86 So. 46 | Ala. | 1920
The petition or motion is to compel the payment of the warrant drawn by the board of revenue of Jefferson county on the treasurer of that county, as compensation and commissions for services rendered by petitioners in negotiating the sale of $500,000 of the county road bonds. The question for decision was made by two separate proceedings, which, by agreement of the parties, have been consolidated, since the relief sought is identical. *464
The one petition seeks mandamus against said treasurer, commanding him to show cause why a peremptory writ should not be issued, commanding him to pay petitioners on presentation of their warrant; the other seeks summary judgment against that official, pursuant to the provision of Code 1907, § 5938. That statutory provision for such judgments against county treasurers and sureties for failure to pay "allowed claims" is as follows:
"If any county treasurer fail, on demand, and without good excuse, to pay an allowed claim against the county, when there are funds in the treasury to pay the same, judgment may be obtained against him and his sureties, or any or either of them, on five days' notice, on motion in the circuit court of the county, in the name of the party to whom the claim is payable, his legal representatives, or assigns, for the amount of the claim, with interest from the time of the demand, and ten per cent. damages and costs."
The treasurer bases his refusal on the following grounds:
"That the $500,000, face value, of bonds referred to in the petition, bear interest at the rate of 5 per centum per annum, and that by virtue of section 170 of the Code of Alabama (1907), the same may not be sold for less than their face value;" that he "is advised and therefore avers that the effect of the payment of the commission upon the face of the warrant presented to respondent for payment, and described in the petition, would make the sale of said bonds net the county of Jefferson approximately 90 per centum in lieu of face value thereof as required by law;" and that "for divers other reasons appearing upon the record of said proceeding set out in the petition * * * respondent says that said warrant was illegal, null and void."
The question as to the proper remedy available to petitioners is not presented in the answer of respondent or by demurrer, but both remedies being sought concurrently and by agreement of counsel considered together, a decision of the question is made desirable.
The resolution of allowance of the claim by the board of revenue required its payment "out of moneys in the road construction fund in the treasury not otherwise appropriated," and the warrant issued and delivered to petitioners was pursuant to this resolution. Claims of counties that are subject to allowance by the board of revenue as an "allowed claim" against the county are held within the purview of Code, § 5938. Compton v. Marengo County Bank,
In Farson v. Bird, Treas., supra, the application for mandamus was to compel the treasurer of Shelby county to pay certain past-due county warrants held by petitioner, for the construction of the courthouse and which were required to be paid from a special fund; held that mandamus would lie to compel a treasurer to pay a special claim out of a special fund, and in some cases it will lie although an action might be maintained against him for such failure.
It follows from these authorities that, where a claim in and of itself is a claim out of a specific fund and not subject to allowance by the board of revenue, mandamus will lie to enforce its payment in a proper case; that is to say, mandamus will lie against the county treasurer only where the claim is such that by operation of law it becomes a claim under certain conditions against a specific fund without allowance by the board of revenue. Lovelady v. Copeland,
We are brought to a decision of the real question raised by the motion of Weakley and Fies, and the answer of respondent treasurer. Is the warrant for the payment of compensation or commission to petitioners for the sale of the bonds a lawful and valid claim against the county? A provision of the statute (Code, § 170) in respect to this is:
"The denominations of the bonds, the time for which the same shall run, the place of payment, and the rate of interest to be paid on the same, shall be fixed by the court of county commissioners or board of revenue issuing the same, but no bonds issued under the provisions of this article, shall bear a greater rate of interest than five per cent. per annum, and the same shall not be sold for less than face value."
This section of the statute finds its place in article 8 of chapter 11 of the Code (volume 1, p. 278), "County Bonds; Election as to Issue," providing for ordering an election for issuing bonds for public improvement, notice of election, holding the same, canvassing the returns, contest, requiring the record of the returning board to be recorded in the minutes of the board of revenue or court of county commissioners of the county in which the same is held, the issuance of bonds "by the court of county commissioners or board of revenue * * * in the amount and for the purposes mentioned in the notice of said election," declaring that bonds so issued shall be "exempt from state, county and municipal taxation, and that the same shall have all the properties and protections of commercial paper." The subsequent sections of said article *465 ticle 8 declare that all bonds issued under authority of this article shall be signed by the probate judge and countersigned by the treasurer of the county in which the same are issued, make a like provision for interest coupons, declare that any irregularity in proceedings to authorize the issue does not invalidate the bonds issued, and "where no provisions are otherwise made herein, the general election laws of the state then in existence with regard to all notice, qualification of voters, official acts," etc., shall govern. This article (8) provides a simple, yet comprehensive, system for public improvements, for the purpose of constructing, or paying debts created for constructing, public buildings, schoolhouses, and public roads, bridges, and such other purposes as are authorized by law. Code, § 158. The duty of issuing authorized bonds is placed on the court of county commissioners or board of revenue of the county by section 168 of the Code, and such bonds shall not "bear a greater rate of interest than five per cent. per annum, and the same shall not be sold for less than face value." Code, § 170. The Constitution has provided that the Legislature should have authority to pass general laws authorizing counties, cities, and other political subdivisions of counties to "issue bonds," after due authority by a majority vote by ballot of the qualified voters of such county, city, or other political subdivision of a county, voting upon the proposition. Const. § 222.
The right and duty to "issue" the bonds placed by statute on courts of county commissioners or boards of revenue was that of issue and sale in exact conformance to and for the statutory purposes. For municipal corporations may exercise only the powers (1) granted in express terms; (2) those necessarily implied in or incident to the powers expressly conferred; (3) and those indispensably necessary to the accomplishment of the declared objects and purposes of the municipality. McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316,
Petitioners aver that on the 29th of December, 1919, the board of revenue of Jefferson county ordered an election to be held in said county for the purpose of submitting to the qualified electors of that county the proposition, to wit:
"Shall the county of Jefferson, Alabama, issue bonds to the amount of $5,000,000, bearing the rate of five per centum per annum, for the purpose of constructing public roads in said county?"
— which was authorized as shown by the exhibit of the canvass of the votes at the election held for such authorization. Though the allegations of the petition do not state the effect and scope of the warrant for which payment is said to be made out of the bridge and road fund, yet it was, in effect, for commissions to be paid out of a special fund, arising from special taxation and from the sale of the bonds in question, for of necessity the $500,000 proceeds of the sale of the bonds in compliance with law had been placed to the credit of that fund. Such special fund cannot be paid out, except for the purposes for which it was created. Can it, with reason, be contended that payments of agents' commissions in any sum are a part of the construction or maintenance of the public roads and bridges of Jefferson county? Should the warrant be paid from the funds already in the hands of the treasurer to the credit of that fund arising from special taxes or transferred thereto as a "surplus," would not such payment be a diversion of the special fund just the same as if payment be made out of the proceeds of the sale of the bonds; and would not such payment be not only a diversion of the proceeds of a special fund, but a diminution of the purchase price of the bonds in violation of section 170 of the Code?
In New Farley Nat. Bank v. County of Montgomery,
"Where special county funds are authorized, and are in fact raised for a particular purpose, they must be applied thereto and cannot be diverted to any other purpose, or transferred to any other fund, unless a surplus remains. * * * The requirement of the statute is plain, and courts cannot sanction its violation upon any theory of fiscal expedience or necessity, however weighty it may seem."
Such salutary admonitions and the words of the learned trial judge in the instant case, "The authority to create indebtedness against a county and to expend public funds is a responsible one and should be jealously guarded, and strictly construed," and "courts *466 should be reluctant to set precedents that might under other circumstances or at other times lead to disastrous results," are sufficient answer to the necessity urged as impelling the governing body of the county to the allowance of the claim. Appellants' counsel seriously insist that the allowance of the compensation of $50,000 to brokers as the reasonable value of their services in effectuating a sale of $500,000 of the county's bonds was a proper exercise of the power to issue the bonds, and was not the allowance of a commission thereon, in a sense as amounted to a sale of the bonds for less than their "face value."
In recent discussion of the enlarged powers conferred by law upon boards of revenue, in the construction of a courthouse, and the right to employ architects and superintendents (Board of Rev. v. Merrill,
"Express statutory authority to issue bonds implies the power to issue them in the ordinary and usual manner; and the municipality may, by virtue thereof, sell the bonds and use the proceeds for the purposes intended, that being the mode most generally adopted in similar cases. When the statute prescribes the method of sale, such method is the only method that can be followed. Hence, if it is required that the bonds shall be sold to the highest bidder after advertisement, no other disposition of the bonds can be made. Power of a municipality to issue and sell bonds carries with it the implied power to secure such reasonable and necessary assistance as may be requisite to bring about an advantageous sale, and to this end the municipality, acting in good faith, may employ a broker regularly engaged in the business."
Among the authorities cited in support of this text is Manitou v. First Nat. Bank,
"The actual power was to borrow money by issuing and selling bonds at not less than par. The express power to issue bonds involved the implied power to pay for engraving, printing, and the like. The express power to sell bonds doubtless carried with it the implied power to pay counsel for an opinion as to the validity of the bonds, as was done in this case, and possibly to pay a commission to brokers for selling the bonds. These expenses were incidental to the duty imposed, and fairly came within the scope of the main power."
It will be noted that the power to pay commissions is not emphasized, because it was not necessary to the decision. Since these cases derive authority largely from Mayor v. Sands, supra, we should observe what the court there said of the statute under which that sale was made:
"No question is made as to the legality of this issue, or but that the whole proceeds of the bonds, including premiums, excepting the check in question, were applied to the purposes of the county, or paid over to its treasurer by the comptroller. It would be difficult to conceive of a grant of power conferred in broader or more comprehensive language, and which could be less restricted by conditions and limitations upon an agent's authority. No limit is imposed upon the amount of bonds to be issued, except that implied from the use to which they were to be devoted, and no restriction as to the terms upon which they were to be disposed of, or the amount of the expenses to be incurred in their preparation, negotiation and transfer is found in the act."
Since Armstrong v. Village of Ft. Edward,
"In disposing of the bonds, municipalities are frequently prohibited from selling them 'at less than the par value thereof.' The words 'par value,' when so used, mean a value equal to the face of the bonds and accrued interest to date of sale." "Evasions of the requirements to sell at not less than par by side stipulations or understandings as to 'commissions' are not uncommon, and provisions for payment of commissions will be carefully scrutinized by the courts as to their bona fides. Wheelen's Appeal, 108 Pa. St. 162; Smith v. County of Los Angeles,
In McQuillin's Municipal Corporations, vol. 5, § 2303, is the statement that —
"Power granted a municipality to issue bonds includes power to sell them, and power to sell them includes power to employ a broker to effect the sale, or even one not a broker."
This statement is raised on the authority of Brownell v. Town of Greenwich, supra, and Armstrong v. Ft. Edward, supra. Adverting again to the two latter cases, we have noted that both are largely rested on Mayor v. Sands, supra, where the justice points out that no statutory limit was imposed on the amount of the bonds to be issued, except that implied from the use to which they were to be devoted, and no restriction as to the terms upon which they were to be disposed of, or the amount of the expenses to be incurred in their preparation, negotiation and transfer. It would thus appear that the texts of Dillon and McQuillin are not conclusive.
Appellant further relies on Lancaster County v. Green,
"It is also contended that the board was without authority to enter into a contract for the allowance of compensation to appellees for their expenses and services in preparation and approval of the bonds, but it is seen from the terms of the contract that this was a part of the contract for the sale of the bonds; and since the authority of the board of commissioners to fix the price of the bonds was ample, the agreement to make this allowance in the way of reduction of the price of the bonds was within the scope of its authority. The effect of the contract was an agreement to accept the stipulated net amount as the price of the bonds and to consider the services rendered by appellees in fixing the price of the bonds. The decision of the case rests upon the law of the state of Oklahoma with respect to the power of the board, and we find nothing which restricts that power to the extent contended for by counsel."
The Oklahoma cases referred to were Sequoyah County v. Helms,
The position of appellants is sustained in Church v. Hadley,
That the "fund commissioners," after having failed to sell the bonds by their own effort, were authorized to pay a commission to brokers to dispose of them "under a statute providing for the issuance of a certain amount of bonds to build a state capitol, which shall be sold for not less than par, and the proceeds, which are estimated by the statute to equal the aggregate amount of bonds authorized to be issued, 'more or less,' appropriated to the construction of the building."
The justice writing finds that the expression "appropriating the proceeds of the sale, 'more or less,' to the construction of the building," is a statutory declaration of the necessity for incidental expense which might reduce the proceeds less than the amount for which the bonds sold, to wit, their face value. The justice said:
"If the Legislature did not have in mind that the expenses necessary to a sale should be taken out of the money, there is no sense in the use of the term 'more or less.' "
In State v. West Duluth Land Co.,
"On these facts we are asked to hold that there was a plain violation of section 4 [requiring the bonds to be sold at face value], *468 and that the bonds are void. There might be cases where the facts would very conclusively show that an agreed compensation of 10 per cent. for the sale of bonds was a palpable evasion of such a section, but we have no such case before us. We cannot say, as a matter of law, that under the conditions of this contract there was a violation of section 4, which forbids a sale of the bonds at less than par value"
— and the bond issue was held valid.
In Miller v. Park City, Ann. Cas. 1913E, 83 (
"It is needless to say that if charges of this kind are sought to be made the cover for an actual sale at less than par, or if they are grossly unreasonable and attended by marks of bad faith, the court would not hesitate to declare such transactions fraudulent and void. But in this case there is not only no proof of fraud, but the history of the transaction, as disclosed by the record, evidences the best of faith. The negotiation of the bonds pended from the 1st of May until the 24th of June, during which time the attorneys selected to pass upon them were corresponding with the defendants about various questions concerning the validity of the bonds. There was no haste, no concealment, and the bid accepted was admittedly the highest and best bid offered. It should be stated that the city council had passed an ordinance upon its second reading, and would have passed it upon its third reading, but for the injunction in this case, which had, for its effect, the transfer from city funds to this particular bond fund of a sufficient sum to cover the expenses of the bond sale. With this done, it is undoubtedly true that the bonds were sold at par."
The foregoing are the important general authorities said to be analogous to the case presented by this appeal.
Appellants cite, as analogous, the following cases by this court: Ala. City, etc., v. Gadsden,
After all that may be said of the necessity for the proposed action on the part of the board of revenue, it is settled in this jurisdiction that counties are governmental agencies of the state (Ex parte Selma, etc., supra; 7 R. C. L. § 14, p. 936), chargeable with and liable for only those claims and demands which the law imposes upon them or authorizes them to contract, and that no officer can charge the county with the payment of any claim due him, however meritorious, or whatever benefit the county may derive therefrom, unless expressly, or by necessary implication, authorized by law. Stevens v. Hawkins,
The jurisdiction of a county and its governing officials is given general expression in chapter 11, Code, p. 264 et seq. The authority of the board of revenue as to the issue and sale of bonds is found in article 8 of said chapter, §§ 158-174, and is expressed in clear and unambiguous terms. Section 170 contains the limitation that "no bonds issued under the provisions of this article shall bear a greater rate of interest than five per cent. per annum, and the same shall not be sold for less than face value." Accordingly, then, this statute is the fundamental law and the power of the board of revenue is only coextensive with the power expressly granted by the statute, or necessarily or reasonably implied from its general powers; that is, the power to incur or subject to obligations and to levy taxes on the people of the county and on their property, is to be exercised only in furtherance of county and public purposes and only as prescribed by statute. Ex parte Selma, etc., supra. No implication necessarily and reasonably flows from the grant of the right to make the public improvements, and the imposition of the duty on the board of revenue to issue the county's obligations, that would warrant the delegation and exercise *469 of this power to and by third parties for compensation, where the exercise of the right and a discharge of the duty by the board of revenue must be without compensation. If, therefore, a commission or allowance be granted to or for the benefit of the purchasers of the bonds, it would offend the statute requiring that no such bonds should bear a greater rate of interest than 5 per cent. per annum, and if compensation or allowance be given for or on its sale, the same would violate the provision of the statute that the bonds "shall not be sold for less than face value."
Moreover, the statute (Gen. Acts 1915, § 4, p. 573) provides that the court of county commissioners, board of revenue, or like governing body of any county may transfer to the road fund of the county any surplus of general funds in the county treasury, or any part thereof, whenever in the judgment of such court or board it will promote the interest of the county to make such transfer, and any surplus of general funds so transferred "shall be used only for working the public roads or the building of bridges or otherwise improving the public roads of such county." If the warrant be paid as directed, it would violate this provision of the statute and for this reason the treasurer was authorized to refuse its payment. Board of Rev., Jefferson Co. v. Henry, Treas.,
It may be well to say that, in issuing bonds, the board of revenue may pay from the proceeds only the reasonable and actual expense of the same — printing or lithographing, postage, and a reasonable attorney's fee. Such reasonable expense may be said to be that of construction and maintenance of the public improvements in question, and is within the purview of the Board of Revenue v. Merrill, supra, Ensley Motor Car Co. v. O'Rear, supra, and Smith v. McCutchen, Judge,
It results from the foregoing that the motion for a summary judgment and the petition for writ of mandamus were each properly denied.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. J., and McCLELLAN and SOMERVILLE, JJ., concur.