608 A.2d 1285 | Md. Ct. Spec. App. | 1992
The appellant, Ethel Watson, was originally convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for Harford County on August 2, 1988 of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on January 31, 1989. On appeal, this Court, in an unpublished opinion filed on October 26, 1989, reversed the conviction and remanded the case for a new trial. Our reversal was subsequently affirmed by the Court of Appeals in State v. Watson, 321 Md. 47, 580 A.2d 1067 (1990). On remand, the appellant was again convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. The appellant now seeks our review of the following issue:
Did the trial court err in allowing the deceased’s father to testify that she told him that a boy named “Robert” was the father of the child she was carrying?
Facts
On September 13, 1987, the Harford County Police and ambulance crews were summoned to the Chase Manor Motel in Edgewood, Maryland. The call to which they responded was initiated by the appellant. When police and rescue units arrived at the appellant’s motel room, they
Chandrika Patel, co-manager of the motel, testified that the appellant had checked into the motel between noon and 1:00 p.m. that day, and that she noticed nothing unusual that afternoon. Patel further testified that later in the day the appellant came to the office asking for change because his girlfriend was sick. Patel stated that while in the motel laundry room, she glanced across the parking lot, towards the appellant’s room, and she saw the appellant and a black woman who was standing and leaning against a dresser. There were no signs of forced entry into the room.
An autopsy revealed that Hill’s death was caused by manual strangulation accompanied by blunt force injury (e.g., a blow or blows with a fist) to her abdomen. Hill was approximately six months pregnant at the time of the incident. The assistant medical examiner who performed the examination determined that the blows to her abdomen had killed the fetus approximately two hours before Hill’s strangulation, and that Hill had been dead for approximately two hours before police arrived. The autopsy further revealed that Hill had a blood alcohol level of .09 percent and that there was a small amount of PCP in her system. Though there was blood under several of the fingernails on Hill’s right hand, there were no marks on the appellant’s face or hands.
The appellant was taken into custody. While at the police station, the appellant gave a written statement concerning what had occurred. In that statement, the appellant recounts that he picked up Hill at approximately 11:00 a.m. at her home in Washington, D.C., dropped off their son, who lived with the appellant, at the home of appellant’s sister in Baltimore, and drove to Aberdeen. In Aberdeen, the appellant bought a pint of vodka, orange juice, and a six-pack of beer. At Hill’s suggestion, they went to the motel where,
The State presented the testimony of Hill’s father and the prior testimony of Hill’s mother,
[STATE]: Now, in September of 1987 what was Rosie’s physical condition?
[WITNESS]: She was in good health. Like always. And always had been.
[STATE]: Was she expecting a baby in September of 1987?
[WITNESS]: She was pregnant at the time.
[STATE]: Now, did Rosie tell you who that baby’s father was.
[DEFENSE]: Objection.
THE COURT: First off just yes or no?
[WITNESS]: Yes.
[STATE]: Who did she tell you that baby’s father was. [DEFENSE]: Objection.
THE COURT: Overruled. You may answer.
*499 [WITNESS]: A boy named Robert.
The State argued that the appellant had a motive for committing the murder because he discovered that the child Hill was carrying was not his. The defense cross-examined Mr. Hill:
[DEFENSE]: And you indicate that you were told at some point that someone named Robert was the father of the child, isn’t that right?
[STATE]: Objection. That was not for little Tony.
THE COURT: A different child.
[DEFENSE]: Who was Robert the father of?
[WITNESS]: He was the father of the unborn child.
[DEFENSE]: Well who was the father of the born child?
[WITNESS]: A boy by the name, Edward Drumgee (phonetic).
The appellant introduced a series of character witnesses who testified that, in their view, he was honest, truthful, peaceful, and dependable, and that they knew him to be a skilled and scrupulously honest automobile mechanic.
At the conclusion of all of the evidence, the jury convicted the appellant of first degree murder, battery, and assault; and the appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder.
Legal Analysis
I
Hearsay is “an out-of-court assertion offered in court for the truth of the matter asserted, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court assert-er.” Cassidy v. State, 74 Md.App. 1, 6, 536 A.2d 666 (1988). Exceptions, however, to the hearsay rule render certain statements admissible on the theory that the underlying circumstances contain inherent guarantees of trustworthi
In order for the statement to have been probative and relevant as to a reason or motive that the appellant had to kill the victim, it was incumbent upon the State to prove that the appellant knew or believed that “Robert” or someone other than the appellant was the father of the unborn child. The prosecutor argued that Hill’s assailant inflicted blows deliberately to her abdomen. In her closing argument, she hypothesized:
Could it be that he wanted to kill the baby? Could it be that he was annoyed that someone had cut in on his herd of lovely ladies, that the victim was pregnant by another man? Would that have offended his male pride? These people had a child in common, a child who lived with the defendant. But paternity had not been established. Could it be they had a dispute over the child, she wanted him back? There are a lot of reasons the defendant could have why he wanted to eliminate Rose [referring to the victim].
Despite the argument of counsel speculating that the motivation for the appellant to pummel the pregnant victim in her abdomen was because of the possibility that she was
Although the colloquy between the court and counsel regarding the admission of the statement involved the proof of motive, the court’s decision to admit the statement was based on the pedigree exception.
II
In a conference in chambers, the prosecutor inquired as to whether she would be allowed to ask the victim’s father “as to his understanding of who the father was of the child the victim was carrying at the time of her death.” The lower court, citing Rhoades v. Bussinger, 188 Md. 638, 53 A.2d 419 (1947), and Hendrickson v. Attick, 136 Md. 1, 109 A. 468 (1920), determined that “[i]t would appear that a father speaking for a deceased, for the deceased daughter was the declarant would be allowed to state statements about her pedigree.”
The pedigree exception is described in L. McLain, Maryland Evidence, § 804(4) at 477-78 (1987) (footnote omitted), as statements by a declarant, who has died or is otherwise unavailable, “concerning the declarant’s own birth, adoption, marriage, divorce, legitimacy, ancestry, family relationship to others, or other similar facts of personal or family history or concerning such personal and family history of persons related to the declarant by blood, adoption, or marriage.” See also C. McCormick, Evidence, § 322 at 901 (3d ed., 1984), and Copes v. Pierce, 7 Gill 247 (1848).
According to McLain, however, not all such declarations are admissible. “The declaration must have been made
[t]hese statements are admissible, however only upon a showing that the declarant is unavailable, that the statement was made before the origin of the controversy giving rise to the litigation in which the statement is offered (i.e., ante litem motam) and that there was no apparent motive for the declarant to misrepresent the facts---- The general difficulty of obtaining other evidence of family matters, reflected in the unavailability requirement, furnishes impetus for the hearsay exception. Assurances of reliability are found in the probability that in the absence of any motive for lying, the discussions of relatives (and others intimately related to them) as to family members will be accurate.
McCormick, supra, at 902 (footnotes omitted).
Generally, statements of personal or family history are admitted because of the probability that the “natural effusions” of those who talk over family affairs when no special reason for bias or passion exist are fairly trustworthy. State v. Hughes, 120 Ariz. 120, 584 P.2d 584 (App.1978), citing 5 Wigmore on Evidence (3d ed.) § 1482 (1974).
Wigmore, discussing the underlying rationale as to trustworthiness, states:
The circumstantial indication of trustworthiness ... has been found in the probability that the “natural effusions” (to use Lord Eldon’s often-quoted phrase) of those who talk over family affairs when no special reason for bias or passion exists are fairly trustworthy, and should be given weight by judges and juries, as they are in the ordinary affairs of life.
* * # * * *
The opinion of the Judges is that the entry would be receivable in evidence, notwithstanding the professed*503 view with which it was made. Its particularity would be a strong circumstance of suspicion; but still it would be receivable, whatever the credit might be to which it would be entitled.
Finally, the offeror of the evidence must perhaps show the absence of motive to deceive, but slight evidence should suffice.
5 Wigmore on Evidence, §§ 1482-84 (1974) (footnote omitted) (emphasis added), citing Anderson v. Walden, 21 D.L.R.2d 279 (1960).
A review of the authorities that examine the pedigree exception to the hearsay rule indicates they are concerned with whether the challenged statement qualifies as an exception. In other words, the determination as to whether to admit the statement, vel non, is based upon its trustworthiness or reliability because of the “natural effusions of those who talk over family affairs where no special reason for bias or passion exists.” Wigmore, § 1482. A review of the cases in which the pedigree exception has been invoked demonstrates that in every case the object was to establish a familial relationship which in and of itself resulted in the grant of some right or benefit to the person claiming under the exception.
In the case sub judice, as we have observed in Part I, supra, the statement was not offered to prove that Robert
Ill
From the foregoing, the statement was not admissible under the pedigree exception to the hearsay rule. That the statement was not offered to establish pedigree was not raised by counsel or considered by the lower court. The reference to the chambers conference demonstrates that the pedigree exception was offered by the prosecutor as the basis for the admission of the statement and the lower court alluded to the decisions in Rhoades and Hendrickson, but the argument devolved upon the singular question of whether the hearsay exception should be applicable to the instant case. Ultimately, an objection was interposed when the statement was admitted through the testimony of the victim’s father although none was made during the State’s closing argument when the prosecutor referred to the statement. We must, however, for the purposes of this appeal, proceed on the basis that the court and counsel understood that the issue was the admissibility of the statement to prove motive, notwithstanding the fact that the prosecutor proffered the statement on the basis that it came within the pedigree exception to the hearsay rule.
IV
Our determination that the pedigree exception was not applicable to the facts in the case sub judice effectively disposes of several of the appellant’s contentions. He posits that the pedigree exception “normally arises in civil cases” and that appellant’s counsel “is not aware of any Maryland decisions which consider the applicability of the exception to a criminal case.” He further asserts that the pedigree exception is bottomed on necessity by reason of the difficulty of obtaining evidence of family matters when the declarant is deceased (citing McCormick, supra, at 902); that the burden is upon the proponent of the exception thereby requiring the proponent to demonstrate the probable trustworthiness of the statement; and that the court is obliged to exclude the statement if there are independent circumstances indicating a lack of trustworthiness notwithstanding that the threshold requirements of a statement to come within the pedigree exception have been established. Finally, appellant, as we have noted, argues that the record is bereft of any direct or circumstantial evidence that Watson knew or believed that he was not the father of the child.
Because we hold that the pedigree exception is not applicable to the facts of the case before us, whether the exception is available in criminal cases, the burden of demonstrating trustworthiness, and whether the court is
We said in Blondes v. Hayes, 29 Md.App. 663, 668, 350 A.2d 163 (1976), that
[t]here are two possible grounds upon which objection to this evidence may have been based: materiality and/or relevancy. We will treat the objection as having raised both since these terms are often used interchangeably in the courtroom. McCormick on Evidence, (2nd ed.) at 434. McCormick further explains:
“If the evidence is offered to prove a proposition which is not a matter in issue or probative of a matter in issue, the evidence is properly said to be immaterial.
Relevancy, ... is the tendency of the evidence to establish a material proposition.
... the most acceptable test of relevancy is the question, does the evidence offered render the desired inference more probable than it would be without the evidence?” at 434-437. [Emphasis in original.]
See also Leeson v. State, 293 Md. 425, 433-34, 445 A.2d 21 (1982); Lomax v. Comptroller of Treasury, 88 Md.App. 50, 591 A.2d 1311 (1991); Myers v. Celetex Corp., 88 Md.App. 442, 594 A.2d 1248 (1991); Best v. State, 79 Md.App. 241, 259, 556 A.2d 701 (1989); and Paige v. Manuzak, 57 Md. App. 621, 622, 471 A.2d 758 (1984).
The question thus presented is whether the admission of the statement establishes a fact probative of a matter at issue, given the record before us. A review of the record discloses the fact that the victim and the appellant had sustained a long-standing romantic relationship; physical
Anticipating the State’s argument, appellant, in his brief, claims that any error committed cannot be deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Citing the closing argument by the prosecutor, appellant concludes that “the evidence offered to show motive here has at least as much potential for prejudice as did the impeachment evidence admitted at Watson’s first trial.” We are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the statement of the unborn child’s paternity in no way influenced the verdict against appellant. Hillard v. State, 286 Md. 145, 154-55, 406 A.2d 415 (1979); Dorsey v. State, 276 Md. 638, 350 A.2d 665 (1976). Moreover, the burden of demonstrating that error is harmless is upon the State. Hillard, 286 Md. at 155, 406 A.2d 415; Dorsey, 276 Md. at 658, 350 A.2d 665. Hence, we are unable to view the error as harmless. We therefore hold that the admission of the statement concerning the paternity of the victim’s unborn child constituted reversible error.
JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL BY THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR HARFORD COUNTY.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY HARFORD COUNTY.
. Ms. Hill was also known by the nickname Rose or Rosie.
. Hill's mother died after the first trial.
. The appellant's convictions for assault and battery were merged into the murder conviction for sentencing purposes.
. See Hendrickson v. Attick, 136 Md. 1, 109 A. 468 (1920) (executor was properly allowed to testify concerning statements made to him by the decedent about named legatees in the will); Hutchinson v. Schneeberger, 374 S.W.2d 483 (Ky.1964) (in prosecution for incest, child allowed to testify that the appellant was her father); Johnson v. State, 737 S.W.2d 901 (Tex.App. — Beaumont 1987) (officer’s testimony that the appellant’s sister had told him that the appellant was her brother was offered to prove the identity of the driver of the car); Anderson v. Walden, 21 D.L.R.2d 279 (1960) (support of infant; declaration of estranged wife, since deceased, that defendant was father of infant held inadmissible; emphasis upon interest to misrepresent facts).
