that requires a court to permit a guilty person rightfully con- victed to escape justice because he was brought to trial against his will.” Frisbie v. Collins , 342 U.S. 519, 522 (1952). “An illegal arrest, without more, has never been viewed as a bar to subsequent prosecution, nor as a defense to a valid convic- tion.” United States v. Crews , 445 U.S. 463, 474 (1980) (cit- ing Gerstein v. Pugh , 420 U.S. 103, 119 (1975); Frisbie , 342 U.S. at 522; Ker v. Illinois , 119 U.S. 436, 443-44 (1886)). Nor is invalid extradition a sufficient ground upon which to grant habeas relief once the fugitive is present in the jurisdiction from which he fled. See Hudson v. Moran , 760 F.2d 1027, 1029 (9th Cir. 1985); Siegel v. Edwards , 566 F.2d 958, 960 (5th Cir. 1978) (per curiam).
[4] To the extent that the complaint in the present case alleges violations of extradition law, such allegations, if proven, would not invalidate Daro Weilburg’s incarceration. Therefore, with respect to these allegations, Heck v. Hum- phrey does not apply. [4] In reaching this conclusion, we join the majority of those courts that have confronted this issue in published dispositions. See Young v. Nickols , 413 F.3d 416, 420 (4th Cir. 2005) (holding that “ Heck does not bar [the plaintiff] from invoking § 1983 to assert a claim for damages against the . . . defendants for violating his extradition rights”); Harden v. Pataki , 320 F.3d 1289, 1298 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding “that Heck does not bar most § 1983 damages claims based on improper extradition”); contra Knowlin v. Thompson, 207 F.3d 907, 908-09 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding that Heck does bar such claims).
The legal effect of the factual circumstances alleged here are better illuminated by this court’s holding in Draper v. Coombs , 792 F.2d 915 (9th Cir. 1986). In Draper , a plaintiff [4] In addition to asserting violations of extradition law, the Weilburgs also appear to allege that because the statute of limitations had run with respect to Daro Weilburg’s bond violation charge, the defendants illegally imprisoned him. As to an allegation of this character, “a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence.” Heck , 512 U.S. at 487. As such, with respect to this specific allegation, we conclude that Heck is applicable, and that dismissal was proper. Nevertheless, the dismissal should have been without prejudice so as to permit the Weilburgs to bring an action anew with respect to this one allegation in the event that Daro Weilburg ever succeeds in invalidating the underlying bond violation charge. See Trimble v. City of Santa Rosa , 49 F.3d 583, 585 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam). W EILBURG v. S HAPIRO brought a section 1983 action against law enforcement offi- cials after they transported him from Oregon to Washington state, allegedly in violation of state and federal extradition laws. Id. at 917. This court reversed the district court’s dis- missal of the complaint, and held that “[i]n light of the nature and purpose of the [federal] extradition statute, . . . a claim alleging its violation by state or local police officers states a cause of action under section 1983.” Id. at 920. The court fur- ther stated “that a violation of state extradition law can serve as the basis of a section 1983 action.” Id. at 921. Moreover, the Draper court concluded that it was not material whether the government ultimately convicted the plaintiff of the underlying crime for which it sought his extradition. See id. at 921-22. Although such a conviction might indicate that the plaintiff would be unable to prove actual damages, the court noted that he might still be entitled to nominal damages, and as such, “his complaint stated valid section 1983 claims.” Id. at 922.
[5] Because we hold that Heck v. Humphrey is inapposite here, Draper v. Coombs constitutes the law of this circuit in this context. See Cerrato v. San Francisco Cmty. Coll. Dist. , 26 F.3d 968, 972 n.15 (9th Cir. 1994) (“In the absence of an en banc reversal or an intervening Supreme Court decision, . . . we are bound by circuit law.”). Therefore, with respect to those allegations that the defendants violated state and federal extradition statutes, we vacate the judgment of the district court, and remand this action for further proceedings consis- tent with this opinion. [5] [5] Notably, we specifically do not address the defenses raised by the defendants for the first time in their briefs, nor any number of issues not resolved below, including whether the facts alleged in the complaint suffi- ciently state a cause of action under Draper , the extent to which the doc- trines of absolute or qualified immunity apply here, and whether either Daro Weilburg or Maria Weilburg can possibly prove that the defendants have caused any damages. Because this action terminated at such an early stage in the proceedings, we do not render an opinion as to these issues, but rather leave it to the district court in the first instance to resolve these matters, should they arise.
VACATED and REMANDED.
