52 Md. 708 | Md. | 1880
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Litigation in various forms respecting certain property which originally belonged to Conrad Leiman, has been before this Court on former occasions. By agreement, the records in those cases have been made evidence in this, and a brief statement of some of the prominent facts they disclose, is necessary to a proper understanding of the present controversy.
In September, 1852, Leiman conveyed certain leasehold property in Baltimore City, improved by several houses, to Harman Schafferman, and in May, 1854, applied for the benefit of the insolvent laws, returning in his schedule no property. William Seip was appointed his trustee, and he obtained his final discharge in due course in September, 1854. After this, in January, 1857, Schafferman re-conveyed the property to Leiman by a deed which was withheld from record until June, 1860. In March, 1860, before this deed was recorded, Schafferman sold and con
Having thus given the conveyances according to their dates, we must recur to the litigation, pending which most of them were executed. In December, 1857, one of the creditors of Leiman, (Seip, the trustee, in insolvency, having refused to do so,) filed a hill in equity to set aside the deed of September, 1852, from Leiman to Schafferman, as fraudulent and void as against the creditors of the grantor. Upon this hill a long litigation ensued, and the conveyance was finally condemned as fraudulent by the judgment of this Court in April, 1868, (Schafferman vs. O’Brien, 28 Md., 565,) and the property directed to he sold. Two days after this decision was rendered, William H. Dawson was appointed trustee hy the Insolvent Court in place of Seip, who had previously died. The new trustee proceeded at once to sell the property, and sold the same on the 15th of June, 1868, for $4500. The money having been brought into Court for distribution, numerous creditors presented their claims, and various questions thereupon arose, which were settled hy this Court in the case of The Insolvent Estate of Conrad Leiman, 32 Md., 225, the opinion in which was delivered in March, 1870. One of the questions presented in that case was, who had title to the surplus of the fund, if there should he any, after payment of creditors? Weaver claimed it under his deed from Schafferman of March, 1860, and George W. Leiman claimed it under the deed from his father of May, 1861. The Court held that Weaver had knowledge
The hill was filed on the 27th of April, 1872, after the whole proceeds of sale of this property had been thus disposed of under the proceedings in insolvency. It was filed by George W. Leiman, who bases his claim and right to sue, upon the deed to him from his father, Conrad Leiman, of May, 1861. The defendants are Weaver, and Dawson, the trustee in insolvency, hut it is not pretended that any relief can he had against the latter, and it is. admitted he was a mere nominal, if not an unnecessary, party. We shall therefore treat the case as if it were a proceeding against Weaver alone.
The hill charges that Weaver had possession of this, property from March, 1860, until June, 1868, and during that period, received and enjoyed the rents and profits, therefrom, amounting in the aggregate, as complainant believes, to some five or six thousand dollars or more, and
Without attempting a review of the authorities, or the reasons on which they are founded, it is safe to state that the following propositions are clearly established:
1st. As a general rule the Statute of Limitations is a bar to a hill in equity for an account, just as it is a bar to an action of account in a Court of law, Wilhelm vs. Caylor, Ex’r of Riael, 32 Md., 151; McKaig vs. Hebb and Brengle, Ex’rs of Booze, 42 Md., 227.
2nd. But if a cestui que trust demands in equity an account from the trustee, and there is an express, subsisting, and recognized trust,, neither the period of limitations prescribed hy Statute, nor length of time, is a bar to relief. 32 Md., 239; Lewin on Trusts and Trustees, 612; Hovenden vs. Lord Annesley, 2 Sch. & Lef, 633; Needles, et al. vs. Martin, 33 Md., 619.
3rd. If however there is merely an implied or constructive trust, arising hy operation of law, Courts of equity
We fail to discover in the present case any express trust which prevents tbe operation of the Statute upon the complainant’s claim. It was decided in the insolvency case (32 Md., 225) that there was an express trust as between the trustee and the creditors, which would prevent the running of the Statute as against their claims, but it was not decided, nor even intimated, that there was any such trust, as between the trustee and the complainant, who claimed the surplus remaining after creditors had been paid, as assignee of the insolvent. It was simply declared that he had title to such surplus and it was afterwards paid to him. Looking to the scope and purpose of the insolvent laws it is plain, they neither provide nor contemplate that the trustee shall become a trustee for the benefit of the insolvent himself or his assignee. True it is, that upon his appointment and giving bond, title to all the insolvent’s property is immediately vested in the trustee, but he holds that property, and is bound to administer it, for the benefit of creditors only.
That is the duty which the law requires, and that is the sole trust it creates and reposes in him. The fact however, that a petitioner is not actually insolvent, does not affect the validity of his discharge, nor oust the jurisdiction of the Insolvent Court. The surplus remaining in the hands of the trustee, after payment of debts, simply belongs to the insolvent by way of a resulting trust, and the Insolvent Court will direct it to be paid to him. Buckey vs. Culler, 18 Md., 432. But whether in the present case the trustee holding, as he undoubtedly did, the title to this property, had the right, and the exclusive right, to sue for and collect these rents and profits, is a very different and much more difficult question. But
At the time the complainant's title accrued under the deed of May, 1861, he was unquestionably an infant and remained so for some years thereafter. Hence it is argued that Weaver became an intruder upon an infant’s estate, and it is said that whoever enters upon the estate of an infant will he considered in equity as guardian for such infant, who may after his majority recover the rents and profits by a hill in equity, and if the person entering, continues the possession after the infant comes of age equity will decree an account against him as guardian, and carry on such account after the infancy is determined. Drury vs. Conner, 1 H. & G., 230. This, without doubt, is a well settled and most salutary principle, and it is cited as well to sustain the jurisdiction in equity, as to affect the operation of the Statute of Limitations. There is some force in the objection on the other side, that Weaver cannot be regarded as entering or intruding upon the infant’s estate, inasmuch as he derived title, and went into possession of these premises more than a year before the infant acquired his title to them. But waiving this, and conceding he was such intruder, what is the result? Simply that he thereby became constructively a guardian or
But apart from infancy and the existence of a trust, various reasons why the plea should not prevail in this case have been relied on, and it is insisted: 1st. That the Statute did not begin to run against the complainant until the insolvent trust was completed in January, 1812, because until then, or shortly before, it was uncertain whether there would be a surplus or not: 2nd. That at most it did not begin to run until March, 1810, when the question of title to the surplus, as between Weaver and the complainant was settled by the decision of this Court: 3rd. That through all the previous litigation Dawson, the trustee, was acting as attorney for Weaver, and doing all in his power to protect him from this very claim for rents and profits: 4th. That when the trustee did, in July, 1810, at the request of the complainant and upon his giving him a bond of indemnity for costs, file a bill to collect these rents. Weaver in his answer set up, inter alia, the defence that the trustee had funds enough, and that suit against him could only be maintained by the party entitled to the surplus, and that suit was afterwards dismissed.
No doubt the complainant might, and probably would, have encountered some embarrassment and difficulty in the assertion of his claim at a much earlier period, but an examination of the records in the previous cases, as well as in this, has satisfied us that the objections stated, are not entitled to as much weight as has been ascribed to them by his counsel in argument. It is not stated for what reason the bill filed by Dawson was dismissed, but,
In short, we find nothing in any, or all of these objections combined, to affect the running of»limitations. Mere doubt as to the right, or difficulty in the way o.f its assertion, will not do. Apart from the savings and disabilities expressed in the Statute itself, there must, in order to defeat its operation, he some insuperable harrier, or some certain and well defined exception clearly established by judicial authority. In Green vs. Johnson, 3 G. & J, 394, the Court expressed in very strong terms its disapproval of all attempts to remove the safeguards, and fritter away the provisions, of this most important Statute, by judicial refinements and subtile exceptions, or to increase the number of interpolations or constructive innovations that have already been engrafted upon it.
The remaining, and main inquiry is, was the hill filed within three years after the disability of infancy was removed? It was filed on the 27th of April, 1872, and the question therefore, is, whether the complainant was, or was not twenty-one years old, prior to the 27th day of April, 1869 ? He relies upon the testimony of his mother, and the entries in the family Bible. The mother was examined in February, 1877. Her own age is not stated, hut it appears she was the mother of seven children, that George, the complainant, was her second child, and that her husband, Conrad Leiman, died in May, 1868. In her examination-in-chief, she testified quite positively, that her son George would be twenty-nine years of age, the 20th of June next, that is, on the 20th June, 1877. This would make his minority terminate on the 20th of June, 1869, and save the bill by one month and twenty-four days. On cross-examination, however, she displays the usual infirmity of memory as to dates, and that too, as to the exact dates of events quite as important to her, and just as likely to he borne in remembrance, as that of the
The authorities show that entries in a family Bible of Testament are admissible in evidence even without proof that they have been made by a parent or a relative; for as this book is tbe ordinary register of families, and is usually accessible to all its members, the presumption is that the whole family have more or less adopted the entries contained in it, and thereby given them authenticity. 1 Taylor’s Ev., sec. 585; Hubback’s Evidence of Succession, 672. This Court has said, when the book is once shown to be the family Bible or Testament, the entries therein derive their weight as evidence not more from the fact that they were made by any particular person, than that being in that place as a family registry they are to be taken as assented to by those in whose custody the book has been kept. Jones vs. Jones, 45 Md., 144. It is certain, however, that such a registry is not, in all cases, conclusive of the facts stated, but its weight as evidence is subject to be weakened or strengthened by all the proof in reference to it. The party by whom the entries were made, when they were made, whether the book has been so kept as to be accessible at all times to all the members of the family,
Against this proof the defendant has produced entries of the baptisms of the two eldest children and of the marriage of their parents, taken from the records of Zion Church, a German Lutheran Church in the City of Baltimore. These entries are in the form of certificates by the Rev. H. Scheib, certifying that he performed the several ceremonies therein stated. There was no law requiring such records to be kept, but we are clearly of opinion they are admissible in evidence, and it has been so decided by unquestioned authority. In the case of Kennedy vs. Doyle, 10 Allen, 161, where the issue was, the infancy vel non of the defendant at the time the contract sued on was
These entries or certificates must therefore he received as evidence, and it is very clear that entries thus made at the time by a clergyman in the regular discharge of his duty, are far more reliable, and entitled to much greater weight than the imperfect recollection of the mother as to dates, supported as it is only by the entries in the Bible, which we have shown were made many years after the events. In fact, there is little ground for supposing they are not absolutely correct as to the dates of the ceremonies thus recorded. Now what do they show on tbeir face, and in connection with the testimony of the mother? They show that the complainant was baptized on the 29th of October, 1848, and the mother says, that at the time he was baptized, she believes he was about two years old, and “knows that he teas walking about;” and again she is “quite
It was also proved that in September, 1866, the complainant appeared before the Register of Yoters in the District of Anne Arundel County, in which he then resided, and in accordance with the provisions of the Registration Act of 1865, ch. 174, made oath that he was, ■or would be twenty-one years of age at the then ensuing November election. It also appears from the record in the insolvent case, that he was examined as a witness on the fith of January, 1869, and swore that he was then twenty-one years of age. But we concede that very little credit, even if he is competent so to testify, can be given to an ■affidavit of a party himself, as to his own age, made at or ■about the period when he is supposed to have attained the age he swears to. Apart, however, from these affidavits, which may possibly tend to support the conclusion we have reached, the other proof to which we have adverted is quite sufficient, and we rest our decision upon that.
The result is, that the decree appealed from, which •directs the defendant Weaver to account with the com
Decree reversed, and
bill dismissed.