111 Ark. 54 | Ark. | 1914
(after stating the facts). Counsel for appellee are correct in saying that the decision of this case turns upon the construction of the will. This court early announced that “The leading rule'in the construction of wills, is to give effect to what appears to be the intention of the testator in view of all the provisions of the will.” See Campbell v. Campbell, 13 Ark. 513-518; Cockrill v. Armstrong, 31 Ark. 580; Bloom v. Strauss, 73 Ark, 56; Galloway v. Darby, 105 Ark. 558. See, also, 40 Cyc. 1386; 1 Jarman on Wills, 33, and note; 30 A. & E. Ency. Law (2 ed.), 661.
Lord Coke once observed: “Wills and the construction of them do more to perplex a man than any other learning.” “But,” he adds, “I have learned this good rule, always to judge in such cases as near as may be, according to the rules of law, and in so doing I shall not err; and this is a good and sure rule, if a will be plain, then to collect the meaning of the testator out of the words of the will.” 2 Bulstrode Reps. 130.
Mr. Jarman, in his excellent work on Wills, says: “Though the intention of testators, when ascertained, is implicitly obeyed, however informal the language in which it may have been conveyed, yet the courts, in construing that language, resort to certain established rules, by which particular words and expressions, standing unexplained, have obtained a definite meaning; which meaning, it must be confessed, does not always quadrate with their popular acceptation. This results from the intendment of law, which presumes every person to be aoquainted with its rules of interpretation, and consequently to use expressions in their legal sense, i. e., in the sense which has been fixed by adjudication to the same expressions occurring under analogous circumstances; a presumption which, though it may sometimes have disappointed the intention of the testator, is fraught with great general convenience; for, without such acknowledged standard of interpretation, it would have been impossible to rely with confidence on the operation of any will not technically expressed, until it had received a judicial interpretation. * * * It is, therefore, necessary to remind the reader, that the language of the courts, when they speak, of the intention as the governing principle, sometimes calling it ‘the law’ of the instrument, sometimes the ‘pole star,-’ sometimes the ‘sovereign guide,’ must always be understood with this important limitation — that here, as in other instances, the judges submit to be bound by precedents and authorities in point; and endeavor, as we have seen, to collect the intention upon grounds of judicial nature, as distinguished from arbitrary occasional conjecture.”
When the words, “whatever other property I may have,” as used in the second paragraph of the will, are construed according to established rules of interpretation that would be adopted to ascertain the meaning of those words if used in other instruments, there is no doubt but what they must be held to mean personal property and be restricted to such property; for the general words “whatever other property” are preceded by the specific words “personal property,” and the enumeration of specific articles of personal property, and are also followed by specific words describing the particular kind of personal property, all of which, according to acknowledged standards of interpretation, limit the broader general words to property of the same kind or character as that described by the particular words with which the general words are associated. The rule applicable here is accurately stated in 30 Enc. Law (2 ed.), under the title “Wills,” as follows: “General words may be restricted by particular words *to less than their natural import when both are used in a will, and such restriction is justified by the context, as where devises or bequests are made by words of enumeration which are coupled in the same clause with words of general description. In such case, the latter may be confined to matters ejusdem generis.” See'30 Ene. Law, p. 670 and note 2, p. 671 and note 1.
There are no words in this will indicating an intention upon the part of the testator to devise to appellee any real estate. On the contrary, as we construe the words of the second paragraph of the will, it was the intention to give appellee only his personal property.
In ascertaining the meaning of the words “whatever other property I may have,” as used in the second paragraph of the will, we find nothing in the context to warrant us in departing from well known rules of construction that would be applied to find out the meaning of these words if used in other instruments in analogous cases. When the ordinary rules for the construction of instruments are observed, we are of the opinion that the intention of the testator, as is plainly expressed in his will, was only to give to the appellee the personal property that he then possessed, or of which he might be possessed at the time of his death, except, however, such as might come to him from his father’s or mother’s estate at Asheville, N. C. Certainly there is nothing to indicate that he intended to devise to her any real estate. When proper rules of construction are applied this intention of the testator is so plain that the court is not warranted in looking to the surrounding circumstances to deduce an intention different therefrom. But if we should consider the facts as disclosed by the pleadings, revealing the situation and circumstances of the testator and the appellee as beneficiary under the will, still there is nothing in the surrounding circumstances of the parties at' the time the will was executed to indicate an intention to give to the appellee the real estate in controversy.
As to the effect and operation of a will, as a general rule, in the absence of language showing a contrary intention, it speaks from the death of the testator. But when the purpose is to ascertain what the intention of the testator was from the construction of the language used hy him in the will, then the will- should he construed as of the date of its execution. See 40 Cyc. 1424-B; Maupin, v. Goodloe, 6 T. B. Monroe (Ky.) 399; Gray, State Treas., v. Hattersley et al., 50 N. J. Eq. 206, 24 Atl. 721. In Galloway v. Darby, supra., we said: “In the construction of wills, there is always a presumption against partial intestacy unless such intention clearly appears from the language used in the instrument. ” Citing Booe v. Vinson, 104 Ark. 439. See, also, Gregory v. Welch, 90 Ark. 152; Patty v. Goolsby, 51 Ark. 61. But in Patty v. Goolsby, supra, and other cases in which this rule was announced, the language of the wills- construed showed a purpose to dispose, hy will, of the entire estate of the testator. There is nothing in the will in the case at bar indicating an intention upon the part of the testator, as we have stated, to give to the appellee anything more than personal property, and there is no declared purpose of disposing of his entire, estate, real and personal. Therefore, there is nothing in the facts of this record to warrant appellee in invoking the doctrine of presumption against partial intestacy, and that doctrine as announced by this court in the cases relied on by appellee is not applicable. The plain language of the will itself precludes its application here.
The court therefore erred in its construction of the will. It is alleged in the complaint that the fraud against appellee consisted in the misrepresentation of the appellants as to the effect of the will, and that it was. through this fraud that the settlement was effected, and it is not alleged in the complaint that any other fraud was perpetrated upon her. The answer alleges in detail the facts concerning the representations as to the effect of the will, which the demurrer admits. There was no fraud in these representations. We are therefore of the opinion that the settlement made between appellants and the appellee and the conveyances made in pursuance thereof should be confirmed, and that the court erred in canceling these conveyances, and in divesting the title to the lands in controversy out of the appellants, and vesting the same in the appellee. The judgment is therefore reversed and the cause will be remanded with directions to confirm the settlement, and to reinstate the conveyances made in pursuance thereof, and to divest the appellee of and invest the appellants with the title to the lots in controversy, as described in the pleadings and the decree of the trial court.