Opinion
In this divorce case, the trial court set aside the parties’ property settlement agreement as having been procured by fraud and for being unconscionable. On appeal, Henry Reiter Webb, Jr. (husband) contends that the trial court erred in voiding the agreement because (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove fraud or unconscionability, and (2) that even if the agreement was voidable, his partial performance prevents rescission of the remaining executory obligations. We disagree and affirm the trial court. *
BACKGROUND
The parties were married in 1975 and separated on October 15, 1988. It was a second marriage for both, and each had children from their previous marriages. Husband was an executive with the federal government until his retirement in 1981. He then worked as a consultant and, thereafter, began actively practicing law with a Virginia law firm prior to the parties’ separation. He currently receives his government pension and a salary from his law firm of approximately $52,000 per year. Michaela Cullen Webb (wife) worked part-time as a fashion consultant for minimal income. Wife had continuing health problems throughout the marriage. At the time of the separation she had undergone surgery for colitis and had developed psychological problems. She was taking medication and had consulted a psychologist for stress caused by her health problems and by her husband’s alleged excessive drinking.
*489 In the summer and fall of 1988, while still living together, the parties began to negotiate a property settlement agreement. Husband drafted the agreement and had it signed in his law office shortly after their actual separation. He discouraged his wife from seeking separate legal counsel and when she mentioned seeing another lawyer, he asked her why she felt she needed further “advisement.” He also continued to give her legal advice on other aspects of their divorce.
At the time of the separation, the parties had assets consisting of (1) the marital home in McLean, Virginia with an equity of $245,500; (2) three automobiles titled in wife’s name valued at $18,683.33 and one automobile in husband’s name with a negative value; (3) furniture and household appliances valued at $15,000; (4) two Individual Retirement Accounts, one in each party’s name, in the amount of $18,000; (5) a Keogh account valued at $26,556 in husband’s name; (6) a vacation time-share in Massanutten Village valued at $6,000; and (7) the marital share of husband’s pension valued at approximately $77,346.
The parties’ agreement disclosed in general terms the existence of ‘ ‘pension rights or plans,’ ’ but did not identify the exact plans referred to nor did it specify the respective values of these plans. Paragraph 11 of the agreement provides:
11. Pensions. After full disclosure of the nature and extent of the vested pension rights or plans (referred to herein as “Plans”) of each of the parties and acknowledgement by the parties that the present value of such Plans are marital property rights subject to division herein, the parties have, in this Agreement, adjusted the division of their other marital properties, their individual assumptions of marital debts or both, to take into account the value(s) of such pension rights; and, therefore, each of the parties hereby releases and waives any claim he or she may have in any Plans titled in the name of the other party or held for his or her benefit; and each party shall have full and absolute title to, or beneficial interest in, any such Plans now titled in his or her name, or held for his or her benefit, free from any claim of the other party now and forever.
In making such releases and waivers, both parties are aware that Wife has a vested survivorship annuity interest in the civil service annuity of Husband, and that, by operation of law, such vested survivorship annuity interest can be terminated only by divorce of the parties or the death of Wife.
*490 In October 1989, husband filed a bill of complaint for divorce alleging separation for more than six months and the existence of a valid property settlement agreement. See Code § 20-91(9)(a). Wife filed a cross-bill with a prayer for equitable distribution and contested the validity of the property settlement agreement.' The case was referred to a commissioner in chancery for a hearing on the grounds of divorce. He recommended that the parties be granted a divorce based on separation for six months and the existence of a valid property settlement agreement. Wife excepted to the finding of validity of the property settlement.
The trial judge held a two-day ore tenus hearing limited solely to the issue of the validity of the agreement. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial judge found, inter alia, that: (1) the parties continued to cohabit while negotiating the agreement; (2) wife relied on her husband “to do the right thing with regard to the disposition of their property”; (3) husband discouraged his wife from seeking counsel “at a critical juncture”; (4) husband, who is an attorney versed in uncontested divorce matters and property settlement agreements and who has superior knowledge of financial matters, was the party throughout the marriage who handled all the major financial transactions and, thus, he was in a far superior position to understand the ramifications of the agreement; and (5) wife suffered from ill emotional and physical health. Based on these findings of fact, the trial judge concluded that a special relationship existed between the parties that imposed a fiduciary duty upon them in their inter-marital dealings.
The trial court then found, contrary to the stated terms of the agreement, that there was not “full disclosure” and that husband breached his fiduciary duty when, acting as both a party and legal advisor, he drafted the agreement and failed to disclose to his wife the value of his pension and Keogh plans. In addition, the trial court found that, based on the totality of the circumstances, the agreement was procured by constructive fraud and was unconscionable in its application. Accordingly, the trial judge set aside the agreement.
CONSTRUCTIVE FRAUD
Husband contends that as a matter of law wife failed to prove that he committed fraud in procuring the parties’ separation agreement. In addition, assuming arguendo that there was evidence of fraud, husband asserts that wife never relied on any of his actions and, therefore, her allegation of constructive fraud must fail.
*491
“[M]arital property settlements entered into by competent parties upon valid consideration for lawful purposes are favored in the law and such will be enforced unless their illegality is clear and certain.”
Cooley
v.
Cooley, 220
Va. 749, 752,
Constructive fraud is a “ ‘[bjreach of legal or equitable duty which, irrespective of moral guilt, is declared by law to be fraudulent because of its tendency to deceive others or violate confidence.’ ”
Wells v. Weston, 229
Va. 72, 77,
“[T]o establish constructive fraud one must prove the following by clear, cogent and convincing evidence: that there was a material false representation, that the hearer believed it to be true, that it was meant to be acted on. that it was acted on, and that damage was sustained.”
Nationwide Ins. Co.
v.
Patterson, 229
Va. 627, 629,
Initially, we examine whether there was sufficient evidence at trial to support the trial judge’s determination that there was a “special relationship’ ’ between the parties that imposed upon the husband a continuing duty of trust in the negotiation and preparation of the settlement agreement. The existence of a “special relationship” depends on the specific facts of each case. Generally, if the parties have separated, employed independent counsel and are then negotiating a property settlement agreement, it is an arms length transaction and their former fiduciary relationship is deemed to have ended.
Barnes v. Barnes,
*492 In the case at bar, the trial judge made several findings of fact that resolved any disputed testimony in favor of the wife. Much of the negotiations for the separation agreement transpired while the parties were still living together in the same house and sleeping in the same room. The agreement, however, was signed in husband’s law office a few days after he left the marital home. Husband handled all major financial transactions during the marriage and wife “relied on [husband] to do the right thing with regard to the disposition of their property.” Standing alone, this evidence might be insufficient to meet the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was procured by constructive fraud.
In addition, however, the evidence established that husband is a licensed Virginia attorney, that he drafted the agreement, gave his wife legal advice on other aspects of their divorce as well as property matters, and discouraged his wife from seeking independent legal counsel “at a critical juncture” when she was in need of such independent counsel. When husband advised wife on legal matters he acted as an attorney as well as a party. Husband had “superior knowledge of financial affairs” that put him in a “greatly superior” position during the negotiation of the agreement. In addition, the trial judge found “that there was non-disclosure [by husband] of the various pension assets” that was deemed a “material omission of fact that [wife] would need to have relied upon in order to make a knowing and voluntary agreement.” Husband’s position as attorney and advisor placed him in the category of one who continues in a “special relationship” with his wife. As such, husband had an affirmative duty to make a full disclosure to wife as to the value of the Keogh account ($26,556) and pension ($77,346) and to inform her that she was entitled to have her rights and equities in these assets determined in accordance with Code § 20-107.3.
Husband relies upon our holding in
Drewry
as controlling the outcome here. However, we find the facts of this case to be clearly distinguishable from those in
Drewry.
The parties in that case reached an agreement and Mr. Drewry, with the knowledge of his wife, consulted an attorney who formalized the document. The attorney met with both parties and explicitly stated “he could not represent either [party] in negotiating the agreement or in the divorce proceeding.”
Drewry,
Husband asserts that no substantive difference exists betWeen the situation where a spouse employs an independent attorney to draft an agreement and a case where one party who is an attorney drafts the agreement himself or herself. This is an issue of first impression in Virginia. Husband relies on several cases from other jurisdictions in support of his claim that no “special relationship” existed between the parties.
See Jeffries v. Jeffries,
Husband asserts that even if the trial court was correct in finding the requisite special relationship and that he had made material misrepresentations during the negotiation process, wife failed to prove any reliance on such misrepresentations.
See Brame v. Guarantee Fin. Co.,
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the wife, we find that the trial judge’s finding that the wife relied upon the husband’s misrepresentations is amply supported by the evidence. The husband admitted that he advised his wife on Virginia divorce and equitable distribution law and stated that he told her under “Virginia law in the absence of default [sic] basis the Court is going to start
*494
[dividing the marital property] on a 50/50 assumption.” Not only is this statement of law incorrect, but it misled wife into signing the agreement to her detriment. In addition, husband failed to disclose the value of “various pension assets.” Husband compounded these errors by discouraging his wife from seeking independent counsel. Thus, the trial judge properly found a material false representation that husband expected wife to act upon, that she believed to be true, and that she acted on to her detriment.
See Nationwide Ins. Co., 229
Va. at 629,
EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL
Next husband contends that even if the trial judge properly found that the agreement was procured by fraud, wife is estopped from repudiating the agreement because of husband’s partial performance under the terms of the agreement, and the fact that she received and accepted a benefit from that part performance. Husband argues that a condition precedent to the wife’s right to rescission is the restoration of the status quo ante and that this cannot be accomplished because he has already transferred his interest in the marital home to his wife and her brother.
Blum,
Wife asserts that Rule 5A:18 bars husband from arguing to this Court that she is equitably estopped from seeking rescission of their agreement. Wife contends that this issue was not properly raised until after the trial judge’s ruling, to which ruling husband’s counsel agreed. However, this issue was fully argued to the trial judge at the hearing on the husband’s motion to reconsider and, therefore, we address the merits of husband’s argument.
Equitable estoppel is not available to husband in this case. Estoppel is the doctrine by which a “party is prevented by his own acts from claiming a right to [the] detriment of [the] other party who was entitled to rely on such conduct and has acted accordingly.”
Black’s Law Dictionary
551 (6th ed. 1990);
see also American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Hamilton,
In the case at bar, it was husband whose fraud induced this contract. It is he who is barred by “unclean hands” from receiving equitable relief. Husband’s actions caused his wife to enter into the agreement through fraud and he cannot now complain that he has been forced to perform to his detriment.
See Southeast Lumber Export Co. v. Friend,
Where the fraud justifying rescission of a contract is merely constructive, the parties are entitled to be placed in the status quo ante.
Payne
v.
Simmons,
*496 The principle upon which the [restoration] rule rests is that, where the parties cannot be placed in the [status] quo, a rescission by one party would give [her] an unfair advantage over the other. But this does not apply where the inability to place a party in his former position is caused by his own fraud. Hence, where the right to rescind springs from subsequently discovered fraud, the defrauded party does not lose [her] right to rescind because the contract has been partly executed, and the parties cannot be fully restored to their former position. ... [If rescission] would be in furtherance of justice, a rescission may still be had, and the equities of the parties arising out of the rescission enforced, although they cannot be in all respects fully restored to their former condition.
McCarty v. New York Life Ins. Co.,
After finding constructive fraud, the trial judge recognized that there was some difficulty in restoring the parties to the status quo ante because of husband’s partial performance. The trial judge addressed these concerns by ruling that the equitable distribution hearing could serve to remedy any interest lost by the parties due to the invalidation of the agreement. Any monetary loss could be adjusted through an equitable distribution award. Husband initially agreed to that remedy. Given the nature of the relationship between the parties and husband’s role in procuring the agreement, the trial judge restored the parties to the extent ‘ ‘reasonably possible and demanded by the equities of the case.”
Edmunds,
Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Coleman, J., concurred.
Notes
The issues on appeal were originally tried by the Honorable Marcus D. Williams in October 1990. At that hearing, Judge Williams set aside the parties’ property settlement agreement. Appellant’s previous appeal of that interlocutory ruling was dismissed by a panel of this Court as premature.
See Webb
v.
Webb,