47 N.Y.S. 7 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1897
This action was brought to recover damages for injuries alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff on the 12th day of October, 1891, by reason of the defendant’s negligence. The negligence imputed to the defendant is,, that a pile of planking and other materials were left unlighted and unguarded in the approach to a public bridge over the Erie canal in Main street, in the- city-of Buffalo, against which the plaintiffwhile going to a fire as a member of the fire department of the city, was driven. This unguarded pile was left in the condition it was on the night of the accident .by a contractor, to whom the defendant had let the contract of laying its tracks across the bridge.
The. defense on the trial was, that the negligence complained of was the act of an independent contractor, over whom the defendant had no control.
The defendant operated a street surface railroad in the-city of ■Buffalo, and this railroad crossed the Erie canal upon a bridge, which was the property of the State," and under the supervision and control of the Superintendent of Public Works and other State officials. Prior to the year 1891 horse power was used for the purpose of propelling defendant’s cars; but, upon the adoption of electricity as a motive power, it became necessary that the bridge should be reconstructed, so as to admit of the passage of heavy motor cars-; and the defendant contracted with the Kellogg IronWorks for the perform
. But the important question still remains whether the plaintiff has not shown that the company owed such a duty towards him that.it could not, by delegating that duty to a contractor, escape liability thereunder should the contractor be guilty of negligence in the performance of the work which he had contracted to execute.
A preliminary inquiry concerns the statutory duties and liabilities assumed by the State itself in respect of the canals,, as well as those imposed by statute upon contractors with the State.
By chapter 321, Laws of 1870, jurisdiction was conferred upon the Canal Appraisers, now Court of Claims, “ to hear' and determine all claims against' the State of any and all persons and corporations, for damages alleged to have been sustained by them from the canals of the State, or from their use and management, or resulting or arising from the negligence or conduct of any officer- of the State having charge thereof, or resulting or arising from any accident or other matter or thing connected with the canals ; but no award shall be-made unless the facts proved shall make out a case which would create, a legal liability against the State were the same established in evidence, in a court of justice against an individual or corporation.” (1 R. S. [8th ed.] 736.)
If the State itself had undertaken, through its officials, the reconstnrction or alteration of this-bridge, it is clear that a duty would be imposed upon the State to erect or place proper and sufficient safeguards for the protection of the traveling public, and for the non-observance or non-discharge of such duty, or through misfeasance in its discharge, an action would lie, at suit of the party injured, against the State. (Sipple v. State, 99 N. Y. 284; Rexford v. State, 105 id. 229 ; Bowen v. State, 108 id. 166; Wordman v. State, 127 id. 397; Locke v. State, 140 id. 481.)
In Little v. Banks (85 N. Y. 258, 263) this broad proposition
'In French v. Donaldson (57 N. Y. 496 ; 5 Lans. 293) the court observed: “ Whatever doubts, if any, have existed since the case of Adsit v. Brady (4 Hill, 630, followed and affirmed in Robinson v. Chamberlain, 34 N. Y. 389, and other eases), in relation to the duty of a contractor for canal repairs or of his-liability-to an individual who has sustained damages by reason of a defect in a bridge over a portion of the canal he had,, prior to the legislation -of 1866 and 1867, contracted to repair or keep in- repair, is disposed of by the legislation of those years.” (1 R. S. [8th ed.] 742, 743.)
In McMahon v. Second Avenue Co. (75 N. Y. 231) this doctrine was laid down : “A liability may arise in two ways : First, from the defendant’s having contracted with the municipality to do, instead of it, the duty which was upon it, to keep the street safe for the passage of the public; and by neglect to do that duty, having given cause of action against the municipality-for neglect; then action will be directly against the defendant therefor, instead of first against the municipality, so as to avoid circuity of action (City of Brooklyn v. Brooklyn City R. R. Co., 47 N. Y. 475); and, second,from the defendant’s voluntarily interfering and undertaking to-make the way safe, and so inefficiently doing it as to leave it unsafe, and, at the same time, so as to permit and tempt passage over it.”
The defendant having contracted with the. State to perform this
The State would be bound to place proper safeguards for the protection of the traveling public, and the company undertook to do the same by its covenant.
If this construction be correct, then the defendant was liable for damages occurring from its neglect or.failure to perform this duty as it would be for any other neglect of duty. The company stands exactly in the position of the State, and is equally liable for its negligence in this regard. When- it assumed the duties imposed by the permit, it made itself liable for all injuries resulting from its nonperformance or insufficient performance. The company could not relieve itself from the obligation imposed by its covenant with the - State, by contracting with another to fulfill it. It was an imperative duty required by the permit, and the company was not absolved from its duty and responsibility because it employed a contractor to do the work, who assumed to protect and save harmless the com
The company was not bound,, in point of law, to do: the work itself, that is, by servants of its own. There is nothing to prevent it from employing a contractor to- do the work for it; but the company cannot, by employing a contractor, get rid of its own duty to other people whatever that duty may be.
"If the contractor, performs the company’s duty for it, it is performed by the company through him, and it is not responsible for anything more. It is not responsible for his negligence in other respects, as it would, be if he were the company’s servant. Such negligence is sometimes called causal or collateral negligence, If, on the other hand, the contractor fails to do what it is the- company’s duty to do, or get done; its duty is not performed, and it is responsible accordingly.
In Dalton v. Angus (6 App. Cas. 740, 829) Lord Blackburn thus laid down the law: “ Ever since Quarmam, v. Burnett it has been considered settled law that one employing another is not liable, for his .collateral negligence, unless the relation of master and seiwant existed between them ; so that a person employing a contractor to do the work is not liable for the negligence of that contractor or his servants. On the other hand, a person causing something to-be done, the doing of which casts on him a duty, cannot escape from the responsibility attaching on him of seeing that duty per-, formed by delegating .it to a contractor. He may bargain with the contractor that he shall perform the duty, and- stipulate for an indemnity from him if it is not performed, but he cannot thereby relieve himself from- liability to those-injured by the failure to perform it.” , Lord Blaokburn, in ‘this passage, contrasts a contractor’s negligence, which he calls “ collateral,” with failure on the part of a contractor to perform the duty of his employer. For the first, the employer is not liable, for the second he is, whether the failure is attributable to negligence or not. (See, also, Hughes v. Percival. 8 App. Cas. 446.)
It is not easy to avoid mistakes in applying this, or, indeed, any other principle to difficult cases. ¡Neither is it easy to express the
The ratio decidendi of these and other analogous cases is, that as the duty was imposed upon the defendant by law, he or it could not escape liability by delegating the performance of the duty to a contractor, for the obligation was imposed upon the defendant to take the necessary precautions to insure that the duty should be performed, and it was incumbent upon the defendant to see that these operations were safely carried out by the contractor.
In Engel v. Eureka Club (137 N. Y. 100-104) Andrews, Ch. J., states'that there are well-understood exceptions to the maxim gui facit jper alimón, facit gper se. “Oases of statutory duty imposed upon individuals or corporations; of contracts which are unlawful, or which provide for the doing of acts which when performed will create a nuisance, are exceptions. In cases of the first-mentioned class the power and duty imposed cannot be delegated so as to exempt the person who accepts the duty imposed from responsibility; and in cases of the second class exemption from liability would be manifestly contrary to public policy, since it would shield the one who directed the commission of the wrong.” (Citing Storrs case and others.)
If the person for whom the work is done is under a pre-existing
In Flynn v. New York Elevated R. Co. (49 N. Y. Super. Ct. 60, 67) it was held that “ the nature of the work itself done for the elevated railroad company in making these excavations in the public streets was dangerous, and the company could not escape responsibility for putting the street in a condition dangerous to travel at night by interposing any contract which they had made for doing the very thing which caused the damage.” (Citing the Storrs case.)
Upon the same principle, we apprehend, must the decision of the present case be founded. A duty was imposed by law upon the defendant towards the plaintiff, as one of the public* not to interfere with the right which the plaintiff possessed of using a public highway in such-a manner as to impede or injure him when passing along it. The defendant is liable for the breach of the duty thus imposed upon him, although • the act or default which caused the injury may have been the act or default of the defendant’s contractor and not of defendant itself.
The negligent act or omission, if established, constituted an unlawful invasion of the plaintiff’s right of transit over the public high- . way. It appears clear enough to us that, under the circumstances of this case, a duty ivas imposed upon the defendant which it could not evade by employing a contractor to do the work. It could not get rid of the responsibility thus cast upon it by transferring 'that duty to another. It was not competent to get rid of such a duty by imposing it upon an independent contractor. A duty rested upon the company,’ therefore, to insure such precaution in doing the work as to render the highway reasonably safe against the possibility of accidents to the traveling public.
This duty, it is assumed, was not performed. . It employed-a contractor to perform the duty for it, but the contractor failed' to perform it. It is impossible, we think, to regard this as a case of “ collateral ” negligence.
In consideration of a license directly from the State to do what, otherwise, would be unlawful and a public nuisance, it undertook to perform the duties imposed by the State upon Itself, and to indemnify it against all liability for damages sustained by any individual.
In view of the provisions of chapter 836 of the Laws of 1866, and the authorities heretofore referred :to, it must be held that the duty in question was one that the company could not relieve itself from liability for its own non-performance by interposing an independent contractor between itself and the general public.
We conclude,, therefore, that the learned trial justice erred in directing a verdict in favor of the defendant, and that the judgment entered in accordance with such direction must be reversed.
Judgment reversed and'.a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.
All concurred.
. Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the. event.