WAYNE “SKIP” A. DREIBELBIS, JR., Appellant v. BENJAMIN J. CLARK
No. 19-2452
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
May 6, 2020
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 4-17-cv-01864). District Judge: Honorable John E. Jones, III. Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) April 23, 2020. Before: AMBRO, SHWARTZ, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges.
OPINION*
AMBRO, Circuit Judge
I.1
On August 21, 2015, Dreibelbis was flying his drone at a fairgrounds in Centre County, Pennsylvania. As he was landing the drone, a security guard for the fairgrounds approached, “snared [the drone] out of the air[,] and broke it.” J.A. 217. Other security guards came to the scene, and an argument between Dreibelbis and the guards ensued. Dreibelbis grabbed his phone from his vehicle and began to video the encounter.
The drone was returned to Dreibelbis, and he put it into his vehicle and attempted to leave, but the guards blocked his path. With his video still running, he got out, asked why he was being held up, and learned the police had been called. The confrontation escalated, with the guards tackling Dreibelbis to the ground, taking the phone from him, and stopping the video.
Trooper Clark arrived shortly thereafter. He spoke to the guards, who told him Dreibelbis “had attempted to run over” several of them. J.A. 128. Clark then asked Dreibelbis accompany him to a room at the fairgrounds, and Dreibelbis complied. There Clark reviewed the video, spoke with Dreibelbis about what had occurred, then told him
One month after the incident, Clark filed a citation with a magisterial district court—a low-level Commonwealth court in which parties can appear without counsel—charging Dreibelbis with disorderly conduct under Pennsylvania law. The citation noted that he had “engage[d] in threatening and tumultuous behavior during [his] encounter” with the security guards. J.A.246.
Dreibelbis pled not guilty to the charge, and a trial followed. Clark, who acted as prosecutor, called the security guards to testify. Dreibelbis testified in his own defense and presented the video. Following the trial, the judge found Dreibelbis not guilty “due to Judicial Discretion.” J.A. 253.
Dreibelbis then brought this suit in federal district court against Clark raising the following claims: malicious prosecution (under state and federal law), abuse of process (under state and federal law), and First Amendment retaliation. The Court granted summary judgment for Clark on all claims. As to the malicious-prosecution claims, it concluded that they failed because Clark‘s citation of Dreibelbis for disorderly conduct was supported by probable cause. And as for the abuse-of-process and First Amendment retaliation claims, it held that there was no evidence from which a reasonable jury could find a retaliatory or other improper motive. Dreibelbis appeals.
Under both Pennsylvania law and the Fourth Amendment (for which
We agree with the District Court that Clark‘s citation of Dreibelbis was supported by probable cause and that there was no evidence that Clark acted from any malicious motive. He relied on reports from the security guards that, even before Dreibelbis began videoing the encounter, he had “yell[ed],” “shout[ed],” and “attempted to push” past one of the security guards, all while demanding the return of his drone. J.A. 160-61; see also J.A. 250-51.3 While the judge did not convict Dreibelbis, these statements were nonetheless sufficient to support probable cause for disorderly conduct. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Love, 896 A.2d 1276, 1279, 1285-86 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006) (holding
Dreibelbis argues that there must at least be a genuine dispute of material fact as to probable cause because the magisterial district judge ultimately acquitted him. But the standards for conviction and probable cause are not the same, rendering his ultimate acquittal irrelevant. See Wright v. City of Phila., 409 F.3d 595, 602 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that “the evidentiary standard for probable cause is significantly lower than the standard which is required for conviction“).
Dreibelbis also argues that Clark, while acting as a prosecutor, “elicited and suborned perjurious testimony from” the security guards. Dreibelbis Br. 20. But there is no evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Clark knew the guards’ statements about the behavior of Dreibelbis—specifically, that he had yelled, shouted, and attempted to push past one of the guards—were false.4
The District Court also correctly entered summary judgment for Clark on Dreibelbis’ claims for abuse of process and First Amendment retaliation. To establish the former, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant used legal process against him “to accomplish a purpose for which it is not designed.” Lerner v. Lerner, 954 A.2d 1229, 1238 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2008) (quoting Shiner v. Moriarty, 706 A.2d 1228, 1236 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998)). Here there was no evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Clark, in issuing the citation for disorderly conduct, was motivated by any purpose other than his belief that Dreibelbis was guilty of that offense.
Similarly, a First Amendment retaliation claim requires that a plaintiff have engaged in protected speech, that he have suffered a retaliatory action, and that there be a causal connection between the two. Thomas v. Independence Twp., 463 F.3d 285, 296 (3d Cir. 2006). Dreibelbis maintains that Clark retaliated against him for complaining about his treatment by the security guards and for expressing his opinion that he had a right to fly his drone in public airspace. But we agree with the District Court that there is no evidence from which a reasonable jury could draw that conclusion. Additionally, when a First Amendment retaliation claim is brought based on a retaliatory prosecution, the plaintiff “must allege and prove lack of probable cause as an element of causation.” Miller v. Mitchell, 598 F.3d 139, 154-55 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 252 (2006)). Because Clark had probable cause to prosecute Dreibelbis for disorderly conduct, the District Court properly dismissed the retaliation claim.
Hence we affirm the Court‘s judgment.